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Solidarit\u00e9 tunisienne: Appel de soutien au journaliste Abdallah Zouari en gr\u00e8ve de la faim<\/font><\/h2>\n
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Aljazeera: Tunisian reporter on hunger strike<\/font> AP: France expands probe, with additional arrests, into network suspected of funneling combatants to Iraq AFP: \u00ab\u00a0Ann\u00e9es de plomb\u00a0\u00bb: Amnesty salue les auditions publiques de victimes au Maroc<\/font> RSF: Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res d\u00e9nonce le harc\u00e8lement dont est victime la cha\u00eene satellitaire arabeAl-Jazira<\/font><\/p>\n
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Arabies: Tunisie – <\/span><\/span>Le textile ne tient qu\u2019a un fil<\/font> <\/span><\/span><\/font> <\/font>Sadri Khiari\u00a0 & Mohamed-Cherif Ferjani<\/span> : Trajectoires et paradoxes de l\u2019islam politique contemporainContre l\u2019orientalisme et l\u2019orientalisme invers\u00e9<\/strong><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Pour afficher les caract\u00e8res arabes\u00a0<\/font> suivre la d\u00e9marche suivante<\/font> : Affichage<\/font> \/ Codage<\/font> \/ Arabe ( Windows )<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n
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SOLIDARITE TUNISIENNE <\/font><\/strong>40 rue du Landy 93300 Aubervilliers T\u00e9l\/ Fax: 01 43 52 09 86\u00a0 soltunis@hotmail.com \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
PARIS LE 25 JANVIER 2005 <\/p>\n
Appel de soutien Au journaliste Abdallah ZOUARI En gr\u00e8ve de la faim<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’association solidarit\u00e9 tunisienne lance un appel solennel \u00e0 tous les journalistes dans le monde afin de se mobiliser en faveur du journaliste Abdallah Zouari qui, assign\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9sidence dans l\u2019extr\u00eame sud de la Tunisie dans un petit village \u00ab\u00a0hassi \u00e0 15 km de la ville de zarzise. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monsieur Abdallah Zouari\u00a0 journaliste\u00a0 \u00e0 l’hebdomadaire \u00ab\u00a0El-Fejr\u00a0\u00bb, journal du mouvement Ennahdha, interdit depuis la fin de l990. Condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 11 ans de prison ferme lors des tristement c\u00e9l\u00e8bre mascarade judiciaire de 1992 d\u00e9cri\u00e9es par amnesty internationale plusieurs d’autre ONG. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lors de sa lib\u00e9ration le 06 juin 2002, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 assign\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9sidence par\u00a0 arr\u00eat\u00e9 du ministre de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur dans une localit\u00e9 dans une localit\u00e9 de l\u2019extr\u00eame sud tunisien, Hasi Jerbi \u00e0 Zarzis, lieu de sa naissance\u00a0 et non pas \u00e0 son lieu de r\u00e9sidence o\u00f9 il fut arr\u00eat\u00e9 \u00e0 Tunis. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le calvaire de Mr ZOUARI, n\u2019a pas connu fin avec sa lib\u00e9ration de la prison, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 de nouveau arr\u00eat\u00e9 le 19 ao\u00fbt 2002 et aussit\u00f4t condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 8 mois de prison, au motif de non ob\u00e9issance au contr\u00f4le administratif. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 le 17 ao\u00fbt 2003 Mr ZOUARI est arr\u00eat\u00e9 pour la\u00a0 troisi\u00e8me fois suite \u00e0 un coup mont\u00e9:\u00a0 la g\u00e9rante d’un cybercaf\u00e9 pr\u00e9tendant que monsieur Zouari a voulu utilis\u00e9 le r\u00e9seau Internet malgr\u00e9 l’interdiction des autorit\u00e9s polici\u00e8re, le but de cette man\u0153uvre est d\u2019intimider monsieur Abdallah ZOUARI\u00a0 et de l’isoler du reste du monde. Le tribunal cantonal de Zarzis le condamne \u00e0 13 mois de prison ferme. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apr\u00e8s sa lib\u00e9ration monsieur Abdallah Zouari c’est vu refuser tout droit de visite \u00e0 sa famille r\u00e9sident \u00e0 Tunis 500 km au Nord toute ses tentatives d’obtenir la permission de rendre visite \u00e0 sa femme et ses enfants m\u00eame pendant la p\u00e9riode des f\u00eates de l’aide son rest\u00e9es vaines. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Devant cette situation intol\u00e9rable, Mr Zouari a entam\u00e9 une gr\u00e8ve de la faim afin d\u2019attirer l\u2019attention de l\u2019opinion nationale et internationale sur les mesures d\u2019humiliations qui le frappent et de l\u2019\u00e9loignement de sa famille depuis sa mise en libert\u00e9. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Solidarit\u00e9 Tunisienne appelle toutes celles et ceux qui croient aux valeurs universelles des Droits de l\u2019Homme \u00e0 se mobiliser pour que Mr ZOUARI puisse joindre sa famille et vivre en paix avec elle.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Actions demand\u00e9es: \u00a0 D’\u00e9crire aux autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes en demandant: De mettre fin \u00e0 cette trag\u00e9die v\u00e9cue par monsieur Zouari depuis de 14 ans maintenant. De lever les mesures de restriction des libert\u00e9s fondamentales prises afin qu’il puisse mener une vie normale avec sa famille.\u00a0 \u00a0 Adresses: M. Zine Elabidine Ben Ali, Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique, Palais de Cartage, 2016 Cartage, \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fax: + 216 71 744 721 ou + 216 71 731 009 M. Rafik Haj Kacem, Minist\u00e8re et l’int\u00e9rieur et de D\u00e9veloppement local, Avenue Hbib Bourguiba, 1001 Tunis.\u00a0\u00a0 Fax: +216 71354 331; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 E-mail: mint@ministeres.tn \u00a0 M. Bachir Takkari, Minist\u00e8re de la justice et des droits de l’Homme, 57, Boulevard Bab Benat, 1006 Tunis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fax: +216 71 568 106; \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 E-mail: mju@ministeres.tn \u00a0 \u00a0 Pour contacter Monsieur Zouari:\u00a0 Tel 00216 75 685 300 \u00a0 Secr\u00e9taire G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Fathi Ennaes <\/b> \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
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Tunisian reporter on hunger strike<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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<\/span> by Lawrence Smallman<\/span><\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n
Thursday 27 January 2005 8:18 AM GMT<\/span><\/p>\n
A Tunisian journalist has gone on a hunger strike to protest government restrictions he says not only keep him from reporting but also prevent his living a normal life.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Abd Allah Zuari<\/font><\/strong> told Aljazeera.net on Thursday that Tunis had ordered police to keep him in the tiny village of Hasi Jarbi, some 15km from the nearest town and on the edge of the Sahara desert.<\/span><\/p>\n
The 48-year-old father of five said police had made it clear to him that he was not to contact the outside world or travel to his home and family in the capital Tunis.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0I’ve been arrested on numerous occasions for attempting to leave this village. Even using the internet has become an offence. I’ve been told by police that they do not want to see so much as a CD-Rom in my house<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0My case is not exceptional, but it does demonstrate well the impossible conditions that this government can impose on journalists that do not toe the line,\u00a0\u00bb he said.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0And all attempts to use the courts to defend myself are proving useless. It seems some ministers in this country are far more important than the law.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
History of restrictions<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
Zuari said he has suffered extreme interior ministry measures since\u00a0writing articles\u00a0for the Al-Fajr weekly magazine in 1990.<\/span><\/p>\n
Judged to be sympathetic to the Nahda political movement, the journalist was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment in 1990. <\/span><\/p>\n
Lead by Rashid al-Ghannuchi, al-Nahda\u00a0was an Islamist political party that advocated\u00a0democracy and human rights while\u00a0promoting the countries\u00a0cultural and religious\u00a0heritage.<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0My case is not exceptional, but it does demonstrate well the impossible conditions that this government can impose on journalists that do not toe the line\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
Abd Allah Zuari, journalist confined to his village<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
Despite\u00a0both trial and sentence being slammed by human rights watchdogs such as Amnesty International, Zuari\u00a0served the full\u00a0sentence and was released\u00a0on 6 June 2002. <\/span> <\/p>\n
But\u00a0his imprisonment, he says, did not end there.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0I was ordered to stay in the village where\u00a0I was born … on my first\u00a0attempt to meet up with\u00a0my family in Tunis, I was again imprisoned for eight months\u00a0\u00bb on 19 August 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n
Breaching the terms of his release again\u00a0by entering an internet cafe, the journalist was arrested for a third time on 17 August 2003 and sentenced to 13 months more in jail.<\/span><\/p>\n
He was released eight weeks ago.<\/span><\/p>\n
Condemnation<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
The secretary-general of the Tunisia Solidarity Movement, Fathi Enneas, condemned the treatment of Zuari \u00ab\u00a0and dozens of others like him, who suffer incredible injustice in almost complete media silence\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0He must be allowed to return to his home and family and to lead a normal life. I call on the international community to pressure the government into putting an end to over 14 years of brutality and bullying,\u00a0\u00bb he said.<\/span><\/p>\n
Enneas added that Zuari was suffering from heart problems and diabetes.<\/span><\/p>\n
No spokesman at the Tunisian Ministry of Justice was prepared to comment on the situation when contacted by Aljazeera.net.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Aljazeera By\u00a0Lawrence Smallman<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
You can find this article at:<\/span> <\/span> http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/BF9D7785-EAC5-45D5-955D-D73A4FF66AC2.htm <\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
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France expands probe, with additional arrests, into network <\/span>suspected of funneling combatants to Iraq<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n
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Associated Press, le 26.01.2005 \u00e0 16h20<\/span><\/p>\n
By VERENA VON DERSCHAU and JOHN LEICESTER<\/span>, <\/span> Associated Press Writers<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 PARIS (AP) _ France’s counterterrorism agency rounded up friends and associates of three young French Muslims who died as insurgents in Iraq, detaining 11 people, including one suspected would-be combatant who is thought to have been on the point of leaving to fight, officials said Wednesday.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Most of those detained are in their twenties, of immigrant origin, and at least three or four were committed and ready to fight against U.S.-led forces, said a senior intelligence official.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One was picked up at Paris’ Charles de Gaulle international airport and was thought to be about to head for Iraq, probably via Syria, said the official who spoke on condition of anonymity.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Others were also ready, at least mentally, to follow him, he said.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00abI can’t say that they were going to leave next week or in two weeks, but these were people who were on the path. They were not there geographically, but psychologically they were en route,\u00bb the official said.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Some of those arrested by France’s domestic counterterrorism and counterespionage intelligence agency, known as the DST, came from the same Paris neighborhoods as three French Muslims known to have been killed in Iraq, the official added.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00abIt’s hard to say that they were a group, but these are people who knew each other, were influenced in the same way, in the same conditions and same neighborhood, and were committing themselves to the same route,\u00bb he said.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The DST arrested seven people Monday and another four on Wednesday, but also released a woman, leaving a total of 10 in custody, officials said.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They were picked up as part of a probe headed by renowned anti-terrorism magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguiere and his colleague Jean-Francois Ricard opened Sept. 22 into the extent of networks suspected of dispatching Islamic combatants from France to Iraq.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Under France’s anti-terrorism law, the detainees can be held for up to four days before being released or facing preliminary charges.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 While the number of French-born fighters in Iraq appears small _ perhaps a dozen or more _ anti-terrorism officials worry that some of the young men of mostly Tunisian and Algerian descent will return home with combat skills to wage jihad, or holy war, in Europe or use their standing as proven holy warriors to win over other recruits.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 But the intelligence official said the dispatching of fighters to Iraq has not reached the size of networks that sent people to Afghanistan before the U.S.-led invasion for terror training.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In Iraq, \u00abpeople are sent to the front the moment they arrive, including for suicide attacks,\u00bb he said. \u00abThey are for immediate consumption. These kids are picked up, their heads are spun around, and they are sent straightway to burn in the furnace of Iraq.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gilles Leclair, director of France’s Anti-Terrorism Coordination Unit, confirmed the deaths of three French insurgents in an interview with The Associated Press late last year. He suggested there were more like them in Iraq, but said \u00abit’s too early to say we have 10, 15, 40.\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Abdelhalim Badjoudj, who would have turned 19 on Dec. 16, allegedly blew himself up on Oct. 20 while driving a car filled with explosives near a U.S. patrol on Baghdad’s airport road, wounding two American soldiers and two Iraqi police officers.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Redouane el-Hakim, 19, reportedly was found July 17 after U.S. troops bombed a suspected insurgent hide-out in Fallujah, the city west of Baghdad that was overrun by U.S. and Iraqi troops.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 His older brother, Boubaker, is imprisoned in Syria, where he was stopped last August as he tried to cross into Iraq, officials say.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The el-Hakim brothers reportedly frequented a mosque in western Paris that authorities closed in June, briefly arresting its members, including an Algerian cleric who is thought to have preached radical views and encouraged worshippers to pursue jihad, or holy war.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A third French insurgent, Tarek Ouinis, in his 20s, was reportedly killed Sept. 17 after operating for several months in Iraq’s Sunni Triangle, where most foreign fighters are based. <\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Ann\u00e9es de plomb\u00a0\u00bb: Amnesty salue les auditions publiques de victimes au Maroc<\/font><\/p>\n
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AFP, le 26.01.2005 \u00e0 19<\/span>h<\/span>57<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RABAT, 26 jan (AFP) – Les auditions publiques de victimes de\u00a0 violations des droits de l’Homme pendant les \u00ab\u00a0ann\u00e9es de plomb\u00a0\u00bb au\u00a0 Maroc constituent un \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9v\u00e9nement sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0\u00bb dans le royaume et\u00a0 dans le monde arabe, estime l’organisation Amnesty international,\u00a0 dans un communiqu\u00e9 parvenu mercredi \u00e0 Rabat. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ces t\u00e9moignages qui ont d\u00e9but\u00e9 le 21 d\u00e9cembre sous les auspices\u00a0 de l’Instance Equit\u00e9 et r\u00e9conciliation (IER, officiel) ont permis au\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0grand public d’entendre les r\u00e9cits des survivants et des proches\u00a0 des victimes\u00a0\u00bb, note le bureau d’Amnesty au Maroc, en affirmant\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0soutenir l’action de l’IER\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amnesty, dont une d\u00e9l\u00e9gation a visit\u00e9 le Maroc – et le Sahara\u00a0 occidental – du 5 au 21 janvier, estime toutefois que \u00ab\u00a0si l’on veut\u00a0 que le respect du droit soient enti\u00e8rement r\u00e9tabli (…) d’autres\u00a0 \u00e9tapes sont n\u00e9cessaires notamment celle de traduire en justice les\u00a0 auteurs de violations dans le cadre d’un syst\u00e8me judiciaire\u00a0 r\u00e9form\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Dans une r\u00e9gion (Maghreb) o\u00f9 les repr\u00e9sentants des pouvoirs\u00a0 publics ont tendance \u00e0 nier purement et simplement toute violation\u00a0 des droits humains et o\u00f9 les responsables ne sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas\u00a0 inqui\u00e9t\u00e9s, l’Instance Equit\u00e9 et r\u00e9conciliation (IER) constitue une\u00a0 initiative courageuse et audacieuse\u00a0\u00bb, a soulign\u00e9 Claudio Cordone,\u00a0 directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d’Amnesty, cit\u00e9 par le communiqu\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cette instance \u00ab\u00a0peut jouer un r\u00f4le crucial en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e8gne\u00a0 de la justice au Maroc\u00a0\u00bb, estime-t-il. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apr\u00e8s les premiers t\u00e9moignages radio-t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s de Rabat en\u00a0 d\u00e9cembre, l’IER pr\u00e9voit d’organiser le 29 janvier dans la ville de\u00a0 Figuig (sud-est) une seconde s\u00e9rie d’auditions pour une dizaine\u00a0 d’autres victimes de violations commises entre 1956 et 1999. <\/span> <\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amnesty note par ailleurs que le minist\u00e8re marocain de la\u00a0 Justice assure avoir effectu\u00e9 des enqu\u00eates sur des cas de torture\u00a0 r\u00e9centes d\u00e9nonc\u00e9s au Maroc, mais regrette que ces investigations\u00a0 n’aient concern\u00e9 que \u00ab\u00a0quelques-uns des dizaines de cas ou de mauvais\u00a0 traitements pr\u00e9sum\u00e9s signal\u00e9s dans le cadre des centaines\u00a0 d’arrestations\u00a0\u00bb op\u00e9r\u00e9es en 2002 et 2003. <\/span> <\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quelque deux mille islamistes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s dans le cadre des\u00a0 enqu\u00eates lanc\u00e9es apr\u00e8s les attentats terroristes du 16 mai \u00e0\u00a0 Casablanca qui ont fait 45 morts et des dizaines de bless\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A propos du Sahara occidental – objet d’un conflit de\u00a0 souverainet\u00e9 entre le Maroc et le front Polisario – Amnesty a estim\u00e9\u00a0 que \u00ab\u00a0l’actuel climat d’ouverture (au Maroc, ndrl) ne s’\u00e9tend pas \u00e0\u00a0 la question des droits et des libert\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb dans cette ancienne colonie\u00a0 espagnole annex\u00e9e par Rabat en 1975. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Lors de la visite d’Amnesty international, les autorit\u00e9s\u00a0 marocaines ont refus\u00e9 d’autoriser un groupe de d\u00e9fenseurs des droits\u00a0 humaine de ce territoire contest\u00e9 d’engager une proc\u00e9dure en vue de\u00a0 faire reconna\u00eetre leur association\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9plor\u00e9 Amnesty. <\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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INTERNATIONAL – 27 janvier 2005<\/span><\/p>\n
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Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res d\u00e9nonce le harc\u00e8lement dont est victime la cha\u00eene<\/font><\/p>\n
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satellitaire arabeAl-Jazira<\/i><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
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<\/span> R\u00e9trospective des atteintes subies par la cha\u00eene en 2004 <\/span><\/span> <\/span> Le 26 janvier 2005, Al-Jazira<\/i> a annonc\u00e9 que, pour la troisi\u00e8me ann\u00e9e cons\u00e9cutive, la cha\u00eene n’avait pas re\u00e7u l’autorisation des autorit\u00e9s saoudiennes de couvrir le p\u00e8lerinage \u00e0 La Mecque. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res rappelle que depuis le d\u00e9but de l’ann\u00e9e 2004, Al-Jazira<\/i> a \u00e9t\u00e9 vivement critiqu\u00e9e par l’Arabie saoudite et les Etats-Unis, et a fait l’objet de censures en Alg\u00e9rie, en Iran, en Tunisie et au Canada. Par ailleurs, depuis le 7 ao\u00fbt 2004, le bureau d’Al-Jazira<\/i> \u00e0 Bagdad est ferm\u00e9, par d\u00e9cision du gouvernement int\u00e9rimaire irakien. Les \u00e9missions de la cha\u00eene, lanc\u00e9e au Qatar en novembre 1996, irritent certains dirigeants parce qu’elles donnent la parole \u00e0 leurs opposants ainsi qu’aux t\u00e9l\u00e9spectateurs, et abordent des sujets politiques et sociaux consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme tabous. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res d\u00e9nonce fermement le harc\u00e8lement dont est victime la cha\u00eene. \u00ab Nous regrettons vivement que certains gouvernements n’h\u00e9sitent pas \u00e0 censurer Al-Jazira<\/i>, premi\u00e8re cha\u00eene d’information arabe, afin de pr\u00e9server leurs int\u00e9r\u00eats politiques et diplomatiques. Ces m\u00e9thodes illustrent leur intol\u00e9rance \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard des critiques \u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l’organisation. Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res demande au gouvernement int\u00e9rimaire irakien d’annuler dans les plus brefs d\u00e9lais sa d\u00e9cision d’interdire \u00e0 la cha\u00eene satellitaire d’op\u00e9rer en Irak et de permettre la r\u00e9ouverture de ses bureaux \u00e0 Bagdad. L’organisation demande \u00e9galement aux autorit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines d’expliquer les motifs de la d\u00e9tention \u00e0 Guantanamo d’un cameraman d’Al-Jazira<\/i>, Sami Al-Haj, ou de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 sa lib\u00e9ration imm\u00e9diate. Depuis 2003, les autorit\u00e9s saoudiennes interdisent \u00e0 Al-Jazira<\/i> de couvrir le p\u00e8lerinage \u00e0 La Mecque, en lui refusant toute accr\u00e9ditation. Joint au t\u00e9l\u00e9phone par Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, M’hamed Krichen, pr\u00e9sentateur, a expliqu\u00e9 que les autorit\u00e9s saoudiennes ne font aucune diff\u00e9rence entre Al-Jazira<\/i> et le gouvernement qatari. Une crise diplomatique entre les deux pays entra\u00eene le gel des activit\u00e9s de la cha\u00eene en Arabie saoudite. CNN<\/i> et la BBC<\/i> sont pr\u00e9sentes dans le royaume et sont moins g\u00eanantes aux yeux des autorit\u00e9s parce que leur audimat arabophone est moins important que celui d’Al-Jazira<\/i>, qui compte aujourd’hui entre 35 et 40 millions de t\u00e9l\u00e9spectateurs quotidiens dans le monde. En Alg\u00e9rie, les activit\u00e9s d’Al-Jazira<\/i> sont bloqu\u00e9es depuis juin 2004. Pour la premi\u00e8re fois depuis dix ans, une cha\u00eene \u00e9trang\u00e8re\u00a0 est interdite en Alg\u00e9rie. Les autorit\u00e9s ont pris cette d\u00e9cision sous pr\u00e9texte de r\u00e9organiser le travail des correspondants de la presse \u00e9trang\u00e8re mais cette mesure n’a eu d’incidence que sur la cha\u00eene qatarie. Selon des sources concordantes, cette mesure serait cons\u00e9cutive \u00e0 la diffusion d’un d\u00e9bat sur l’Alg\u00e9rie dans l’\u00e9mission \u00ab\u00a0El-Itidjah el-Mouakass\u00a0\u00bb. Durant ce programme, la parole avait \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e \u00e0 des opposants qui avaient critiqu\u00e9 sans m\u00e9nagement les g\u00e9n\u00e9raux alg\u00e9riens ainsi que la politique de r\u00e9conciliation nationale du pr\u00e9sident Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Un sondage, r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par la cha\u00eene, selon lequel 72 % des t\u00e9l\u00e9spectateurs estimaient que la situation ne s’\u00e9tait pas am\u00e9lior\u00e9e en Alg\u00e9rie, avait \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 rendu public. Aujourd’hui, les journalistes d’Al-Jazira<\/i> re\u00e7oivent des accr\u00e9ditations uniquement pour couvrir de grands \u00e9v\u00e9nements internationaux.La cha\u00eene a renouvel\u00e9 sa demande d’accr\u00e9ditation, mais sans succ\u00e8s.<\/span><\/p>\n
L’Iran a menac\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises de sanctionner le bureau d’Al-Jazira<\/i> dans le pays.\u00a0 En novembre 2004, T\u00e9h\u00e9ran avait menac\u00e9 de sanctionner la cha\u00eene si elle ne retirait pas de son site Internet une caricature jug\u00e9e insultante. Le directeur pour les m\u00e9dias \u00e9trangers du minist\u00e8re de la Culture et de l’Orientation islamique, Mohammad Hossein Khoshvaght, avait d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab Si cette animation ne dispara\u00eet pas et si de telles d\u00e9rives se poursuivent, le minist\u00e8re de la Culture et de l’Orientation islamique se verra dans l’obligation de prendre les mesures qui s’imposent et d’examiner notamment la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de restreindre les activit\u00e9s de la cha\u00eene en Iran. \u00bb La cha\u00eene avait \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9e d’expulsion une seconde fois, peu de temps apr\u00e8s, pour avoir parl\u00e9 du golfe \u00ab Arabique \u00bb et non du golfe \u00abPersique \u00bb. En Tunisie, les autorit\u00e9s n’ont pas permis l’ouverture d’un bureau de la cha\u00eene ni accord\u00e9 d’accr\u00e9ditation \u00e0 ses correspondants. Al-Jazira<\/i> a tent\u00e9 d’en obtenir une pour couvrir\u00a0 l’\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle d’octobre 2004, mais les autorit\u00e9s ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu’elles acc\u00e9deraient \u00e0 cette demande si elles choisissaient elles-m\u00eames le correspondant de la cha\u00eene. En janvier 2004, Al-Jazira<\/i> a \u00e9t\u00e9 interdite de couvrir les activit\u00e9s du gouvernement en Irak pendant un mois suite \u00e0 une \u00e9mission jug\u00e9e \u00ab provocatrice \u00bb dans laquelle l’un des participants avait lanc\u00e9 des accusations contre certains responsables politiques. Par ailleurs, le bureau d’Al-Jazira<\/i> \u00e0 Bagdad est ferm\u00e9 depuis le 7 ao\u00fbt 2004 afin de \u00ab prot\u00e9ger le peuple d’Irak \u00bb, selon la d\u00e9cision officielle.\u00a0 Le gouvernement int\u00e9rimaire irakien a en effet accus\u00e9 la cha\u00eene d’ \u00ab incitation \u00e0 la haine et aux tensions raciales \u00bb. En novembre 2004, le ministre de la D\u00e9fense irakien, Hazem Chaalane, s’en est vivement pris \u00e0 Al-Jazira<\/i> qu ‘il a qualifi\u00e9e de \u00ab cha\u00eene du terrorisme \u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0 Que Dieu maudisse tous ceux qui ont terroris\u00e9 les citoyens irakiens et les enfants d’Irak, qu’ils soient journalistes ou autres. Viendra le jour o\u00f9 nous allons nous y prendre avec Al-Jazira<\/i> autrement que par des paroles \u00bb, avait menac\u00e9 M. Chaalane. En avril 2004, les Etats-Unis ont \u00e9galement accus\u00e9 la cha\u00eene d’attiser des sentiments antiam\u00e9ricains dans sa couverture des \u00e9v\u00e9nements en Irak. Joint par Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res, Jihad Ballout, porte-parole d’Al-Jazira<\/i>, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la ligne \u00e9ditoriale de la cha\u00eene ne serait pas influenc\u00e9e par toutes ces atteintes. \u00ab Nous sommes de simples observateurs, et non pas des acteurs. Nous ne portons pas de jugement politique et tentons de pr\u00e9senter une couverture \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e du conflit. Nous donnons aussi bien la parole au peuple irakien et aux insurg\u00e9s qu’aux forces am\u00e9ricaines \u00bb, a-t-il ajout\u00e9. Un cameraman d’Al-Jazira<\/i>, Sami Al-Haj, de nationalit\u00e9\u00a0 soudanaise, est d\u00e9tenu par les forces am\u00e9ricaines depuis le d\u00e9but de l’ann\u00e9e 2002, sur la base militaire de Guantanamo (Cuba). Depuis un an et demi, sa femme est sans nouvelles de lui. Les motifs de sa d\u00e9tention ne sont toujours pas connus. Enfin au Canada, l’autorisation de distribuer Al-Jazira<\/i> a \u00e9t\u00e9 assujettie, en juillet 2004, \u00e0 plusieurs conditions. Le Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications canadiennes (CRTC) a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que les distributeurs de la cha\u00eene qatarie devaient surveiller ses programmes 24 heures sur 24. Par ailleurs, le CRTC\u00a0 a autoris\u00e9 les op\u00e9rateurs \u00e0 \u00ab modifier ou supprimer la programmation d’Al-Jazira<\/i>, (\u0160) pour \u00e9viter la distribution de propos offensants \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Maghreb & Middle-East Desk Reporters Without Borders 5 rue Geoffroy-Marie\u00a0 F – 75009 Paris 33 1 44 83 84 84 33 1 45 23 11 51 (fax) middle-east@rsf.org www.rsf.org<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
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Tunisie – <\/font><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
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Le textile ne tient qu\u2019a un fil <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/font><\/h2>\n<\/p>\n
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Article paru dans la revue mensuelle Arabies N\u00b0 213-Janvier 2005, pp 24-27. Consultable sur le web \u00e0 l’adresse<\/b><\/em>: <\/font> http:\/\/www.arabies.com\/Economie.htm<\/font><\/a><\/p>\n
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DANGER<\/span><\/u>: Le secteur textile est le principal moteur de l’\u00e9conomie, il emploie 50% de la population active industrielle.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
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CHOMGE<\/span><\/u>: Les experts estiment qu’environ 160 000 des 250 000 emplois de cette industrie seront supprim\u00e9s dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
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CONCURRENCE<\/span><\/u>: Le d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement total de l’AMF expose le pays \u00e0 la concurrence de la Chine nettement plus comp\u00e9titive.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
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Le d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l\u2019Accord multifibres porte un coup terrible \u00e0 l\u2019industrie tunisienne du textile. Faute d\u2019avoir su \u00e9voluer \u00e0 temps, les entrepreneurs du secteur ne pourront pas faire face \u00e0 la concurrence chinoise, qui menace de leur ravir le march\u00e9 europ\u00e9en qui les faisait vivre.<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/em><\/p>\n
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Par Moncef MARHOUG<\/span><\/i><\/strong> <\/span><\/em><\/font><\/p>\n
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A vec plus de 2 100 entreprises, pr\u00e8s de 250 000 emplois \u2013 soit pas moins de 50 % de la population active industrielle \u2013 et plus de 4 milliards de dinars de recettes d\u2019exportations, en 2002 \u2013 soit 47 % du total de celles des industries manufacturi\u00e8res \u2013, le textile-habillement \u00e9tait le principal moteur de l\u2019\u00e9conomie tunisienne. Sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans la sous-traitance, les entreprises de ce secteur \u00e9taient devenues, gr\u00e2ce aux quotas que leur garantissait l\u2019Accord multifibres (AMF) de 1973, le quatri\u00e8me fournisseur de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (UE), qui absorbait plus de 90 % de leurs exportations de tissus et de v\u00eatements. Mais cette position de la Tunisie sur le march\u00e9 europ\u00e9en, importante sans \u00eatre dominante, n\u2019est plus qu\u2019un souvenir. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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En perte de vitesse depuis deux ans, le textile-habillement tunisien traverse aujourd\u2019hui une grave crise, du fait de l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouveaux concurrents plus comp\u00e9titifs\u2013 la Chine, en particulier. Longtemps maintenus dans une position marginale sur le march\u00e9 mondial, et notamment europ\u00e9en, ces pays profitent du d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l\u2019AMF pour tailler des croupi\u00e8res \u00e0 nombre de pays m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens, dont la Tunisie. D\u00e9sormais, la domination sur le march\u00e9 textile mondial reviendra au plus performant. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Pour l\u2019instant, c\u2019est la Chine \u2013 devenue membre de l\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) \u2013 qui est le principal b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire du d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement, entam\u00e9 en 1998, et qui s\u2019est achev\u00e9 en d\u00e9cembre 2004. D\u00e8s 2002, elle est parvenue \u00e0 supplanter la Tunisie en tant que quatri\u00e8me fournisseur de l\u2019Europe. Un virage qui n\u2019est pas sans cons\u00e9quences pour ce pays maghr\u00e9bin. Il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 perdu, en moins de deux ans, une bonne partie de son tissu industriel du textile-habillement. Pour la simple raison, qu\u2019<\/span><\/span>\u00ab un article fabriqu\u00e9 totalement en Chine co\u00fbte moins cher qu\u2019un autre, partiellement sous-trait\u00e9 en Tunisie \u00bb<\/span><\/em>, souligne Abdennour Maddahi, secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral adjoint de l\u2019Union g\u00e9n\u00e9rale tunisienne du travail (UGTT), charg\u00e9 du secteur priv\u00e9. <\/span><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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Pour le textile tunisien, si ce n\u2019est pas encore la catastrophe, on n\u2019en est pas loin. Estim\u00e9 actuellement, de source syndicale \u2013 les autorit\u00e9s n\u2019aiment pas, traditionnellement, communiquer sur pareil sujet \u2013 \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 30 000, le nombre de ch\u00f4meurs dans l\u2019industrie textile repr\u00e9sente d\u00e9j\u00e0 plus de 10 % de la population active du secteur. Et les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts risquent d\u2019\u00eatre encore plus importants. Notamment parce que les Tunisiens ont r\u00e9agi tr\u00e8s tardivement au danger qui pointait \u00e0 l\u2019horizon. M\u00eame si les pouvoirs publics y sont aussi pour quelque chose, les entreprises assument la plus grande responsabilit\u00e9 de ce retard. En particulier parce que la plupart d\u2019entre elles n\u2019ont rien fait, ou tr\u00e8s peu, pour se pr\u00e9parer activement \u00e0 faire face \u00e0 la d\u00e9ferlante chinoise qui les d\u00e9loge de leur principal march\u00e9, l\u2019UE. Les autorit\u00e9s avaient pourtant depuis longtemps mis entre les mains des industriels des donn\u00e9es exhaustives et claires leur permettant de prendre conscience, parfaitement et \u00e0 temps, de ce danger. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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En 1997 \u2013 soit deux ans apr\u00e8s la signature, le 17 juillet 1995, de l\u2019Accord de libre-\u00e9change avec l\u2019UE et huit ans avant l\u2019\u00e9ch\u00e9ance fatidique du 1er janvier 2005, qui verra le d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l\u2019AMF \u2013 le Centre technique du textile (Cettex) r\u00e9alisait une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tude strat\u00e9gique du secteur textile-habillement tunisien. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Apr\u00e8s avoir analys\u00e9 les forces et les faiblesses des diff\u00e9rentes branches, le bureau d\u2019\u00e9tudes proposait une strat\u00e9gie et un plan d\u2019action pour assurer le d\u00e9veloppement de cette industrie, en agissant sur l\u2019environnement, la formation et la promotion. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Immobilisme. Sept ans plus tard, le constat est d\u00e9solant. Invit\u00e9 \u00e0 proc\u00e9der \u00e0 une <\/span>\u00ab mise \u00e0 jour \u00bb<\/em> de l\u2019\u00e9tude strat\u00e9gique, en avril 2004, Gherzi, consultant de l\u2019industrie textile, est tr\u00e8s n\u00e9gatif. <\/span> \u00ab Le mod\u00e8le tunisien n\u2019a pas \u00e9volu\u00e9 depuis 1997. <\/span>La Tunisie est rest\u00e9e un pays majoritairement de confection. Il n\u2019y a pas eu d\u2019apport significatif de m\u00e9tiers \u00e0 forte valeur ajout\u00e9e dans la fili\u00e8re. \u00bb<\/em><\/font><\/p>\n
C\u2019est seulement au d\u00e9but de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 2004 \u2013<\/span> <\/em> c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire peu de temps apr\u00e8s la publication de la mise \u00e0 jour de l\u2019\u00e9tude strat\u00e9gique men\u00e9e par Gherzi<\/span> \u2013<\/em> que les professionnels du textile commencent \u00e0 plancher sur la riposte \u00e0 l\u2019offensive chinoise. Une premi\u00e8re rencontre se tient, le 5 juin 2004, afin de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir <\/span>\u00ab \u00e0 l\u2019avenir du secteur textile et habillement apr\u00e8s 2005. \u00bb<\/em>\u00a0Dans la foul\u00e9e, le Cettex r\u00e9unit en plein \u00e9t\u00e9, \u00e0 Hammamet, un groupe d\u2019industriels pour leur donner l\u2019occasion d\u2019imaginer de nouveaux modes d\u2019organisation susceptibles de leur \u00e9viter d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9vinc\u00e9s du march\u00e9 international. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
La rencontre du 5 juin a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 de nombreuses id\u00e9es, qui attendent encore d\u2019\u00eatre concr\u00e9tis\u00e9es. Pour une fois, les industriels ne se sont pas content\u00e9s de demander au gouvernement de voler \u00e0 leur secours et de porter seul le fardeau. Ils ont \u00e9galement sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 une s\u00e9rie de dispositions et de mesures qu\u2019ils seront amen\u00e9s \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre eux-m\u00eames. <\/span><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
Alors que certains des industriels du textile, prenant leur courage \u00e0 deux mains, entreprennent depuis un certain temps de se r\u00e9organiser et de se mettre en r\u00e9seau pour assurer leur survie, d\u2019autres optent pour la solution de facilit\u00e9 : fermeture des entreprises, pour aller, parfois, investir dans un autre secteur qui semble moins risqu\u00e9 et, provisoirement, plus r\u00e9mun\u00e9rateur \u2013 comme l\u2019immobilier. <\/span>Une option qui a co\u00fbt\u00e9 leur emploi \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 30 000 Tunisiens<\/strong> et risque de faire augmenter la masse des ch\u00f4meurs d\u2019une bonne centaine de milliers en 2005 \u2013 ce qui repr\u00e9sente pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 des emplois du textile et pr\u00e8s du quart de la main d\u2019\u0153uvre industrielle. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
Le pays risque de perdre une bonne partie de ses 2 100 entreprises textiles et une large proportion des quelque 4 milliards de dinars de recettes en devises \u2013 repr\u00e9sentant l\u2019\u00e9quivalent de la moiti\u00e9, en volume, des exportations du pays. <\/font> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Hichem Errais, consultant et patron d\u2019un bureau d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u2013 Textile Consulting \u2013 qui est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans la cr\u00e9ation et la r\u00e9organisation d\u2019entreprises du textile-habillement, attend que ce secteur soit fortement redimensionn\u00e9. <\/span> D\u2019apr\u00e8s lui, beaucoup d\u2019experts pensent que la Tunisie devrait s\u2019estimer heureuse si elle parvenait \u00e0 sauver environ 90 000 emplois sur les 250 000 de ce secteur. Car le rythme actuel de vingt fermetures d\u2019entreprises par mois, qui entra\u00eene la perte des deux tiers de la population active dans ce domaine, ne semble malheureusement pas relever d\u2019un sc\u00e9nario hypoth\u00e9tique. <\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n
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Pour absorber et mieux surmonter les lourdes retomb\u00e9es \u00e9conomiques et sociales de sa perte de comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9, le textile-habillement tunisien va devoir faire sa r\u00e9volution culturelle pour sortir de l\u2019\u00e8re de la sous-traitance. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00ab Seules les entreprises bien structur\u00e9es, performantes et sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans la cotraitance et la prestation de services vont pouvoir se maintenir sur le march\u00e9. Dor\u00e9navant, il va falloir savoir produire un article et assurer les services qui vont avec \u00bb<\/em>, tranche Hichem Errais. Il estime que les Tunisiens doivent aussi cesser de mesurer les performances du secteur <\/span>\u00ab en valeur export\u00e9e ou en pi\u00e8ces produites. Il faut d\u00e9sormais compter en volume produit par minute et par an. \u00bb<\/em> Le patron de Textile Consulting se f\u00e9licite que les douanes tunisiennes et le Cettex <\/span>\u00ab aient commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler ensemble et \u00e0 sortir des chiffres int\u00e9ressants. \u00bb<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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Travailler ensemble. M. Errais estime \u00e9galement que les industriels tunisiens du textile <\/span>\u00ab doivent apprendre \u00e0 travailler ensemble \u00bb<\/em> \u2013 ce qui est loin d\u2019\u00eatre le cas, actuellement. <\/span> \u00ab Certaines entreprises ont du travail de mani\u00e8re \u00e9pisodique et d\u2019autres en permanence. Et ces derni\u00e8res ne veulent pas s\u2019organiser en plate-forme, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire confier du travail \u00e0 d\u2019autres, de peur de se faire doubler aupr\u00e8s de leurs clients \u00bb<\/span><\/em>, souligne notre interlocuteur. <\/span><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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Le patron de Textile Consulting s\u2019\u00e9tonne, de m\u00eame, de la concentration excessive des entreprises tunisiennes du textile dans certaines r\u00e9gions du pays, au d\u00e9triment d\u2019autres. Alors que des investisseurs \u00e9trangers font pourtant sur place de belles affaires. <\/span>O<\/span>n peut citer, \u00e0<\/span> <\/span> titre d\u2019exemple, la r\u00e9gion de Medjez el-Bab, dans le nord-ouest du pays, o\u00f9 la multinationale Sara Lee <\/span>\u00ab dispose d\u2019une usine employant pr\u00e8s de 800 personnes, o\u00f9 le taux d\u2019absent\u00e9isme est de 1 % \u00bb<\/em>, r\u00e9v\u00e8le notre interlocuteur. Or, le taux d\u2019absent\u00e9isme est l\u2019un des gros probl\u00e8mes auxquels bon nombre des entreprises du secteur sont confront\u00e9es. <\/span><\/font> <\/p>\n
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La relance du textile-habillement suppose \u00e9galement l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de nouveaux investisseurs \u00e9trangers dans ce domaine. Mais pour cela, il faudrait que le gouvernement am\u00e9liore encore l\u2019environnement de l\u2019entreprise, estime Hichem Errais. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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e<\/span>n plus des prix de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, de l\u2019eau et des terrains, du co\u00fbt de l\u2019abonnement \u00e0 l\u2019ADSL, le patron de Textile Consulting d\u00e9clare qu\u2019il est absolument n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 des prestations de certaines administrations, dont les services sont essentiels pour l\u2019entreprise, comme les douanes et la rapide poste. <\/span> <\/font><\/p>\n
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Hichem Errais pense m\u00eame qu\u2019il serait utile de permettre l\u2019arriv\u00e9e d\u2019op\u00e9rateurs \u00e9trangers, dans la poste par exemple. Car <\/span>\u00ab l\u2019investisseur anglo-saxon accepterait difficilement d\u2019op\u00e9rer dans un pays o\u00f9 DHL ne serait pas pr\u00e9sent ; un Am\u00e9ricain n\u2019irait pas, non plus, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il ne pourrait pas trouver UPS. \u00bb<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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En plus de l\u2019aspect \u00e9conomique du dossier, le gouvernement doit certainement r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir aux moyens de faire face aux retomb\u00e9es sociales du d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l\u2019AMF. Cela ne lui poserait certainement aucun probl\u00e8me de faire, ainsi que le sugg\u00e8re Abdennour Maddahi, des efforts en mati\u00e8re de formation de la main d\u2019\u0153uvre du secteur, dans un double but, permettre <\/span>\u00ab \u00e0 la fois aux ouvriers et techniciens de garder leur emploi et \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise de disposer d\u2019un personnel comp\u00e9tent lui permettant de produire \u00e0 l\u2019international. Et donner \u00e0 l\u2019ouvrier, en cas de fermeture de son entreprise, la possibilit\u00e9 de rebondir dans un autre m\u00e9tier. \u00bb<\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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Mais le gouvernement accepterait-il ne serait-ce que d\u2019envisager la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une <\/span><\/span> \u00ab caisse d\u2019assurance contre le licenciement \u00bb<\/span><\/em> \u2013 id\u00e9e lanc\u00e9e par Abdennour Maddahi, qui pr\u00e9f\u00e8re ne pas parler de caisse de ch\u00f4mage, pour m\u00e9nager certaines susceptibilit\u00e9s ? Ce n\u2019est pas garanti. <\/span><\/span> <\/font><\/p>\n
Les pouvoirs publics pr\u00e9f\u00e8reront, plus probablement, actionner d\u2019autres m\u00e9canismes, comme la Banque tunisienne de solidarit\u00e9, pour r\u00e9sorber le plus grand nombre de ces nouveaux ch\u00f4meurs, en donnant la possibilit\u00e9, \u00e0 ceux qui le d\u00e9sirent et en ont les moyens professionnels, de monter leur propre projet. Dans tous les cas, la nomination de MM. Afif Chelbi et Ridha ben Mosbah \u00e0 la t\u00eate du minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Industrie, des PME et de l\u2019\u00c9nergie \u2013 le premier en tant que ministre et le second en tant que secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat \u2013 confirme, si besoin est, que le dossier de l\u2019industrie tunisienne, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et du secteur textile, en particulier, figurent en t\u00eate des priorit\u00e9s des pouvoirs publics. Car ces deux hommes en ont acquis une vaste connaissance \u2013 M. Chelbi, comme P-DG du Cettex, puis de l\u2019Agence de promotion de l\u2019industrie et M. Ben Mosbah, en sa qualit\u00e9 de \u00ab Monsieur mise \u00e0 niveau \u00bb. <\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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1025,6 MDT en IDE <\/span> Par Khaled BOUMIZA<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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M. Taoufik Baccar, Gouverneur de la BCT, vient d\u2019annoncer que le montant des IDE (Investissements Directs Etrangers), pour les dix premiers mois de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2004, a atteint le chiffre de 1025,6 MDT, dont 965,4 MDT en investissements industriels et 60,2 MDT en investissements de portefeuille et que 2616 entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res travaillent ainsi en Tunisie et ont export\u00e9 pour 7163 MDT au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2003. <\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/span>(Source\u00a0: <\/span> webmanagercenter.com, le 27 janvier 2005 \u00e0 07h00)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Association des Tunisiens en France, <\/font><\/span><\/em><\/h2>\n 130, rue du Faubourg Poissonni\u00e8re, 75010 Paris <\/span> <\/em><\/h3>\n Tel. 0145930406, Fax.\u00a0: 0145960397, Mail\u00a0: <\/span> atf@free.fr<\/span><\/b><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n
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Invitation<\/font><\/span><\/h3>\n
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Le Bureau national de l’ATF\u00a0 a\u00a0 l’honneur et le plaisir de vous inviter\u00a0 \u00e0 assister au d\u00e9bat<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00abLes enjeux actuels pour l’immigration de l’id\u00e9e de la\u00efcit\u00e9\u00bb<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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le vendredi 04 f\u00e9vrier 2005 \u00e0 19 h 00<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
avec\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n
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Monsieur\u00a0 Tewfik ALLAL, Coordonnateur du Manifeste des libert\u00e9s<\/span><\/p>\n
et<\/span><\/p>\n
Monsieur Hichem ABDESSAMAD, Charg\u00e9 de cours \u00e0 l’Universit\u00e9 Paris 8<\/span><\/p>\n
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Au si\u00e8ge de l’ATF\u00a0: 130, rue du Faubourg Poissonni\u00e8re, 75010 Paris<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0Mustapha MERCHAOUI <\/font><\/span><\/u><\/i><\/b> <\/div>\n
Expose \u00e0 partir du 29 janvier au 11 f\u00e9vrier \u00e0 la Galerie Etienne de Causans 25 rue de Seine 75006 Paris \u00e0 Saint Germain des Pr\u00e8s (m\u00e9tro od\u00e9on) <\/span><\/span> T\u00e9l. : 01 43 26 54 48<\/span><\/span><\/font> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
VERNISSAGE <\/font><\/span><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n
Samedi 29 janvier 2005 de 15h \u00e0 19h <\/font> <\/span><\/p>\n
Salle 1^{er<\/sup> \u00e9tage <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n}
Ouvert de 11h \u00e0 13h et de 14h30 \u00e0 19H <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Sauf dimanche et lundi matin <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<\/font><\/h3>\n
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\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/span> <\/font><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0632\u0642<\/span> <\/font><\/span> \u0623\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/span> <\/font><\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0630\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629.\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 26 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2005)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/font><\/h3>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u0627 \u00ab\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u00bb \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u0632\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u061f!.. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f 70 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0651\u064a\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061f… <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064a: \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u061f \u0625\u0630 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646..<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646\u061f! <\/span> <\/font><\/p>\n
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\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 26 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2005)<\/font><\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a… \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/font> \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642)<\/font><\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/font> \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0632.<\/font><\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0643.. \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0631\u062a.<\/span><\/strong> \u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0632\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646. {\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0648\u064e\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647 \u0631\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e}.<\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 26 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2005)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 (\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632) – \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span> <\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/span> <\/span> \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c 70 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.<\/span> <\/span> \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630<\/span> <\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639<\/span> <\/span> \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639.<\/span> <\/span> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c 70 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/span> <\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/font> <\/span> \u0625\u0644\u0649 30 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u064825 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/span> <\/span> \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0637\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u062c \u0648\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/span> <\/span> \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/span> <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 27 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2005 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621)<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n
\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631: \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 13 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631<\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n\n
<\/strong> <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0640\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 – \u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
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*****************<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 27 \/ 5\/ 2005)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n
\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
La liste des signataires de la p\u00e9tition\u00a0\u00a0pour sauver la vie<\/font><\/span><\/strong><\/h6>\n
du prisonnier politique\u00a0\u00a0Hamadi Ben Abdelmalek<\/font><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Liste mise \u00e0 jour le 24\/12\/04 \u00e0 19h53<\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n
1*Souad Ben Abdelmalek, Son \u00e9pouse 2*Ben Abdelmalek Walid, Doctorant en droit, Son fils 3*Ben Abdelmalek Hamdi, Son fils, Montr\u00e9al 4*Ben M’barek epse Hamdi Faten, Sa ni\u00e8ce, Paris 5*Mokadem epse Ben M’Barek Thouraya, Sa ni\u00e8ce, Paris 6*Ben M’Barek Jamel, Son neveu, Paris 7*Nably epse Ben M’Barek Neylla, Sa ni\u00e8ce, Paris 8*Mokadem Houssemedine, Son neveu 9*Samy, Sonia, Karim et Yanis Hamdi, Petits neveux 10*Ahmed Nejib Cheebbi, Secretaire general du PDP 11*Abdo Maalaoui, Industriel, professeur universitaire, Canada 12*Nejib Baccouchi, ancien prisonnier d\u2019opinion, Doctorant en philosophie 13*Anouar kanzari, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019UGET- France 14*Lotfi Hammami, ancien prisonnier d\u2019opinion, ancien coordinateur du mouvement estudiantin, Doctorant en philosophie 15*Fethi Jerbi, Universitaire, membre fondateur du Congr\u00e8s pour la R\u00e9publique 16*Ahmed Mana\u00ef, Institut Tunisien des Relations Internationales (ITRI) 17*Mondher Sfar, Pr\u00e9sident du Collectif de la Communaut\u00e9 Tunisienne en Europe 18*Dr. Ahmed BENANI Politologue Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Observatoire International des Affaires de la Palestine OIAP Gen\u00e8ve 19*Dr Mohamed El Anouar Koutchoukali, Secretaire general Justitia Universalis International Headquarters, Netherlands 20*Habib Souaidia, ex-officier de l’arm\u00e9 alg\u00e9rienne & r\u00e9fugi\u00e9 politique en France. 21*Kh\u00e9mais KSILA,S.G de la L.T.D.H 22*Abdellatif Ben Salem,CNLT 23*Mohamed Lamari,Institut Tunisien des Relations Internationales (ITRI) 24*Sami Ben Abdallah, Etudiant, France 25*Abdelwahab Hammami, doctorant Paris. 26*Sami BEL HAJ DAHMEN Ing\u00e9nieur – France, ancien prisonnier politique et ancien compagnant de cellule de M. Ben Abdelmalek. 27*Imad Daimi, Responsable des sites du CPR 28*Mahloul noureddine, pr\u00e9sident de l’association des travailleurs maghrebins de france 29*J\u00e9r\u00f4me Bony, France 2 30*Sophie COLOMBIES MARTIN, ASF France 31*Sami Ben Gharbia, Site: nawaat.org 32*Ennaes Fathi, Secr\u00e9taire gen\u00e9ral de l’association Solidarit\u00e9 Tunisienne 33*Nait-Liman Abdennacer, AVTT (Ass.des Victimes de la Torture en Tunisie, Gen\u00e8ve Suisse) 34*Nidal Hamad\u00e9: l’Observatoire Fran\u00e7ais des Droits de l\u2019Homme (OFDH) Paris 35*Tahar Labidi, journaliste Paris 36*Maali Mohamed, journaliste tunisien 37*Dr Mohamed RAOUDI Casablanca – MAROC 38*Kamel Labidi, Journaliste 39*Jalel Matri, Pour les Tunisiens de geneve 40*Yves Steiner, Membre du comit\u00e9 ex\u00e9cutif de la Section suisse d’Amnesty 41*Larbi MAANINOU, Pr\u00e9sident du Forum Marocaion pour la V\u00e9rit\u00e9 et la Justice -France- 42*Wahid Cherif, DTMK Oslo (The Tunisian Human Rights Committee) 43*Fathi Belhadj Montr\u00e9al, Canada 44*Dr Ahmed Amri, Pr\u00e9sident Voix Libre 45*Mohsen Dhibi, Pole Outils 46*Mohamed Ben Henda, Comit\u00e9 Tunisie en Suisse 47*Anis BALAFREJ, Rabat – Maroc 48*ABDELBAKI Fethi, PARIS 49*Samir Jemaa, Ing\u00e9nieur, Montr\u00e9al Canada 50*Dr Sahbi El Amri, M\u00e9decin priv\u00e9 de sa m\u00e9decine 51*Chabaane Hedi, Voix Libre France 52*Brahim Belkilani: journaliste (ITRI) Norv\u00e8ge 53*Abroud Matri: Architecte, Norv\u00e8ge 54*Nizar Ch\u00e2ari: Agronome, France 55*Kamel Makni: Juriste, Madrid 56*Tawfik Al Madini: Ecrivain, Damas 57*Mounir Boughattas: Professeur, France 58*Malika Khier: Associative 59*Ben Khlifa Houcine, tunisie 60*Medjeri Abderraouf, Infirmier, Paris 61*Gharbi Fouad, Enseignant, France 62*Latrach Mohamed Taha, Sousse 63*Ben Aicha Noureddine Gabes 64*Silvia Cattori, Journaliste Suisse 65*Tout le groupe RTL (Rassemblement des Tunisiens Libres) et la r\u00e9daction de \u00a0l’E-MAG EL KHADRA 66*Nour el Hda Derbali, m\u00e9decin 67*El HANNI Bilel, enseignant 68*Cherif Hamza, orthop\u00e9diste- chirurgien 69*N\u00e9jib kra\u00efem,\u00a0 enseignant 70*Ahmed -Naoufel, \u00e9tudiant 71*Slama Nejib, inspecteur des imp\u00f4ts 72*Salhi Rached,\u00a0 ouvrier 73*Chokri limam :\u00e9tudiant -Tunisie 74*Nouri Chokri :\u00e9tudiant 75*Derbali :ouvrier -syndicaliste 76*Slama Assia :p\u00e9diatre 77*Ch\u00e9rif Fatema :enseignante 78*Sahbi Rached :officier marine marchande 79*Pacaud Anette :m\u00e9decin 80*Jouhri Moncef :commer\u00e7ant 81*M\u00e9liane Arbia :enseignante 82*Cruse Jean Paul : journaliste 83*Djerridi Olfa : infermi\u00e8re 84*Chaouachi Sadok :ouvrier 85*Massaoudi Hassen :m\u00e9decin g\u00e9n\u00e9raliste 86*Dankic lubo :ing\u00e9nieur ponts et chauss\u00e9es 87*Jelassi Naceur :\u00e9tudiant 88*Derbali Sonia : sciences-po -Ena 89*Comit\u00e9 de lutte contre la Barbarie et l’Arbitraire (France) 90*Salah TAGAZ, Professeur, d\u00e9fenseur des droits de l’Homme France 91*Bouzid Mohamed, Gen\u00e8ve Suisse 92*Chatti Mohamed 93*Guenaoui Amari 94*Tarek souid 95*Imed Barkati 96*Moussa Mohamed 97*Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e8ze, Pr\u00e9sident-directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Editions La D\u00e9couverte 98*Ayadi Taoufik 99*ALI BEN MOHAMED 100*zouari mouzahem 101*ALI BENARFA, UK 102*Brik Hedi 103*Brik Abdallah 104*Addassi Abdelhamid 105*Hidouri Nasser 106*Othman Ridha 107*Nabil zitouni, Montr\u00e9al 108*Panaite Lenuta,\u00a0 Dentiste, Canada 109*Lamine J’MAA Infirmier, Montr\u00e9al Canada 110*Rachid Benaissa, Fonctionnaire International a l’UNESCO,en retraite 111*BENDERBAL Youcef 112*Nabil ben Mohamed 113*sanaa JAMIL 114*Ghariani Saosenne 115*Raja Chamekh 116*HADJ SALAH Abdelfattah 117*Azami Nadia 118*Grohs Mathieu 119*Youssef Hamdani (alias Naionaliste Arabe) Paris. 120*Madamme Ouaghlissi farida militante associative 121*Ait Hoummad Abdelkader, Montreal, Canada 122*Assef Yahy\u00e9oui, Paris. 123*knorr sabine infirmiere 124*Drici Linda 125*Maata bagdad m\u00e9decin \u00e9crivain 126*Maata fadila m\u00e9decin 127*Ghazi Hidouci, Universitaire, ancien ministre des Finances, Alg\u00e9rie. 128*Neila Charchour Hachicha, Chef du Parti M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en 129*Mehdi MOSBAH, R\u00e9fugi\u00e9 politique alg\u00e9rien Paris, France 130*Werner Ruf: Professeur Universit\u00e9 de KASSEL, Allemagne 131*H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Dupont: Professeur retrait\u00e9e. 132*Ahmed Simozrag: Avocat, membre fondateur de Justicia Universalis. 133*Chokri YACOUB, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Groupe 18 \/ LAUSANNE 134*Habib Souaidia ex-officier de l’arm\u00e9 alg\u00e9rienne auteur du livre la sale guerre Et r\u00e9fugier politique en France. 135*Fatiha Talahite, Chercheur au CNRS Paris 136*Ercus Stewart S.C., Avocat 137*L’Union du forum Mejliss.com 138*Elkout Ismail, Etudiant philosophie, France 139* Mazni Ridha, Chef d\u2019entreprise, France 140* Bouguenna Mohamed, r\u00e9fugi\u00e9, France<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u00a0<\/span>–<\/span>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 763980 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 80\u060c82<\/font><\/span>%<\/span> \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u064a 617510\u00a0 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2004 \u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u00a0\u00bb). <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2001\u00a0 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643: <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/font><\/span> \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 <\/span>\u0627\u0644<\/span>\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u062a 750000 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 800.000\u00a0\u00a0 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f 470549 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 78581 \u064844143 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a. <\/font> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/font><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/font><\/span> \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/span> <\/font><\/b><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646: <\/font> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u00b7<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1974 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0631 (<\/font><\/span>Pr\u00e9carit\u00e9<\/span>) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 3 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064810 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0633\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u00a0 \u064a\u0623\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0634 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/font><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00a0 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u062e\u0640\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u062a\u0640\u0648\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u00a0<\/font><\/span> Ghetto<\/span>\u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644<\/span>\u0635\u062d\u0640<\/span>\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>Saturnisme<\/span>\u00ab\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/font><\/span> Eurostat <\/span>\u00a0\u0648 <\/span>Insee<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
11\u060c20<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
35\u060c30<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
9\u060c50<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
36\u060c70<\/span>%<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0628\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
10\u060c50<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
34\u060c30<\/span>%<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
9\u060c50<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
14\u060c40<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
14\u060c60<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
34\u060c60<\/span>%<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u062c \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u00a0 2000 <\/font><\/span> Eurostat <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n
\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
15-24 \u0633\u0646\u0629<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
13\u060c60<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
27\u060c50<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
11\u060c6<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
10\u060c00<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
19\u060c00<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
10\u060c10<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
48\u060c00<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
31\u060c2<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
36\u060c6<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
41\u060c3<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
64\u060c2<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
35\u060c6<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
44\u060c30<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
50\u060c8<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
34\u060c4<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
46\u060c6<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
58\u060c7<\/span>%<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
35\u060c4<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/font><\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
65\u060c4<\/font><\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
32\u060c9<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
37\u060c7<\/span>% <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n
\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> INSSEE <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 34 \u064836<\/font><\/span>%<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 3 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f. <\/span> <\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062f 64\u060c2<\/font><\/span>%<\/span> \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 58\u060c7<\/span>%<\/span> \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648 50\u060c8<\/span>%<\/span> \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 15 \u064824 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0648\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 40<\/span>%<\/span>. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (<\/font><\/span>ATF<\/span>) \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 (<\/span>FTCR<\/span>) \u0645\u0646\u0630 7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a 1988 \u06481989 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 800.000 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/font><\/span> \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 <\/span> Islamophobie<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629. <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n
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\n<\/div>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
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(*) \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 <\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 27 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2005)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Trajectoires et paradoxes de l\u2019islam politique contemporain<\/font><\/h6>\n
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Contre l\u2019orientalisme et l\u2019orientalisme invers\u00e9<\/font><\/h6>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
Mohamed-Cherif Ferjani<\/font><\/span><\/b>[1]<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
Sadri Khiari<\/font><\/span><\/b>[2]<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
(Paru dans ContreTemps,<\/i> n\u00b012, Janvier 05, Editions Textuel, Paris)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
L\u2019orientalisme, \u00e9crit Edwards Sa\u00efd, est un \u00ab\u00a0style de pens\u00e9e fond\u00e9 sur la distinction ontologique et \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique entre \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Orient\u00a0\u00bb et (le plus souvent) \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Occident\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0\u00bb Il est \u00ab\u00a0un style occidental de domination, de restructuration et d\u2019autorit\u00e9 sur l\u2019Orient.\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/span>[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Mais l\u2019orientalisme, pr\u00e9cise-t-il, est polymorphe\u00a0; il a plusieurs visages. Les images d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0religion fataliste et r\u00e9trograde\u00a0\u00bb entretenues par les id\u00e9ologues de la \u00ab\u00a0colonisation\u00a0 civilisatrice\u00a0\u00bb, comme celles d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0spiritualit\u00e9 qui a su r\u00e9sister \u00e0 une modernit\u00e9 trop mat\u00e9rialiste\u00a0\u00bb, ont, aujourd\u2019hui, c\u00e9d\u00e9 la place \u00e0 la vision d\u2019un islam \u00e0 la fois mena\u00e7ant et obscurantiste. Si l\u2019on reconna\u00eet aux autres religions un potentiel d\u2019auto-renouvellement, le propre de l\u2019islam, son essence, serait justement son caract\u00e8re fig\u00e9 et sa non-historicit\u00e9 qu\u2019exprimerait particuli\u00e8rement bien aujourd\u2019hui un islamisme fondamentaliste, au pros\u00e9lytisme violent, dont la passion serait l\u2019utopie \u00ab\u00a0moyen\u00e2geuse\u00a0\u00bb d\u2019un retour aux temps du proph\u00e8te. Essence de l\u2019islam qui serait aussi essence des peuples musulmans. Une telle conception est peu ou prou partag\u00e9e non seulement par la droite dure qui inspire la politique am\u00e9ricaine et la \u00ab\u00a0guerre contre le terrorisme\u00a0\u00bb, mais par un tr\u00e8s large spectre de forces politiques allant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 certaines tendances de gauche dont on a pu constater les d\u00e9rives islamophobes<\/font>[4]<\/span><\/span><\/a> \u00e0 l\u2019occasion notamment des affaires du voile. Pour justifier leurs pratiques r\u00e9pressives, certaines dictatures arabes confortent cette image de l\u2019islam en sugg\u00e9rant vivre sous la menace permanente de peuples \u00ab\u00a0naturellement\u00a0\u00bb acquis aux solutions extr\u00eames de l\u2019islamisme et immatures. L\u2019islamologie classique a ainsi c\u00e9d\u00e9 la place \u00e0 des approches socio-politiques et anthropologiques domin\u00e9es par ces conceptions essentialistes ch\u00e8res aux sp\u00e9cialistes am\u00e9ricains du Moyen-Orient qui opposent un islam mythique \u00e0 un Occident tout aussi mythique. Se d\u00e9marquer de ces th\u00e8ses, partag\u00e9es \u00e9galement par les islamistes, est d\u2019une urgente actualit\u00e9.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Un orientalisme agressif au fondement du \u00ab\u00a0choc des civilisations\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980, l\u2019approche des rapports entre le politique et le religieux dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s musulmanes a \u00e9t\u00e9 largement influenc\u00e9e par un comparatisme inspir\u00e9 des travaux de Bernard Lewis<\/font>[5]<\/span><\/span><\/a> mais \u00e9galement par les th\u00e8ses d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es dans le prolongement des r\u00e9flexions de Marcel Gauchet. On oppose ainsi \u00e0 l\u2019Etat non chr\u00e9tien, oriental<\/font>[6]<\/span><\/span><\/a>, et\/ou islamique, antinomique de toute s\u00e9cularisation, un Occident dont le mod\u00e8le d\u2019organisation politique aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par la nature des relations, fondatrices de la \u00ab\u00a0modernit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb et de la la\u00efcit\u00e9, entre l\u2019Eglise de Rome et le pouvoir s\u00e9culier en Europe occidentale depuis le Moyen\u00a0 \u00c2ge. Selon Bernard Lewis, \u00ab\u00a0le christianisme, lors de ses si\u00e8cles de formation est demeur\u00e9 distinct de l’Etat, voire dress\u00e9 contre lui, et il ne devait s’y int\u00e9grer que bien plus tard. Quant \u00e0 l’islam, d\u00e9j\u00e0 du vivant de son fondateur, il \u00e9tait Etat, et l’identification de la religion et du pouvoir est inscrite de mani\u00e8re ind\u00e9l\u00e9bile dans la m\u00e9moire et la conscience des fid\u00e8les, sur la foi de leurs propres textes sacr\u00e9s, de leur histoire et de leur v\u00e9cu.\u00a0\u00bb<\/font>5<\/font><\/span><\/a> Une autre manifestation de cet essentialisme consiste \u00e0 aborder ces questions \u00e0 travers les cat\u00e9gories de la pens\u00e9e normative (le <\/font>fiqh<\/font>[7]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><\/font><\/i>), appr\u00e9hend\u00e9es comme des entit\u00e9s consubstantielles de l\u2019islam, fig\u00e9es par lui et le figeant d\u00e9finitivement, sans histoire et sans rapport avec l\u2019histoire. L\u2019islam serait une religion particuli\u00e8rement totale, totalisante\u00a0; englobant de mani\u00e8re indissociable le spirituel et le temporel, le politique et le religieux, le public et le priv\u00e9. L\u2019islam serait simultan\u00e9ment et indistinctement 1) une religion avec ce que les faits religieux impliquent au plan des croyances constitutives de la foi, des obligations cultuelles, et des r\u00e8gles concernant les \u00ab\u00a0devoirs\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019\u00eatre humain \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de lui-m\u00eame, de ses semblables et du monde dans lequel il vit; 2) un syst\u00e8me \u00e9thico-politico-juridique (le califat, l\u2019im\u00e2mat ou l\u2019Etat islamique) fond\u00e9 sur la shar\u00ee\u2018a<\/i>, laquelle serait une loi r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e, fixant pour l\u2019\u00e9ternit\u00e9 les r\u00e8gles qui r\u00e9gissent les comportements individuels et collectifs des musulmans ; 3) une communaut\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois spirituelle et politique (la <\/font>\u2019umma)<\/font>[8]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><\/font><\/i>; 4) un territoire : d\u00e2r al-\u2019isl\u00e2m<\/i> (domaine de l\u2019islam) \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur duquel la guerre est prohib\u00e9e tandis que dans le domaine de la guerre, le d\u00e2r al-harb<\/i>, celle-ci serait une obligation, le jih\u00e2d, <\/i>r\u00e9duit \u00e0 la notion de guerre sainte<\/font>[9]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Certes, comme toute autre religion, l\u2019islam est porteur de normes qui ont servi de base \u00e0 des doctrines que les th\u00e9ologiens fondamentalistes, puis la masse des croyants, ont fini par consid\u00e9rer comme une \u00abloi sacr\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, d\u2019essence divine et, par l\u00e0, intangible. Lorsqu\u2019on \u00e9voque aujourd\u2019hui la shar\u00ee\u2018a<\/i>, on se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 ces constructions doctrinales dont l\u2019origine profane a \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9e et qui sont devenus, au fil des si\u00e8cles, des orthodoxies, des rites, de v\u00e9ritables religions dans la religion. En fait, il n’y a pas plus d’\u00e9nonc\u00e9s \u00e0 port\u00e9e normative dans le Coran qu’on n’en trouve dans la Bible. Il existe, en islam, autant sinon plus d’\u00e9nonc\u00e9s qui peuvent justifier la s\u00e9paration du politique et du religieux voire le rejet pur et simple d\u2019une shar\u00ee\u2018a, <\/i>assimil\u00e9e exclusivement \u00e0 la loi islamique\u00a0et pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme le fondement de la religion : \u00ab\u00a0leur affaire est une question de consultation entre eux\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0tu n’est pas leur tuteur\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Rappelle ! Tu n\u2019as pour mission que de rappeler, tu n’as pas de pouvoir sur eux\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0pas de contrainte en religion\u00a0\u00bb<\/i><\/font>[10]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. On peut citer aussi le fameux hadith<\/i>\u00a0: \u201cpour ce qui est des affaires de votre religion, cela me revient ; et pour ce qui est des affaires de votre monde ici-bas, vous \u00eates mieux \u00e0 m\u00eame pour le savoir<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb. Ces \u00e9nonc\u00e9s, et bien d’autres encore, ont amen\u00e9 les musulmans des premiers si\u00e8cles \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer tout ce qui est normatif comme faisant partie des \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9quivoques\u00a0\u00bb, non-constitutives en tant que telles de la religion. Un verset coranique le stipule tout \u00e0 fait explicitement : \u00ab\u00a0c’est Lui (Dieu) qui t’a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 le livre contenant des versets clairs qui en sont la base, et d’autres qui sont \u00e9quivoques. Ceux qui ont un mauvais penchant dans le c\u0153ur suivront ce qui est \u00e9quivoque par amour de division et par d\u00e9sir de l\u2019interpr\u00e9ter. Seul Dieu en conna\u00eet l’interpr\u00e9tation\u00a0\u00bb. <\/i>Fid\u00e8le \u00e0 cette tradition, A.H.Ghaz\u00e2l\u00ee \u2013 qui a pourtant particip\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9laboration de l\u2019orthodoxie sunnite, et qui continue \u00e0 \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme \u00ab\u00a0la preuve de l\u2019islam\u00a0\u00bb (hujjatu\u2019l-\u2019isl\u00e2m) \u2013 <\/i>s\u2019est \u00e9lev\u00e9 contre l’institution de la loi (shar\u00ee\u2018a<\/i>) comme pilier de la religion en rappelant que celle-ci n’avait pas chang\u00e9 d’un proph\u00e8te \u00e0 l’autre, alors que la premi\u00e8re avait connu moult changements \u00ab\u00a0selon les situations des proph\u00e8tes et selon les \u00e9poques et les communaut\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb.<\/i><\/font> <\/font> [11]<\/span><\/a><\/font><\/span> Il serait possible de montrer \u00e9galement l\u2019usage abusif et essentialiste qui est fait \u2013 par les orientalistes aussi bien que par les islamistes \u2013 des notions de umma<\/i>, de jihad<\/i>, de califat ou d\u2019imamat qui ont fourni les armes utopiques de tant de mouvements politiques. L\u2019espace nous manque ici pour r\u00e9tablir leur historicit\u00e9<\/font><\/span>[12]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. Mais de fait, les syst\u00e8mes politiques et juridiques en pays d\u2019islam ont \u00e9t\u00e9 et demeurent extr\u00eamement diversifi\u00e9s et d\u2019une complexit\u00e9 qu\u2019on ne peut r\u00e9duire \u00e0 la vision occidentalo-centr\u00e9e des rapports entre le politique et le religieux et \u00e0 leur plus ou moins grande ad\u00e9quation aux Lumi\u00e8res europ\u00e9ennes. Fondatrices d\u2019un nouveau dogme, d\u00e9nonc\u00e9es comme h\u00e9r\u00e9tiques ou, tout bonnement, oubli\u00e9es, les interpr\u00e9tations qui ont pu \u00eatre faites des textes sacr\u00e9s sont multiples, s\u2019enracinant,\u00a0 pour certaines, dans un mouvement intellectuel et socio-politique de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019oppression.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Proche de nous, dans le temps et dans l\u2019esprit, on se doit, ici, de rappeler l\u2019\u0153uvre de Mohamed Mahmoud Taha<\/font>[13]<\/span><\/span><\/a>, ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 en 1984 par le r\u00e9gime de Numeyri et de Hassan Al Tourabi, le leader islamiste soudanais. M.Mahmoud Taha, dont les \u00e9crits restent ostracis\u00e9s par l\u2019islam politique contemporain comme par l\u2019islam officiel des Etats, avait soulign\u00e9 la diff\u00e9rence entre le message de l\u2019islam \u00e0 M\u00e9dine, qu\u2019il nomme \u00ab\u00a0le premier message de l\u2019islam\u00a0\u00bb, valable uniquement pour la situation que Mohamed a eu \u00e0 g\u00e9rer, et le message Mekkois, \u00ab\u00a0le second message de l\u2019islam\u00a0\u00bb, selon son _expression, qui repr\u00e9sente \u00e0 ses yeux le vrai message universel et la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence fondamentale de l\u2019islam. Le cheikh soudanais en arrive \u00e0 proposer, explique le marxiste Samir Amin, un socialisme, \u00ab\u00a0synonyme d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e9gal de tous \u00e0 toutes les richesses mat\u00e9rielles que le g\u00e9nie humain peut cr\u00e9er\u00a0\u00bb et qui soit \u00ab\u00a0fond\u00e9 sur la libert\u00e9 absolue de tous les individus\u00a0\u00bb. Le socialisme de Taha, conclut S.Amin, serait \u00ab\u00a0plus proche, dans cette d\u00e9finition, du concept de communisme (\u2026) que des exp\u00e9riences et des programmes du socialisme historique moderne\u00bb<\/font>[14]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Les apories de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019orientalisme invers\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
En r\u00e9action \u00e0 l\u2019offensive am\u00e9ricaine, aux discours islamophobes actuels, et \u00e0 la morgue de l\u2019occidentalo-centrisme, certains s\u2019interrogent : une th\u00e9ologie islamique de la lib\u00e9ration similaire \u00e0 la th\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne de la lib\u00e9ration en Am\u00e9rique Latine peut-elle surgir de l\u2019islam\u00a0? Un islam progressiste est-il possible\u00a0? Et, finalement, ces courants islamistes tant d\u00e9cri\u00e9s ne seraient-ils pas, eux-m\u00eames, porteurs de telles potentialit\u00e9s\u00a0? Ces questionnements ne sont pas sans poser probl\u00e8me. Plut\u00f4t que de se pencher sur les conflits politiques contemporains qui traversent les populations musulmanes pour en saisir la dynamique complexe, ces interrogations, souvent de bonne intention, pr\u00e9supposent elles-m\u00eames un Islam a-historique dont proc\u00e9deraient les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s musulmanes. Cet Islam d\u00e9sincarn\u00e9 est \u00e9galement assimil\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019islam abstrait des islamistes (abstrait au double sens du terme, car il s\u2019agit d\u2019un islam arrach\u00e9, en son principe, \u00e0 la culture r\u00e9elle des diff\u00e9rents peuples musulmans). <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
En France, le politologue Fran\u00e7ois Burgat manifeste une empathie \u00e9vidente avec les peuples colonis\u00e9s et domin\u00e9s; son int\u00e9r\u00eat pour la culture musulmane d\u00e9coule de la conviction certaine que les peuples s\u2019\u00e9mancipent eux-m\u00eames et qu\u2019il faut rompre avec les perspectives occidentalo-centr\u00e9es. On ne peut que partager son propos lorsqu\u2019il souligne fortement qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019essence \u00e9ternel de l\u2019islam ou lorsqu\u2019il insiste sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir une lecture diff\u00e9renci\u00e9e, historicis\u00e9e et contextualis\u00e9e de l\u2019islam politique qu\u2019il analyse, \u00e0 juste titre, comme l\u2019_expression d\u2019une protestation \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb et culturelle de peuples domin\u00e9s. L\u2019auteur de L\u2019Islamisme en face<\/i><\/font><\/span>[15]<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/a> n\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 voir dans l\u2019expansion de ce courant depuis les ann\u00e9es 70 l\u2019_expression du \u00ab\u00a0troisi\u00e8me \u00e9tage\u00a0\u00bb de la \u00ab\u00a0fus\u00e9e d\u00e9colonisation\u00a0\u00bb devant conduire les anciens peuples colonis\u00e9s du monde arabe \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0modernit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb. Le premier moment, politique, aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9 par l\u2019accession aux Ind\u00e9pendances\u00a0; des ind\u00e9pendances largement illusoires que les tentatives plus ou moins socialisantes de d\u00e9veloppement \u2013 le deuxi\u00e8me moment \u2013 auraient \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 consolider. Ces deux moments \u00e9taient destin\u00e9s \u00e0 \u00eatre d\u00e9pass\u00e9s car ils portaient en eux les stigmates de la colonisation\u00a0: engag\u00e9e par des \u00e9lites indig\u00e8nes accultur\u00e9es, parlant le langage politique de la colonisation, la \u00ab\u00a0modernisation\u00a0\u00bb ne pouvait qu\u2019\u00e9chouer. Au terme de quelques d\u00e9cennies de g\u00e2chis et de refoulement brutal d\u2019un islam politique d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent<\/font>[16]<\/span><\/span><\/a>, celui-ci resurgit avec force, port\u00e9 par de nouvelles \u00e9lites particuli\u00e8rement attach\u00e9e \u00e0 une identit\u00e9 culturelle, assimil\u00e9e par ces \u00e9lites comme par Burgat, \u00e0 l\u2019islam. C\u2019est le troisi\u00e8me moment cens\u00e9 conduire \u00e0 la cl\u00f4ture du processus de d\u00e9colonisation et lui donner son v\u00e9ritable sens, sa finalit\u00e9. Ce troisi\u00e8me moment permettrait aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s ex-colonis\u00e9s d\u2019exprimer enfin leur v\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u2013 culturel \u2013 tout en acc\u00e9dant \u00e0 la modernit\u00e9 universelle par leurs propres voies. En paraphrasant un certain marxisme, on pourrait pr\u00e9senter ainsi cette th\u00e8se : \u00eatre radicale, c\u2019est aller \u00e0 la racine des choses ; la racine de la chose coloniale \u00e9tant la culture puisque la racine de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est la culture, les islamistes seraient radicalement anti-colonialistes, \u00ab\u00a0les seuls \u00e0 pouvoir aller jusqu\u2019au bout\u2026\u00a0\u00bb comme on disait nagu\u00e8re du prol\u00e9tariat. L\u2019islam politique serait, ainsi, le vecteur privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 de la d\u00e9colonisation et de la modernit\u00e9. Certes, \u00e0 la marge du mouvement islamiste, existent des groupes violents, hyper-litt\u00e9ralistes, particuli\u00e8rement sectaires et franchement r\u00e9actionnaires mais l\u2019\u00e9crasante majorit\u00e9 des courants de l\u2019islam politique n\u2019aurait pas ces propensions. Loin d\u2019\u00eatre un obstacle \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0transition d\u00e9mocratique\u00a0\u00bb, elle en serait la \u00ab\u00a0chance\u00a0\u00bb.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Cette conception est contestable sur plus d\u2019un point. Mettre l\u2019expansion de l\u2019islam politique en relation avec la faillite des r\u00e9gimes post-coloniaux est largement justifi\u00e9\u00a0; expliquer ces \u00e9checs par la \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9islamisation\u00a0\u00bb et la pr\u00e9gnance d\u2019une terminologie occidentale est un peu court. La \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9islamisation\u00a0\u00bb, d\u2019ailleurs toute relative d\u2019un pays \u00e0 l\u2019autre, ne peut certainement pas r\u00e9sumer l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 des r\u00e9gimes arabes \u00e0 briser les cha\u00eenes de la d\u00e9pendance \u00e9conomique et d\u2019autres formes d\u2019oppression politique. Or, ce sont l\u00e0 les probl\u00e8mes majeurs qui ont mis \u00e0 mal leur l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 populaire. L\u2019analyse de Burgat trouve, en fait, son principe dans une certaine philosophie de l\u2019histoire\u00a0: toute l\u2019analyse est sous-tendue par l\u2019id\u00e9e de la modernit\u00e9 capitaliste-d\u00e9mocratique comme finalit\u00e9 d\u2019une histoire fl\u00e9ch\u00e9e. Chacun y arrivera mais \u00e0 condition de suivre sa propre voie\u00a0et la voie des musulmans, c\u2019est l\u2019islam dont l\u2019islam politique serait l\u2019_expression la plus authentique<\/font>[17]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. La d\u00e9colonisation est un moment de ce processus universel se d\u00e9roulant en trois \u00e9tapes progressant du (suppos\u00e9) plus superficiel, le politique, au (suppos\u00e9) plus profond, le culturel, en passant par l\u2019\u00e9conomique. Une philosophie de l\u2019histoire qui est aussi un culturalisme et\u2026 un orientalisme\u00a0: la culture est au principe des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s\u00a0; la culture est largement assimil\u00e9e \u00e0 la religion\u00a0; la culture des musulmans, c\u2019est\u00a0 l\u2019islam\u00a0; la vraie, l\u2019ultime, l\u2019irr\u00e9ductible nature des peuples musulmans serait l\u2019islam<\/font><\/span>[18]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. Les \u00e9lites arabes modernistes auraient \u00e9chou\u00e9 parce qu\u2019elles auraient ni\u00e9s cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Le \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9passement de l\u2019islamisme\u00a0\u00bb, explique Burgat, suppose l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0modernit\u00e9 consensuelle\u00a0\u00bb<\/font>[19]<\/span><\/span><\/a> construite autour d\u2019un \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9nominateur commun\u00a0\u00bb, le \u00ab\u00a0noyau invariant de\u00a0valeurs universelles\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/span>[20]<\/span><\/span><\/a>: droits de l\u2019homme et de la femme, progr\u00e8s, d\u00e9mocratie comprise comme gestion pacifique du pluralisme, autonomisation d\u2019un espace du politique, \u00ab\u00a0dynamique de modernisation\u00bb de l\u2019\u00e9conomie<\/font>[21]<\/span><\/span><\/a>. La modernit\u00e9 minimale, que propose Burgat, n\u2019est autre en v\u00e9rit\u00e9 que la modernit\u00e9 dite occidentale dans sa version lib\u00e9rale classique. Le consensus r\u00e9side en ceci\u00a0: les islamistes en accepteraient le caract\u00e8re universel tandis que les \u00ab\u00a0occidentaux\u00a0\u00bb se r\u00e9signeraient \u00e0 la voir exprim\u00e9e en langage islamique<\/font>[22]<\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Paradoxalement, alors que la religion musulmane est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme la relation structurante par excellence des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s dites musulmanes mise \u00e0 mal par la colonisation et les \u00e9lites modernistes, l\u2019islam\u00a0 \u00e0 r\u00e9habiliter devient simple \u00ab\u00a0langage\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0rh\u00e9torique\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0lexique\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0vocabulaire\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9mantique\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0terminologie\u00a0\u00bb ou, au mieux, \u00ab\u00a0code symbolique\u00a0\u00bb. En dehors des groupes extr\u00e9mistes litt\u00e9ralement r\u00e9actionnaires, l\u2019islamisme ne projetterait donc pas la restauration des formes sociales, politiques et symboliques structur\u00e9es par la religion mais il red\u00e9couvrirait l\u2019universel moderne dans le lexique de l\u2019islam. L\u2019islam est r\u00e9duit ici \u00e0 un simple vernis dont l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 renvoie \u00e0 son ad\u00e9quation \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0culture v\u00e9cue<\/i> et intuitive<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb de ces populations traumatis\u00e9es par la \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9islamisation\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0 Ainsi, le \u00ab\u00a0troisi\u00e8me \u00e9tage\u00a0\u00bb de la \u00ab\u00a0fus\u00e9e d\u00e9colonisation\u00a0\u00bb se cogne au plafond d\u2019une modernit\u00e9 universelle r\u00e9duite \u00e0 la peau de chagrin de son \u00ab\u00a0noyau invariant\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; la contribution de l\u2019islam \u00e0 la civilisation se r\u00e9sout dans un probl\u00e8me langagier\u00a0; la montagne accouche d\u2019une souris\u2026<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Une trajectoire complexe et non-univoque<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Diff\u00e9rentes analyses ont \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9es notamment pour appr\u00e9hender les fondements sociaux de l\u2019islam politique<\/font>[23]<\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0; d\u2019autres se sont plong\u00e9s dans l\u2019analyse des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences id\u00e9ologiques qui constituent le bagage des militants islamistes\u00a0; d\u2019autres encore ont tent\u00e9 de mettre en relief l\u2019\u00e9volution de l\u2019islam politique en rapport avec la mondialisation<\/font>[24]<\/span><\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 Nous ne pouvons souligner ici que cette formidable causalit\u00e9 que n\u00e9glige Fran\u00e7ois Burgat\u00a0: si l\u2019expansion de l\u2019islam politique depuis les ann\u00e9es 70 ne peut se comprendre ind\u00e9pendamment de l\u2019\u00e9puisement des r\u00e9gimes issus des ind\u00e9pendances, elle est aussi l\u2019_expression d\u2019un double basculement des rapports de forces mondiaux et r\u00e9gionaux au profit de l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme et de la r\u00e9action. Au niveau de la r\u00e9gion arabe<\/font>[25]<\/span><\/span><\/a>, la d\u00e9faite des Etats nationalistes arabes contre les arm\u00e9es isra\u00e9liennes en 1967, l\u2019\u00e9crasement de la r\u00e9sistance palestinienne en Jordanie en 1970, le massacre des communistes par la dictature militaire de Nemeyri en 1971, les r\u00e9sultats de la guerre de 1973, une cascade d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nements qui scandent la faillite du nationalisme et du progressisme arabe et qui scellent l\u2019h\u00e9g\u00e9monie de l\u2019Arabie saoudite, l\u2019alli\u00e9 r\u00e9gional le plus s\u00fbr des Etats-Unis (avec, bien s\u00fbr, Isra\u00ebl). A l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale, \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 70, l\u2019offensive politique, militaire et lib\u00e9rale initi\u00e9e par la premi\u00e8re puissance mondiale inaugure une \u00e8re de profondes d\u00e9faites des mouvements ouvriers et populaires de par le monde. Avec l\u2019\u00e9croulement du bloc sovi\u00e9tique, la domination am\u00e9ricaine est d\u00e9sormais sans partage. Dire que l\u2019islam politique s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans cette matrice bien particuli\u00e8re, c\u2019est pointer une d\u00e9termination essentielle de ce courant\u00a0: il a \u00e9t\u00e9 imm\u00e9diatement partie prenante, comme produit et comme agent, de l\u2019offensive am\u00e9ricano-saoudienne contre le nationalisme arabe (qui n\u2019est pas lui-m\u00eame que<\/i> progressiste, loin s\u2019en faut\u00a0!) et les forces de gauche. Cela, certes, ne constitue pas une sorte de capital g\u00e9n\u00e9tique immuable et l\u2019analyse serait partielle si elle ne reconnaissait pas que ces mouvements ont \u00e9t\u00e9 en m\u00eame temps l\u2019_expression de protestations l\u00e9gitimes. Plus\u00a0: s\u2019ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 en mesure de remplir le vide laiss\u00e9 par les forces nationalistes et progressistes, s\u2019ils ont pu devenir le principal canal \u00e0 travers lequel les populations arabes expriment leurs aspirations \u00e0 la souverainet\u00e9 et \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 nationales, c\u2019est bien parce que l\u2019islam politique, d\u00e8s l\u2019origine, est porteur de telles revendications. En 1979, la r\u00e9volution iranienne illustre bien les flux contradictoires qui d\u00e9terminent l\u2019islamisme. Elle marque le premier moment d\u2019une trajectoire plus complexe et plus diff\u00e9renci\u00e9e de l\u2019islam politique. Mais ce n\u2019est qu\u2019avec la guerre du Golfe, en 1991, qu\u2019explosent les relations privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es que les plus importants mouvements islamistes arabes, issus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de la mouvance des Fr\u00e8res musulmans, entretenaient avec l\u2019Arabie Saoudite. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Les attentats du\u00a011 septembre inaugurent une nouvelle p\u00e9riode. Un certain islam politique est devenue l\u2019ennemi num\u00e9ro 1 d\u2019une puissance am\u00e9ricaine de plus en plus agressive. La guerre en Afghanistan puis l\u2019occupation de l\u2019Irak ont nourrit de forts sentiments anti-am\u00e9ricains au sein des populations arabes, renforc\u00e9s par le soutien inconditionnel de l\u2019administration Bush \u00e0 la politique isra\u00e9lienne. D\u2019une mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, loin de se r\u00e9sorber au sein d\u2019une pax americana<\/i> illusoire, les tensions s\u2019accroissent dans la r\u00e9gion\u00a0tandis que le m\u00e9contentement populaire contre le despotisme des gouvernements cherche de nouveaux canaux d\u2019_expression. Dans cette configuration nouvelle, l\u2019islam politique est travaill\u00e9 par de nouvelles contradictions porteuses de nouvelles diff\u00e9renciations. L\u2019islamisme d\u00e9territorialis\u00e9, radicalement r\u00e9actionnaire de la n\u00e9buleuse Al Qaida<\/i>, voit s\u2019\u00e9largir l\u2019espace de son influence mais il n\u2019a rien d\u2019un mouvement de masse. Les courants les plus importants de l\u2019islam politique suivent la trajectoire inverse. Les ann\u00e9es de blocage, de stagnation, d\u2019absence apparente de perspectives alternatives, l\u2019insertion dans les institutions politiques officielles (Jordanie, Maroc), la r\u00e9pression f\u00e9roce (Tunisie<\/font>[26]<\/span><\/span><\/a>), ou les deux \u00e0 la fois (Alg\u00e9rie, Egypte), les d\u00e9faites aussi (Alg\u00e9rie, Soudan), ont renforc\u00e9 les dynamiques d\u2019adaptation aux Etats en place voire leur ralliement \u00e0 des techniques politiques plus ou moins d\u00e9mocratiques. Le parti islamiste au pouvoir en Turquie (\u00ab\u00a0Parti de la justice et du d\u00e9veloppement\u00a0\u00bb, AKP), certes en dehors de l\u2019aire arabe, constitue le mod\u00e8le abouti d\u2019une telle m\u00e9tamorphose \u00ab\u00a0moderniste\u00a0\u00bb dont la signification r\u00e9elle est apparue sans tarder\u00a0: d\u00e9fense des classes dominantes locales et respect des hi\u00e9rarchies mondiales. D\u2019autres courants de l\u2019islam politique ont recentr\u00e9, par contre, leur combat autour de la question nationale. Ainsi, du Hezbollah<\/i> libanais, fort de sa victoire contre Isra\u00ebl, et le Hamas<\/i> qui est aujourd\u2019hui<\/font>[27]<\/span><\/span><\/a> au c\u0153ur de la lutte nationale du peuple palestinien. La r\u00e9sistance nationale irakienne, quant \u00e0 elle, est largement port\u00e9e par des courants islamistes. Cependant, sauf \u00e0 borner sa r\u00e9flexion \u00e0 un temps pr\u00e9sent et imm\u00e9diat, ces forces ne peuvent \u00eatre appr\u00e9hend\u00e9es comme \u00ab\u00a0anti-imp\u00e9rialistes\u00a0\u00bb sans plus de pr\u00e9cisions. Une telle cat\u00e9gorie occulte les multiples d\u00e9terminations et les enjeux antagoniques qui s\u2019expriment en leurs seins. Si l\u2019occupation directe et la guerre exacerbent la dimension nationale, \u00e9crasant au moins en apparence d\u2019autres conflictualit\u00e9s (sociales, d\u00e9mocratiques\u2026), dans le reste du monde arabe ces derni\u00e8res sont bien souvent au premier plan. Une approche de l\u2019islam politique concentr\u00e9e sur la dimension \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb participerait de l\u2019occultation d\u2019autres enjeux (luttes de classes, \u00e9mancipation des femmes, combat d\u00e9mocratique\u2026). A travers l\u2019islamisme, c\u2019est souvent un sentiment de dignit\u00e9 qui prend corps, une col\u00e8re l\u00e9gitime contre les dictatures qui gouvernent le monde arabe, une volont\u00e9 de mettre un terme \u00e0 la morgue des grandes puissances. Mais c\u2019est aussi, entrem\u00eal\u00e9s, une r\u00e9action machiste \u00e0 l\u2019autonomisation des femmes, un puissant conservatisme social et id\u00e9ologique, une hostilit\u00e9 farouche \u00e0 tout ce qui peut ressembler \u00e0 la remise en cause des structures autoritaires et verticales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Penser l\u2019\u00e9mancipation avec ou contre l\u2019islam politique\u00a0?<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
L\u2019islam politique arabe n\u2019a pas produit, jusque-l\u00e0, de tendances significatives qui pourraient augurer d\u2019un d\u00e9passement de ces contradictions. Les courants \u00ab\u00a0critiques\u00a0\u00bb<\/font>[28]<\/span><\/span><\/a> en son sein ou \u00e0 sa p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie ont un impact encore limit\u00e9 \u2013 comme, du reste, celui des auteurs islamiques les plus innovateurs. La crise arabe peut susciter cependant des flux politiques impr\u00e9visibles voire l\u2019\u00e9mergence de courants dont l\u2019horizon d\u2019\u00e9mancipation est plus large que la revendication \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb ou que la lutte contre l\u2019occupation \u00e9trang\u00e8re. La condition, \u00e9videmment, est que la gauche arabe (et internationale) ne s\u2019enferme pas dans la d\u00e9nonciation st\u00e9rile de l\u2019\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0obscurantisme\u00a0\u00bb ou du \u00ab\u00a0fascisme vert\u00a0\u00bb. Au niveau mondial, les nouvelles luttes sociales, d\u00e9mocratiques, anti-imp\u00e9rialistes, qui se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es depuis le milieu des ann\u00e9es 90, contribueront aussi \u00e0 ouvrir quelques br\u00e8ches prometteuses. Des convergences f\u00e9condes peuvent surgir et la montagne ne pas accoucher d\u2019une souris. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Car ce qu\u2019on appelle \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9islamisation\u00a0\u00bb est aussi une r\u00e9action \u00e0 la civilisation globale actuelle, au r\u00e8gne de la Valeur, le seul universel universellement universel. La modernit\u00e9 universelle, dite en langage \u00ab\u00a0occidental\u00a0\u00bb ou en langage islamique, est d\u2019abord le processus r\u00e9el d\u2019universalisation (par la violence dans le cas des colonies) des rapports sociaux marchands, des institutions et des cat\u00e9gories qui l\u2019ont accompagn\u00e9. Les principes d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, de libert\u00e9, d\u2019auto-d\u00e9termination individuelle et collective (droit des nations, notamment), ont \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9s en m\u00eame temps que constamment trahis par la civilisation marchande. Car ces principes recoupent un autre proc\u00e8s historique \u00e9galement universel\u00a0: celui de la r\u00e9sistance des hommes \u00e0 l\u2019oppression. Cet universel de la r\u00e9sistance est<\/i> notre civilisation. On ne peut contester v\u00e9ritablement la civilisation \u00ab\u00a0occidentale\u00a0\u00bb marchande, l\u2019exploitation \u00e9conomique et l\u2019oppression culturelle, qu\u2019en explorant, collectivement, par del\u00e0 les fronti\u00e8res et les cultures, les voies d\u2019un au-del\u00e0 de la modernit\u00e9 r\u00e9ellement existante. Une modernit\u00e9 islamique ou \u00ab\u00a0consensuelle\u00a0\u00bb est un leurre qui se r\u00e9soudra toujours dans une forme plus ou moins maquill\u00e9e islamiquement, plus ou moins d\u00e9mocratique, plus ou moins r\u00e9actionnaire, de cette m\u00eame modernit\u00e9 occidentale.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Le but d\u2019une politique de gauche est certainement la neutralisation des dynamiques r\u00e9actionnaires au sein des courants politiques qui se r\u00e9clament de l\u2019islam\u00a0; mais elle n\u2019est pas que confrontation, pures d\u00e9nonciations, guerre \u00ab\u00a0front contre front\u00a0\u00bb; elle est aussi reconnaissance (car il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 absolue et d\u00e9finitive entre \u00ab\u00a0leur\u00a0\u00bb monde et le \u00ab\u00a0n\u00f4tre\u00a0\u00bb) des identit\u00e9s communes\u00a0; elle est interaction positive, \u00e9change de flux dans la controverse, la r\u00e9flexion, la pratique. Il faut parvenir \u00e0 penser ensemble les oppositions binaires (classe contre classe, domin\u00e9s-dominants, peuple-aristocratie, ouvriers-bourgeois, progressistes-r\u00e9actionnaires, religieux-la\u00efcs\u2026) et les conflits transversaux. Ainsi, peut-\u00eatre, sera mis \u00e0 jour une dynamique transversale de r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la modernit\u00e9 actuelle, une dynamique qui la transgresse et l\u2019outrepasse\u00a0; et de laquelle seront parties prenantes des courants populaires se r\u00e9clamant d\u2019un islam en rupture avec ses interpr\u00e9tations r\u00e9actionnaires. Autant il est hypocrite d\u2019appeler l\u2019islam \u00e0 vivre avec son temps, autant il est imp\u00e9rieux d\u2019appeler un islam politique ouvert sur l\u2019avenir \u00e0 d\u00e9passer<\/i> son temps. Mais la le\u00e7on vaut aussi pour la gauche\u2026<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
M.-C. F.<\/font><\/span><\/h6>\n S. K.<\/font><\/span><\/h6>\n
Octobre 2004<\/font><\/span><\/h6>\n
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[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/font><\/span> Professeur de sciences politiques et de civilisation arabe \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Lyon II, auteur de <\/span><\/font> Islamisme, la\u00efcit\u00e9 et<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
droits de l’Homme<\/span><\/i>, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1992\u00a0; LesVoies de l’islam, approche la\u00efque des faits islamiques<\/i>, CRDP de Franche Comt\u00e9, 1996, et<\/span><\/span> Le<\/span><\/i> Politique et le religieux dans le champ islamique<\/i>, \u00e0 para\u00eetre chez Fayard (printemps 2005).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[2]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Membre fondateur du Conseil national pour les libert\u00e9s en Tunisie et du Raid-Attac Tunisie\u00a0; auteur de Le D\u00e9litement de la cit\u00e9. Coercition, consentement, r\u00e9sistance<\/i>, Paris, \u00e9d. Karhala, juin 2003.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Edward Sa\u00efd, L\u2019Orientalisme. L\u2019Orient cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l\u2019Occident<\/i>, Paris, Seuil, 1980, p.15.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[4]<\/span><\/span><\/a> On en a une illustration caricaturale dans Tirs crois\u00e9s. La la\u00efcit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve des int\u00e9grismes juif, chr\u00e9tien et musulman<\/i>, co-\u00e9crit par Caroline Fourest et Fiammetta Venner, Paris, Calman-l\u00e9vy, octobre 2003. Pour une critique de ce livre, voir Sadri Khiari, Quelques commentaires \u00e0 propos de \u00ab\u00a0Tirs crois\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb<\/i>, jan. 04, disponible sur le site internet du collectif \u00ab\u00a0Les mots sont importants\u00a0\u00bb.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[5]<\/span><\/a> Bernard Lewis, Le D\u00e9senchantement du monde, <\/i> Paris,<\/i> Gallimard, 1985. <\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[6]<\/span><\/a> Selon la version de B. Badie dans Les deux Etats<\/i>, Paris, Fayard, 1986.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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5 \u00a0B. Lewis, <\/font><\/span><\/a> Le Retour de l’islam<\/span><\/i>, Gallimard, Paris 1985, pp. 374-375.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[7]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Qu\u2019on traduit abusivement par \u00ab\u00a0droit\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0jurisprudence\u00a0\u00bb musulman(e) comme s\u2019il n\u2019y avait de normes que juridiques et comme si le fiqh<\/i> ne traitait que de questions de droit.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[8]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e \u00e0 tord comme \u00e9tant exclusivement \u00ab\u00a0la communaut\u00e9 spirituelle et politique des musulmans\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0le syst\u00e8me politique (…) sur lequel r\u00e8gne le souverain (calife ou \u2019im\u00e2m<\/i>)\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[9]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Pour une critique d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de ces th\u00e8ses, voir Mohamed-Cherif Ferjani, Le Politique et le religieux dans le champ islamique<\/i>, \u00e0 para\u00eetre.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[10]<\/span><\/span><\/a>Versets coraniques.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[11]<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/i>Il est <\/i>connu notamment pour avoir condamn\u00e9 la raison philosophique. A.H. al-Ghazali, Fadha\u2019ih al-batiniyya<\/i>, Le Caire, 1964, p.96.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[12]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Voir Mohamed-Cherif Ferjani, op.cit.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[13]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Voir son livre Al-ris\u00e2la al -th\u00e2niya min al-\u2019isl\u00e2m<\/i> (le second message de l\u2019islam), \u00e9dition de Khartoum, Soudan, r\u00e9\u00e9dit\u00e9e avec d\u2019autres \u00e9crits de l\u2019auteur sous le titre Nahwa mashr\u00fb\u2019 mustaqbal\u00ee li\u2019l-\u2019isl\u00e2m<\/i>, (vers un projet d\u2019avenir pour l\u2019islam) par Al-Markaz Al- Thaq\u00e2f\u00ee Al-\u2019Arab\u00ee, Beyrouth, 2002.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[14]<\/span><\/span><\/a> S. Amin, \u00ab\u00a0Vers une th\u00e9ologie islamique de la lib\u00e9ration\u00a0? L\u2019\u0153uvre de Mahmoud Mohamed Taha\u00a0\u00bb, in Th\u00e9ologies de la lib\u00e9ration<\/i>, Centre Tricontinental, L\u2019Harmattan, Paris, juin 2000, pp.209-213.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[15]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Burgat, L\u2019Islamisme en face<\/i>, Paris, La D\u00e9couverte, 1995.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[16]<\/span><\/span><\/a> D\u00e8s l\u2019origine, lorsqu\u2019au sein du mouvement national, les \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9formistes\u00a0\u00bb musulmans ont perdus la bataille face aux \u00ab\u00a0modernistes\u00a0\u00bb, la modernisation aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi condamn\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[17]<\/span><\/span><\/a> M\u00eames \u00ab\u00a0les tenants de la lecture \u00ab\u00a0litt\u00e9raliste\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0int\u00e9griste\u00a0\u00bb apparaissent condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 \u00e9voluer\u00a0<\/u>\u00bb(Fran\u00e7ois Burgat, L\u2019Islamisme en face<\/i>, op.cit., p.100, CNQS).<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[18]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Pour une critique particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante de la \u00ab\u00a0surislamisation des musulmans\u00a0\u00bb, notamment par des penseurs bien intentionn\u00e9s, lire Aziz Al-Azmeh, L\u2019Obscurantisme postmoderne et la question musulmane<\/i>, Sindbad, Actes Sud, Paris, 2004.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[19]<\/span><\/span><\/a> F. Burgat, \u00ab\u00a0De l\u2019islamisme au postislamisme, vie et mort d\u2019un concept\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0Esprit<\/i>, 8-9, Ao\u00fbt-septembre 2001, p.92.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[20]<\/span><\/span><\/a> F. Burgat, L\u2019islamisme en face<\/i>\u2026 op.cit., p.100.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[21]<\/span><\/span><\/a> \u00ab\u00a0En mati\u00e8re \u00e9conomique, la d\u00e9monstration a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite que d\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 1980, la pens\u00e9e des Fr\u00e8res musulmans \u00e9tait loin d\u2019\u00eatre incompatible avec la dynamique de modernisation\u00a0\u00bb Burgat, Esprit<\/i>, op.cit., p.84, note 3, euph\u00e9misme habituel pour parler de restructuration lib\u00e9rale de l\u2019\u00e9conomie. On sait, par ailleurs, que les Fr\u00e8res musulmans se r\u00e9clament explicitement de l\u2019\u00e9conomie lib\u00e9rale.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[22]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Un tel consensus implique \u00ab\u00a0qu\u2019une lente alchimie permette \u00e0 cette modernit\u00e9 de ne plus \u00eatre per\u00e7ue, au Sud, comme l\u2019imposition d\u2019un mod\u00e8le unilat\u00e9rale d\u2019un mod\u00e8le civilisationnel unique et allog\u00e8ne. Au Nord, cette \u00e9volution implique d\u2019admettre que les valeurs consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme universelles, mais \u00e9galement certains apports \u00e0 la pens\u00e9e universelle puissent \u00eatre exprim\u00e9s ici et l\u00e0 avec des mat\u00e9riaux l\u00e9gitim\u00e9s par des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences emprunt\u00e9es \u00e0 des histoires ou \u00e0 des cultures autres que la seule culture occidentale.\u00bb(Burgat, Esprit<\/i>, op.cit. p.92).<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[23]<\/span><\/span><\/a> G. Kepel, Jihad<\/i>. Expansion et d\u00e9clin de l\u2019islamisme<\/i>, Paris, Gallimard, 2000, G. Achcar, L\u2019Orient incandescent<\/i>, Cahiers libres\u00a0; Editions Page deux, Lausanne, 2003, Chris Harman, \u00ab\u00a0Le Proph\u00e8te et le prol\u00e9tariat\u00a0\u00bb, in Islamisme et R\u00e9volution<\/i>, \u00e9dit\u00e9 par Socialisme International, Paris, 1995.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[24]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Voir Olivier Roy, L\u2019Islam mondialis\u00e9<\/i>, Seuil, Paris, 2002. <\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[25]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Nous cantonnerons notre analyse au monde arabe.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[26]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Le parti islamiste tunisien Ennahdha<\/i>, qui s\u2019est form\u00e9 dans la matrice des Fr\u00e8res musulmans \u00e9gyptiens, a soutenu Ben Ali au lendemain du coup d\u2019Etat du 7 novembre 1987\u00a0; \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 90, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 victime d\u2019une r\u00e9pression particuli\u00e8rement f\u00e9roce qui lui interdit jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour de se reconstituer. Apr\u00e8s de nombreuses h\u00e9sitations, sa direction, en exil, a appel\u00e9 au boycott des \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9lections\u00a0\u00bb pr\u00e9sidentielles d\u2019octobre 2004 tout en tendant la main \u00e0 \u2026 Ben Ali. Pour une analyse de l\u2019\u00e9volution de ce mouvement, voir S.Khiari, Le D\u00e9litement de la cit\u00e9, <\/i>op.cit.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[27]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Cela n\u2019a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas\u2026<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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[28]<\/span><\/span><\/a> On peut penser, par exemple, \u00e0 un certain \u00abf\u00e9minisme islamique\u00a0\u00bb ou, en Europe, \u00e0 des cercles militants qui tentent de tracer les chemins d\u2019un islam politique d\u00e9mocratique et social.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
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