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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a : \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644 – \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/font> <\/font><\/div>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/font> <\/div>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629: \u0645\u0635\u0631: \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 : \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0628.. \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0648<\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f: \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Kacem: Commentaire \u00e0 propos de la lettre adress\u00e9e par Le docteur Moncef Marzouki au peuple tunisien <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span> <\/div>\n
N\u00e9ji Jmal: La France est-elle tent\u00e9e par le mod\u00e8le tunisien ?<\/strong><\/font> <\/div>\n
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Sihem Bensedrine: L’espace audiovisuel du pays s\u2019ouvre aux \u00ab priv\u00e9s \u00bb,mais uniquement aux n\u00f4tres !<\/font><\/p>\n
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<\/strong>Pr. Said Mestiri: Apr\u00e8s le voyage\u00a0 du pr\u00e9sident Chirac en Tunisie – La d\u00e9mocratie, un v\u00eatement trop ample pour les Tunisiens ? <\/span><\/b><\/font>Tunis Hebdo<\/span><\/font>: L<\/span><\/span><\/font>oi de finances 2004 – Ce qu’il faut retenir<\/font><\/span> <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Tunis Hebdo: Peut-on encore sauver le parc national de l\u2019Ichkeul ?<\/strong> <\/font><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
La Presse.: Loi d\u2019orientation de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de l\u2019enseignement – Une action continue pour le parach\u00e8vement de la r\u00e9forme \u00e9ducative<\/font><\/p>\n
Le Monde diplomatique (F\u00e9vrier 1984):\u00a0 L’explosion tunisienne<\/font><\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n
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Pour afficher les caract\u00e8res arabes\u00a0<\/font> suivre la d\u00e9marche suivante<\/font> : Affichage<\/font> \/ Codage<\/font> \/ Arabe ( Windows )<\/font><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
To read arabic<\/font> text click on the View<\/font>\u00a0then Encoding <\/font>then <\/font>Arabic (Windows).<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/div>\n
L\u2019\u00e9quipe de TUNISNEWS souhaite \u00e0 tous ses amis et lecteurs une bonne et heureuse ann\u00e9e 2004<\/font><\/strong><\/font> <\/font><\/div>\n
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POINTDE VUE<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Commentaire\u00e0 propos de la lettre adress\u00e9e par Le docteur Moncef Marzouki au peupletunisien<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n
<\/o:p><\/span><\/font>\u00a0<\/p>\n
Par\u00a0:KacemWays<\/strong><\/font> Le docteur Moncef Marzougui prend les r\u00eanes de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Tunisienne en touteconfiance. L\u2019opposition tunisienne a tout fait pour que ce monsieur soit d\u00e9\u00e7u.L\u2019opposition tunisienne a tout fait pour que rein de bien ne puisse sortir dela rencontre D\u2019AIX. M\u00eame son homologue, celui le pr\u00e9sident du forum en t\u00eate de 200 personnes atout fait pour annuler une fusion logique. La derni\u00e8re rencontre del\u2019opposition <\/span>de\u00a0…a tout montr\u00e9 : cette opposition Joue contre l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat du peuple tunisien,cette opposition est complice avec la dictature pour encore appauvrir,dissoudre, d\u00e9stabiliser, torturer, emprisonner, voler, tuer l\u2019\u00eatre humaintunisien. <\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Cetteopposition a pour objectif de vider l\u2019\u00eatre tunisien de toutes ces principeset ces valeurs, cette opposition a pour but de fabriquer des Gigas nuls enlecture, nuls en \u00e9criture, nuls en architecture, nuls en art, nuls enhumanisme. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Donccette lettre met un point final pour eux. Mais c\u2019est le demand\u00e9d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui : L\u2019identification logique de tous les facteurs.L\u2019identification est en faite l\u2019\u00e9tape le plus important du combat. Ledocteur doit savoir l\u2019environnement de l\u2019analyse et le milieu. Le docteurMoncef Marzougui a pu cr\u00e9er son milieu de culture en \u00e9liminant les parasites. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Donc,comment la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 tunisien est vue par le docteur Moncef marzougui : Cettelettre n\u2019est pas faite dans quelques minutes : cette lettre est analys\u00e9 plusque 100 fois par des sp\u00e9cialistes en communication, j\u2019en suis s\u00fbr etcertain, vu que j\u2019ai quelques notions en communication (60 heures) : vu le tonde la lettre, la disposition des paragraphes et le choix des mots : <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Cettelettre sera accept\u00e9e positivement par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 tunisienne, le CPR ne manquepas de base populaire, nous savons trop bien que Le Docteur Moncef Marzouguisera forc\u00e9ment support\u00e9 par tous les r\u00e9prim\u00e9es et combien, il sont nombreux: Je site les Islamistes et les Nationalistes arabes, donc le base du peupletunisien\u2026\u2026.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Cettelettre recrutera au moins 100 000 nouveaux pour le CPR, parmi les \u00e9coliers, lesouvriers, les \u00e9tudiants. Pourquoi : mais c\u2019est \u00e7a la force du ce Docteur, ila bien analys\u00e9 les informations : Le peuple tunisien sent comme s\u2019il estabandonn\u00e9 par ses cadres et ses institutions : donc, le docteur est l\u00e0 pourvous d\u00e9fendre par vous-m\u00eame. C\u2019est pas n\u2019importe qui, Un grand cadre decalibre international, donc le milieu est fertile pour le docteur Marzougui, vuque nous n\u2019avons pas pour le moment un homme qui peut lui faire face ni parmil\u2019RCD, ni Parmi le String-opposition : Une personnalit\u00e9 imposante + Tr\u00e8shaut cadre + \u00c9crivain + Po\u00e8te + M\u00e9decin+ Militant de droit l\u2019homme\u2026.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Autrementdit cette lettre va faire r\u00e9veiller le peuple tunisien de son coma.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Ledocteur vise bien la base du peuple tunisien pour contrer sur les champs lescellules du RCD. Une nouvelle balance s\u2019\u00e9tablira bient\u00f4t et dans toutes lesvilles. Le plus beau est que cette lettre obligera le r\u00e9gime \u00e0 reculer : parceque, il n\u2019a ni les ressources techniques (philosophiques) qui peuvent r\u00e9pondreau Docteur Marzouki : Un combat techniquement d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9 : <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Dansle cas ou le r\u00e9gime d\u00e9clare aussi la guerre (police, arrestations des membresde CPR) contre un combat pacifique bien d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : La guerre civile tunisiennecommencera bient\u00f4t. Le r\u00e9gime n\u2019a plus des choix de c\u00e9der sa place au nouveau t\u00eate, vu qu\u2019ila perdu la guerre m\u00e9diatique et vu qu\u2019il manque de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 interne enla cherchant ailleurs avec les fran\u00e7ais et les am\u00e9ricains : Mais il a toujoursoubli\u00e9 que les cons\u00e9quences de la guerre d\u2019Iraq sont toujours l\u00e0. Cette lettre va cr\u00e9er le conflit dans l\u2019alliances RCD \u2013 Gauche : C\u2019estainsi que la Tunisie peut sortir de toutes les crises. Demain la comit\u00e9 centraldu RCD analysera la lettre et demain les probl\u00e8mes de toute la Tunisiecommenceront : Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dynamique avec des probl\u00e8mes est 100 milles foisplus belle qu\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 stagn\u00e9e, bloqu\u00e9e ne bougeant pas : <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Quela Tunisie trouvera la raison, que la Tunisie avancera, que la Tunisie tiendracompte de tout le monde, que la Tunisie soit libre et d\u00e9mocratique. <\/span>Kacem:<\/font><\/span>mes analyses sont \u00e0 long termes peuvent ne pas \u00eatre bonnes, moi je ne fais pasparti, ni du CPR, ni du RCD, ni de la \u00ab\u00a0String Opposition\u00a0\u00bb : moi jefais partie du peuple tunisien. Je ne sais pas, si je suis objectif ou non.<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
(Source\u00a0: Forum Tunezine, le 01-01-2004 \u00e0 07h30)<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0640\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f<\/strong><\/font> <\/font><\/div>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2003)<\/font> \u00a0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a:\u00a0 http:\/\/www.elmounaadil.ifrance.com\/elmounaadil\/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a: elmounaadil@libertysurf.fr<\/a><\/div>\n
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La France est-elle tent\u00e9e par le mod\u00e8le tunisien\u00a0? <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Par N\u00e9ji JMAL <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Les signes de cette tentation ne manquent pas. A chaque d\u00e9bat organis\u00e9, \u00e0 chaque article r\u00e9dig\u00e9 et \u00e0 chaque occasion pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e, les partisans d\u2019une loi interdisant le foulard citent la politique tunisienne comme un exemple \u00e0 suivre en mati\u00e8re de lutte contre la mont\u00e9e de l\u2019islamisme. Le chef d\u2019orchestre de cette translation n\u2019est d\u2019autre que le Pr\u00e9sident de la r\u00e9publique\u00a0lui-m\u00eame. Ce n\u2019est pas par hasard qu\u2019il a choisi une \u00e9cole franco-tunisienne \u00e0 Tunis pour annoncer sa d\u00e9cision finale, avant m\u00eame de recevoir le rapport de la commission Stasi. Nous connaissons depuis fort longtemps la fascination de Monsieur Chirac par le ben-alisme<\/i>. En 1995, il vantait d\u00e9j\u00e0 le miracle tunisien. En 2003, et toujours \u00e0 la m\u00eame occasion de sa derni\u00e8re visite officielle en Tunisie le 4 et 5 d\u00e9cembre, il somme les tunisiens de manger et de se taire. Interrog\u00e9 sur la situation alarmante des droits de l\u2019homme en Tunisie, Le chef d\u2019Etat fran\u00e7ais estime ni plus ni moins que le \u00abpremier des droits de l\u2019homme c\u2019est manger, \u00eatre soign\u00e9, recevoir une \u00e9ducation et avoir un habitat\u00bb. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
Quels secrets cache-t-il ce mod\u00e8le tunisien pour qu\u2019il acqui\u00e8re le statut d\u2019une mati\u00e8re \u00e0 inspirer pour certains hommes politiques et intellectuels fran\u00e7ais ? <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Avouons-le que la m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9radication du \u00ab\u00a0fl\u00e9au\u00a0\u00bb islamiste telle qu\u2019elle est commercialis\u00e9e par les autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes est s\u00e9duisante, \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9gards. Elle est peu co\u00fbteuse et surtout efficace. Mais les fran\u00e7ais, avec leur respect \u00a0<\/span>des droits de l\u2019homme et leur exp\u00e9rience avec les dictatures, ne devraient pas se contenter de ce que disent les bourreaux. Il faut qu\u2019ils \u00e9coutent la version des ONG et notamment celle des victimes pour juger. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Avant de faire le bilan catastrophique de cette politique s\u00e9curitaire, permettez-moi chers citoyens fran\u00e7ais de vous rappeler bri\u00e8vement la gen\u00e8se de ce processus anti-foulard, tant ch\u00e9ri. D\u2019embl\u00e9e notons qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019une loi mais d\u2019une circulaire datant de 1981[1]<\/span><\/a>. Mais au pays du droit et des institutions qui est la Tunisie du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Ben Ali, les circulaires, les lois, les trait\u00e9s\u2026ont tous la m\u00eame valeur\u00a0; puisqu\u2019ils \u00e9manent d\u2019une seule et unique source\u00a0: l\u2019illumin\u00e9, l\u2019inspir\u00e9, le clairvoyant et l\u2019\u00e9lu, le pr\u00e9sident. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Il semble donc que les \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e9rites\u00a0\u00bb de cette clairvoyance tunisienne sont multiples dont les plus importants aux yeux des propagandistes sont\u00a0: le peu co\u00fbteux<\/b> et l\u2019efficacit\u00e9. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Le peu co\u00fbteux\u00a0: <\/b>Certes, mais pour qui\u00a0? Pour le r\u00e9gime et sa t\u00eate sans doute. D\u2019abord parce qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait pas des r\u00e9actions violentes des victimes et ensuite parce que le r\u00e9gime n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 menac\u00e9 par les \u00e9lecteurs\u00a0; tout simplement parce que les \u00e9lections libres et d\u00e9mocratiques ne font pas partie, contrairement \u00e0 la France, de la recette tunisienne. En revanche, pour les premi\u00e8res int\u00e9ress\u00e9es, les filles et les femmes tunisiennes qui ont le tort d\u2019ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 leurs convictions en d\u00e9sob\u00e9issant \u00e0 la volont\u00e9 du pr\u00e9sident, le co\u00fbt est hors norme. Depuis un quart de si\u00e8cle et au vu et au su de tous les progressistes et f\u00e9ministes, les victimes des sbires de Carthage avalent des couleuvres. \u00a0<\/span>Les unes viol\u00e9es par la fameuse tournante dans les locaux de l\u2019Etat, les plus chanceuses s\u00e9questr\u00e9es et tortur\u00e9es, les miraculeuses d\u00e9shabill\u00e9es et humili\u00e9es dans la rue et enfin celles qui sont heureuses c\u2019est celles qui furent expuls\u00e9es des \u00e9coles, des l\u2019universit\u00e9s, des h\u00f4pitaux\u2026bref, elles sont bannies de tout le territoire tunisien, hormis l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 elles ne sont pas oblig\u00e9es de port\u00e9es le foulard\u00a0; c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire leurs maisons, et encore, il faudrait que les portes soient ferm\u00e9es[2]<\/span><\/a>. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Efficacit\u00e9<\/span><\/b>\u00a0: de qu\u2019elle efficacit\u00e9 parle-t-on\u00a0? <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Au bout d\u2019un quart de si\u00e8cle\u00a0: <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>d\u2019oppression sans merci <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>de d\u00e9sinformation et de matraquage m\u00e9diatique sans cess\u00e9s <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>d\u2019adaptation des programmes scolaires, universitaire et t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9s \u00e0 la politique choisie <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>de mobilisation des f\u00e9ministes chevronn\u00e9es et des progressistes \u00e9clair\u00e9es pour dorer la pilule \u00e0 l\u2019Occident <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>d\u2019un plan d\u2019ass\u00e8chement des sources de l\u2019islamisme <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Quel fruit ont-ils r\u00e9colt\u00e9\u00a0? Avec toute cette panoplie d\u2019armes d\u2019\u00e9radication massive et de la mobilisation de tous les services et les moyens de l\u2019Etat, aux aveux des autorit\u00e9s, des associations auxiliaires, des observateurs et des sociologues, le nombre des filles et des femmes tunisiennes, de toutes les couches de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, qui choisissent de se soumettre aux prescriptions religieuses ne cesse d\u2019augmenter.\u00a0 <\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Voici les grands traits de l\u2019exemple tunisien que le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais veuille le suivre. Qu\u2019elle soit au nom de la lutte contre l\u2019int\u00e9grisme l\u00e0 bas ou au nom de la protection des musulmanes et de la supr\u00e9matie de la la\u00efcit\u00e9 ici, les cons\u00e9quences seront les m\u00eames. D\u2019ailleurs, nous commen\u00e7ons \u00e0 subir les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts collat\u00e9raux de ce projet de loi\u00a0; l\u2019affaire de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00e0 Paris et de la mairie <\/span>Nogent-sur-Marne (Val-de-Marne) <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>ne sont que l\u2019augure de la situation qui attende les citoyennes fran\u00e7aises de confession musulmane, si par malheur la loi passe. Elles auront un essor similaire \u00e0 celui de leurs s\u0153urs tunisiennes. Usons de tous les moyens l\u00e9gaux pour persuader les d\u00e9put\u00e9s de faire barrage \u00e0 ce projet et d\u00e9non\u00e7ons la maltraitance des femmes, partout dans le monde, ind\u00e9pendamment des pr\u00e9textes avanc\u00e9s.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/span><\/a> La fameuse circulaire de la honte n\u00b0 108<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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[2]<\/span><\/a> Pour plus d\u2019informations, voir les diff\u00e9rents rapports annuels d\u2019Amnistie internationale et d\u2019autres ONG des droits de l\u2019homme.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00a0<\/div>\n
\n\n<\/div>\n
\n
<\/p>\n
L’espace audiovisuel du pays s\u2019ouvre aux \u00ab priv\u00e9s \u00bb,<\/font><\/h3>\n
mais uniquement aux n\u00f4tres ! <\/font><\/strong>\u00a0<\/font> <\/div>\n
Par: Sihem Bensedrine<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0 Soucieux de taire les critiques de ses partenaires occidentaux, qui tout en l\u2019encensant publiquement pour les \u00ab miracles \u00bb accomplis, exigent de lui un petit \u00ab ravalement de la fa\u00e7ade \u00bb et notamment, un \u00ab petit geste \u00bb sur le chapitre trop voyant de la libert\u00e9 de la presse ; Ben Ali n\u2019a rien trouv\u00e9 de mieux \u00e0 faire qu\u2019\u00e0 \u00ab autoriser la mise en service de la station radiophonique \u00a0\u00bbMosa\u00efque\u00a0\u00bb en tant que premi\u00e8re radio priv\u00e9e et ind\u00e9pendante \u00e0 voir le jour en Tunisie \u00bb (sic). \u00a0 Plusieurs signes attestent de \u00ab l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00bb de cette radio. Et tout d\u2019abord, la date de sa mise en service qui \u00e9tait un jour \u00ab b\u00e9ni \u00bb, le 7 novembre, jour anniversaire du \u00ab changement \u00bb tout aussi \u00ab b\u00e9ni \u00bb ! Une annonce faite par le pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali lui m\u00eame ! \u00a0 Radio mosa\u00efque n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9e \u00e0 n\u2019importe qui ; c\u2019est \u00e0 Noureddine Boutar que cette fleur a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite. Un \u00ab journaliste \u00bb de la presse \u00e9crite, r\u00e9put\u00e9 pour \u00eatre un d\u00e9sinformateur attitr\u00e9 du groupe Achourouq,\u00a0 qui collabore avec assiduit\u00e9 avec les services sp\u00e9ciaux du minist\u00e8re de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur depuis l\u2019av\u00e8nement du 7 novembre et qui s\u2019est sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans la calomnie des personnalit\u00e9s ind\u00e9pendantes de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, en toute impunit\u00e9. \u00a0 Cependant la confiance a des limites, Radio mosa\u00efque n\u2019est pas \u00ab autoris\u00e9e \u00bb \u00e0 faire de l\u2019info, ni des enqu\u00eates ; elle se borne pour l\u2019instant \u00e0 de la musique et des interviews dans ce domaine. \u00a0 Si le choix de l\u2019heureux \u00e9lu est fortuit, pourquoi ceux qui ont cru aux bonnes paroles des \u00ab proph\u00e8tes \u00bb du 7 novembre sur la libert\u00e9 de la presse et avaient d\u00e9pos\u00e9 une demande de radio, comme le journaliste radio\u00a0 Moncef qui a attendu en vain en 1988 une autorisation qui n\u2019est jamais venue. \u00a0 Puis, lorsque le code de la presse avait \u00e9t\u00e9 amend\u00e9 (1988 & 1993) et que la presse adoptait le r\u00e9gime de la d\u00e9claration et que l’\u00e9mission radiophonique n’\u00e9tait d\u00e9sormais soumise \u00e0 aucune autorisation pr\u00e9alable, pourquoi tous ces journalistes, pourtant peu suspects de dissidence (certains d\u2019entre eux sont m\u00eame membres du parti au pouvoir, le RCD)\u00a0 qui ont accompli les formalit\u00e9s l\u00e9gales se sont tous vus refuser les fr\u00e9quences pour \u00e9mettre, comme Salah Fourni (radio7) ; Mohamed Ghariani (la Voix de l’Afrique), Khaled Oueslati (Radio Medjerda), ou Zied El H\u00e9ni (Radio Carthage) qui a d\u00e9pos\u00e9 une plainte contre le Conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la communication devant le tribunal administratif en juillet 2000, pour abus de pouvoir, sans jamais avoir de suite. \u00a0 Ces directeurs de projets de radios avaient constitu\u00e9 en octobre 2000 une association de radios libres qui n\u2019a pas re\u00e7u, elle non plus, d\u2019agr\u00e9ment l\u00e9gal des autorit\u00e9s publiques. Au m\u00eame moment o\u00f9 le code de la presse se lib\u00e9ralisait en soumettant la cr\u00e9ation des radios \u00e0 une simple d\u00e9claration, le l\u00e9gislateur verrouillait en aval ; en\u00a0 avril 2001 un Code des communications entrait en vigueur. \u00a0 Ce code organise les normes de cession des concessions de communication, jusqu\u2019ici monopole d\u2019\u00e9tat, aux priv\u00e9s, et place toute activit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9mission, de r\u00e9ception ou d\u2019exploitation de tout mat\u00e9riel de communication, sous contr\u00f4le des Ministres de la d\u00e9fense et de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur (art 52 et 56). Une \u00ab Agence nationale des fr\u00e9quences \u00bb est cr\u00e9e, ainsi qu\u2019un \u00ab Conseil national des communications \u00bb. \u00a0 D\u00e9sormais l\u2019exploitation d\u2019une radio libre sans autorisation de l\u2019Agence est passible d\u2019une peine de six mois \u00e0 cinq ans de prison ferme (art 82). Est punie de la m\u00eame peine toute personne qui se connecte \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau satellitaire priv\u00e9 sans avoir re\u00e7u l\u2019agr\u00e9ment de l\u2019Agence\u00a0 (art 82). \u00a0 En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, le paysage audiovisuel est en train de subir ce qu\u2019a subi la presse \u00e9crite au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 90 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e8re du verrouillage m\u00e9diatique, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire, une forme de m\u00e9diocratisation \u00e0 la benalienne, qui nous fera regretter, les journaux officiels qui avec leur langue de bois, avaient, eux au moins, de la tenue. \u00a0 (Source: l\u2019e-mag tunisien www.kalimatunisie.com, N\u00b0 20- D\u00e9cembre 2003)\u00a0<\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n
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Apr\u00e8s le voyage\u00a0 du pr\u00e9sident Chirac en Tunisie <\/font><\/p>\n
La d\u00e9mocratie, un v\u00eatement trop ample pour les Tunisiens ?<\/font><\/h3>\n
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Par: le Pr. Said Mestiri<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0 A vrai dire, les opinions exprim\u00e9es par Jacques Chirac sur les droits de l\u2019homme et les libert\u00e9s d\u00e9mocratiques, en d\u00e9pit des diverses tentatives de \u00ab r\u00e9ajustement \u00bb ou de rattrapage qui leur ont \u00e9t\u00e9 apport\u00e9es, n\u2019ont gu\u00e8re surpris grand monde en Tunisie ou ailleurs, et n\u2019ont suscit\u00e9 ni espoir ni d\u00e9sillusion. \u00a0 A l\u2019\u00e9vidence, elles viennent s\u2019inscrire parfaitement dans la droite ligne de celles qu\u2019ont cru bon d\u2019exprimer une s\u00e9rie de personnages, plus ou moins affili\u00e9s \u00e0 la droite fran\u00e7aise, invit\u00e9s ces derniers mois dans notre pays:\u00a0 Seguin, Pasqua, Barrot, Lanxade, J.L. Debr\u00e9 et bien d\u2019autres. \u00a0 A part un certain degr\u00e9 de complaisance, fort compr\u00e9hensible d\u2019ailleurs, envers les dirigeants du pays h\u00f4te, leurs d\u00e9clarations tournaient essentiellement autour du th\u00e8me des progr\u00e8s \u00e9conomiques et sociaux accomplis dans le pays – incontestables pour la plupart- miraculeux m\u00eame pour certains ; lesquels progr\u00e8s, suffisants par eux-m\u00eames, doivent naturellement occulter les aspirations \u00e0 l\u2019exercice des libert\u00e9s d\u00e9mocratiques. \u00a0 Une d\u00e9mocratie \u00e0 l\u2019occidentale serait pour les uns, proprement \u00ab intransposable \u00bb dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 comme la n\u00f4tre, impensable dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 islamique m\u00eame mod\u00e9r\u00e9e, pour d\u2019autres; ou alors, pour les plus bienveillants, elle serait\u00a0 compar\u00e9e \u00e0 un v\u00eatement trop ample, n\u00e9cessitant de multiples retouches pour en assurer la \u00ab juste \u00bb mesure, ce qui demandera \u00e9videmment\u2026\u2026. beaucoup de temps et de patience . \u00a0 Devant le toll\u00e9 soulev\u00e9\u00a0 par ses d\u00e9clarations, Jacques Chirac, ignorant peut-\u00eatre aussi que durant son s\u00e9jour en Tunisie, les journaux fran\u00e7ais, Le Monde, Lib\u00e9ration, Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9, L\u2019Humanit\u00e9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 interdits \u00e0 la vente dans les kiosques \u00e0 Tunis, s\u2019est limit\u00e9 \u00e0 parler d\u2019incompr\u00e9hension de ses propos et d\u2019injustice ; mais aucun signe n\u2019est venu de sa part traduire le moindre int\u00e9r\u00eat pour un sujet auquel les Tunisiens tiennent le plus \u00e0 coeur, celui de la libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression . \u00a0 Cela est d\u2019autant plus remarquable que, vingt quatre heures avant l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de Chirac, le Secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00e9tat am\u00e9ricain, Colin Powel a effectu\u00e9 une courte visite \u00e0 Tunis, au cours de laquelle il a fait des d\u00e9clarations et il a \u00e9t\u00e9 interrog\u00e9 sur la question des droits de l\u2019homme et de la d\u00e9mocratie. \u00a0 Sans vouloir ang\u00e9liser qui que ce soit, ce qui serait antinomique de nos convictions, ni provoquer une rivalit\u00e9 de mauvais aloi, nous retirons l\u2019impression, \u00e0 la lecture des commentaires officieux et du compte rendu de la conf\u00e9rence de presse, que la question des libert\u00e9s d\u00e9mocratiques a \u00e9t\u00e9 abord\u00e9e selon un mode nettement plus s\u00e9rieux et plus positif ; on peut y lire en particulier ce qui suit : \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u2026\u2026\u00abCependant, il n\u2019a pas fait \u00e9tat d\u2019importants progr\u00e8s accomplis en mati\u00e8re des droits de l\u2019homme \u00bb . \u00a0 De plus, en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une question, le Secr\u00e9taire Powel a mis l\u2019accent sur \u00ab la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une presse libre et de m\u00e9dias ouverts \u00bb et a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que \u00ab le monde attend\u00a0 encore d\u2019autres r\u00e9alisations en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9forme politique et d\u2019ouverture \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00bb. \u00a0 Que conclure ? \u00a0 Tr\u00e8s simplement, que le comportement politique du Pr\u00e9sident fran\u00e7ais se situe manifestement toujours dans cette p\u00e9riode n\u00e9faste des \u00ab soixante ann\u00e9es d\u2019excuses et d\u2019accommodements de la part\u00a0\u00a0 des nations occidentales avec l\u2019absence de libert\u00e9s\u2026\u2026 \u00bb \u00e0 laquelle faisait allusion G.Bush dans son discours auto-critique du 6 novembre 2003 .\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/font>(Source: l\u2019e-mag tunisien www.kalimatunisie.com, N\u00b0 20- D\u00e9cembre 2003<\/font>)<\/font> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00abMousse\u00eflema\u00bble messie-menteur a embobin\u00e9 60 victimes <\/font><\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Une des Cours p\u00e9nales de Sfax a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 examiner une affaire qui a faitcouler beaucoup d\u2019encre et dans laquelle est impliqu\u00e9 un charlatan surnomm\u00e9\u00abMousse\u00eflema le menteur\u00bb C\u2019est la premi\u00e8re fois qu\u2019une affaire de ce genre est jug\u00e9e en Tunisie. L\u2019inculp\u00e9 a pr\u00e9tendu \u00eatre un messie, un envoy\u00e9 de Dieu\u2026 Il a os\u00e9 d\u00e9former des textes coraniques et a m\u00eame inclus son pr\u00e9nom danscertains versets du Livre Saint. Il a utilis\u00e9 une canne pr\u00e9tendant qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait celle de Mo\u00efse. Son d\u00e9lire a commenc\u00e9 au mois de Ramadan 1998. Les investigations ont d\u00e9voil\u00e9 que l\u2019inculp\u00e9 avait connu une femme \u00e2g\u00e9eet tr\u00e8s riche. Il lui a promis longue vie, le retour de sa jeunesse\u2026 et le paradis.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Devant ces promesses, la dame lui a vers\u00e9 de grosses sommes d\u2019argent, unesorte de \u00abZakat\u00bb qui lui permet de se d\u00e9faire des \u00absalet\u00e9s de la vie\u00bb etde se rapprocher de Dieu. La ruse a donn\u00e9 ses r\u00e9sultats avec la vieille dame. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Elle s\u2019est d\u00e9barrass\u00e9e de l\u2019argent qui salissait sa vie, mais au bout dequelque temps, elle s\u2019est rendu compte qu\u2019elle restait vieille sinon encoreplus vieille avec les cheveux de plus en plus gris et la sant\u00e9 de plus en pluschancelante. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Et pourtant, elle avait bien pay\u00e9, en monnaie sonnante et tr\u00e9buchante, levendeur de r\u00eave. Ayant compris l\u2019arnaque, elle a demand\u00e9 des explications aupr\u00e8s du \u00abgu\u00e9risseur\u00bb,celui-ci lui en a voulu et l\u2019a cogn\u00e9e avec sa canne de\u2026 Mo\u00efse. Elle en estmorte quelque temps apr\u00e8s l\u2019incident. Il a m\u00eame exploit\u00e9 cette affaire \u00e0 son avantage en faisant croire aux gensqu\u2019elle a perdu la vie, rien que parce qu\u2019elle ne lui a pas ob\u00e9i. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
D\u2019autres victimes tomb\u00e8rent aussi dans ses filets. Leur nombre est estim\u00e9 \u00e0soixante.<\/p>\n
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Beaucoupd\u2019argent sera amass\u00e9. Et le \u00abgourou\u00bb de Sfax apprendra \u00e0 vivre dans leluxe. Il a m\u00eame contract\u00e9 des mariages en dehors de la proc\u00e9dure l\u00e9gale. C\u2019est un \u00abproph\u00e8te\u00bb qui n\u2019a pas \u00e0 s\u2019incliner devant les lois despetites gens de cette terre. Une s\u00e9rie d\u2019accusations fut arr\u00eat\u00e9e contre ce Mousse\u00eflema. <\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
Il en r\u00e9pondra devant la justice.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003) <\/span><\/div>\n
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L<\/span>oi de finances 2004: Ce qu’il faut retenir<\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Par: <\/font>Hassine BOUAZRA<\/strong> <\/font>\u00a0 En plus des d\u00e9bats et des orientations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales retra\u00e7ant les choix arr\u00eat\u00e9s pour le budget de l’Etat, l’adoption de la loi de finances 2004 permet aux contribuables et divers op\u00e9rateurs de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de certains avantages qui peuvent expliquer des changements d’orientation opportuns. Quelques innovations sont \u00e0 retenir pour le quotidien de tout un chacun. <\/div>\n
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Dans soixante-douze heures, les pendules nous ram\u00e8neront \u00e0 l’exercice 2004. Le cadre juridique fixant les recettes et les d\u00e9penses des pouvoirs publics ainsi que la panoplie de mesures fiscales annon\u00e7ant incitations, encouragements et nouvelles options qu’est la loi de finances 2004 regorgent de d\u00e9tails \u00e0 retenir. <\/div>\n
Pour renforcer la capacit\u00e9 concurrentielle des entreprises et promouvoir l’emploi, de nombreuses mesures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9es. Elles concernent la baisse du taux de droits de douanes qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re un all\u00e8gement de la pression fiscale pour les produits import\u00e9s de pays non-europ\u00e9ens. L’INVESTISSEMENT EN PREMIER LIEU\u2026<\/strong><\/font> <\/div>\n
Une exon\u00e9ration des droits de douane int\u00e9resse des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res pour la production d’articles qui n’ont pas d’\u00e9quivalents fabriqu\u00e9s localement. Le renforcement de la mise \u00e0 niveau des entreprises en am\u00e9liorant le niveau de d\u00e9duction de la T.V.A de 75% \u00e0 100% pour les investissements r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans ce cadre. L’encouragement du taux d’encadrement des entreprises en les incitant \u00e0 recruter des dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s du sup\u00e9rieur par la prise en charge de 50% de leurs salaires dans un plafond de 250 DT. Dans l’objectif d’inciter les personnes morales \u00e0 mieux assumer leurs obligations fiscales, les conditions d’adh\u00e9sion au r\u00e9gime fiscal (r\u00e9gime r\u00e9el \u2026) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 facilit\u00e9es, \u00e0 l’instar de la baisse d\u00e9cid\u00e9e du plafond de la participation d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e8re dans sa filiale ramen\u00e9 de 95% \u00e0 75%. La dette du secteur touristique a \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9e. Les \u00e9tablissements de cr\u00e9dit ont d\u00e9sormais la latitude de supprimer les p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s de retards et des int\u00e9r\u00eats compt\u00e9s sur les int\u00e9r\u00eats d\u00e9j\u00e0 comptabilis\u00e9s. Un int\u00e9r\u00eat non pay\u00e9 sur le principal d’un cr\u00e9dit quelconque ne g\u00e9n\u00e9rera pas de nouveaux int\u00e9r\u00eats. Ceci s’applique pour la p\u00e9riode allant du 1er sptembre 2001 \u00e0 fin juin 2003. Les banques offrent cette amnistie en renon\u00e7ant \u00e0 cette partie de leurs cr\u00e9ances avant la fin de 2004, et ce, au profit des entreprises h\u00f4teli\u00e8res en difficult\u00e9s. Une meilleure harmonisation de la taxe h\u00f4teli\u00e8re est engag\u00e9e. La TVA passe de 18% \u00e0 10% sur les ventes de nuit\u00e9es par le biais des agences de voyage travaillant avec la client\u00e8le locale. Encourager le tourisme int\u00e9rieur passe, entre autres, par ce genre de mesures incitatives. L’EPARGNE LONGUE \u00c0 REUNIR<\/strong><\/font> <\/div>\n
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Quant aux mesures concernant l’investissement et l’\u00e9pargne, nous y relevons : – l’encouragement de l’\u00e9pargne \u00e0 long terme par l’autorisation accord\u00e9e \u00e0 la poste pour collecter l’\u00e9pargne contenue dans les contrats d’assurance-vie. – une convention entre l’office de la Poste et les compagnies d’assurances, r\u00e9glera les obligations des uns et des autres. – la consolidation des fonds propres de la BNA. – la cr\u00e9ation d’une association professionnelle de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’investissement a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9e. Par ailleurs, nombre de dispositions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 prises pour am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 et le cadre de vie des citoyens. Nous relevons \u00e0 titre d’exemple : – la cr\u00e9ation d’un fonds pour la propret\u00e9 de la ville. – la baisse des imp\u00f4ts pour les v\u00e9hicules consacr\u00e9s au transport des handicap\u00e9s. \u2026 SANS OUBLIER LE RENDEMENT DE L’IMPORT<\/strong><\/font> <\/div>\n
Par ailleurs, certaines d\u00e9cisions visent la poursuite de la r\u00e9forme fiscale, l’am\u00e9lioration du rendement de l’imp\u00f4t. En outre, l’or non tamponn\u00e9, peut d\u00e9sormais, int\u00e9grer l\u00e9galement le circuit \u00e9conomique, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 une proc\u00e9dure initi\u00e9e par la loi de finances 2004. D’autres d\u00e9tails peuvent \u00eatre cit\u00e9s. L’essentiel est leur mise en \u0153uvre. Une chose est s\u00fbre : encore une fois, de nouvelles dispositions changeront quelques aspects de la vie des contribuables, toutes natures confondues, entreprises et citoyens.\u00a0 <\/div>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font> <\/font>\u00a0 <\/div>\n
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ENVIRONNEMENT EN P\u00c9RIL <\/span>Peut-on encore sauver le parc national de l\u2019Ichkeul ?<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Par\u00a0: FAWZI CHAKROUN<\/span><\/b> <\/span>\u00a0 Une excellente initiative \u00e0 mettre \u00e0 l\u2019actif de l\u2019Agence nationale de protection de l\u2019environnement (ANPE) pour avoir organis\u00e9 le mercredi 17 d\u00e9cembre, au Parc national de l\u2019Ichkeul (gouvernorat de Bizerte) une session d\u2019information pour les journalistes et communicateurs sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans les questions environnementales et plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment sur les diversit\u00e9s biologiques ou biodiversit\u00e9 comme on dit. Le th\u00e8me est important, crucial m\u00eame pour la pr\u00e9servation de la faune et de la flore dans nos contr\u00e9es et pour relancer une activit\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9cotourisme, qui, il faut l\u2019avouer, en est malheureusement \u00e0 ses premiers balbutiements, malgr\u00e9 les \u00e9normes potentialit\u00e9s naturelles dont jouit la Tunisie. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Quatre communications ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es \u00e0 un parterre des diff\u00e9rents m\u00e9dias int\u00e9ress\u00e9s par les sujets soulev\u00e9s.M.Slaheddine Gannouni a trait\u00e9 de la strat\u00e9gie nationale en mati\u00e8re de biodiversit\u00e9 et des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es en Tunisie.Mme Lobna Ben Nakhla a donn\u00e9 un aper\u00e7u sur les ASPIM ou aires sp\u00e9cialement prot\u00e9g\u00e9es d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Quant \u00e0 Mme Marie-Jos\u00e9 Loumi, elle a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9, diapos \u00e0 l\u2019appui, les multiples richesses naturelles et les caract\u00e9ristiques, uniques au monde, du Parc national de l\u2019Ichkeul. UN SUPR\u00caME GACHIS !<\/span><\/b> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/span>En choisissant l\u2019Ichkeul, un site majestueux dont la montagne culmine \u00e0 511 m\u00e8tres, les d\u00e9cideurs de l\u2019ANPE n\u2019ont pas, \u00e0 coup s\u00fbr, agi fortuitement.C\u2019est un secret de Polichinelle : ce site est bel et bien en p\u00e9ril.Mais les \u00abcoups bas\u00bb port\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Ichkeul ne datent pas d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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D\u00e9j\u00e0 dans les ann\u00e9es soixante-dix, ce haut lieu de vill\u00e9giature voyait ses bains publics d\u2019eau naturelle chaude qui ruisselait des sources de A\u00efn Atrous, A\u00efn Nezrez\u2026 interdits au public pour cause d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne. Cette m\u00eame eau qui, aujourd\u2019hui, se d\u00e9verse dans les marais avoisinants. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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N\u2019est-ce pas l\u00e0 un supr\u00eame g\u00e2chis ?Qu\u2019a-t-on fait pour restaurer ces thermes naturels ? <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
La question reste pos\u00e9e sans l\u2019espoir d\u2019une r\u00e9ponse, apparemment. Du moins pour le moment. Mais, l\u00e0 ou le b\u00e2t blesse pour de bon, c\u2019est l\u2019affligeante situation du Lac Ichkeul ou \u00abgaraet El Ichkeul\u00bb comme on dit. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Ce lac qui couvre 8500 hectares (dont 3000 ha de marais) sur une superficie globale de 12600 ha pr\u00e9sente actuellement une hygrologie de son syst\u00e8me laguno-lacustre\u00bb peu viable.\u00abBecause\u00bb, la main de l\u2019homme, qui a construit trois barrages sur les six oueds qui alimentent le lac, ne pouvait pas imaginer jusqu\u2019\u00e0 quel point elle venait, l\u00e0, de signifier \u00e0 ce lac naturel son arr\u00eat de mort ou presque. REGRESSION FLAGRANTE DE LA V\u00c9G\u00c9TATION<\/span><\/b> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/span>La double alternance du niveau des eaux et de la salinit\u00e9 caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par l\u2019apport en eau douce des oueds en hiver et l\u2019apport de l\u2019eau de mer par l\u2019oued Tinja en \u00e9t\u00e9, a \u00e9t\u00e9 malheureusement rompue dans une tr\u00e8s large mesure. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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La fragilit\u00e9 du site, d\u00e9j\u00e0 mise \u00e0 rude \u00e9preuve par les effets cycliques du climat, est accentu\u00e9e par cette hypoth\u00e9tique r\u00e9tention des eaux (pour pourvoir aux besoins en eau du centre et du sud dit-on), apr\u00e8s la mise en service des barrages de Sejnane, de Ghezala et de Joumine.<\/p>\n
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Des 340 millions de m3 initiaux \u00e0 sa survie le lac n\u2019en re\u00e7oit plus que 90 m3. C\u2019est tr\u00e8s peu, d\u2019o\u00f9 la regression flagrante de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation phare de l\u2019Ichkeul comme les potamots \u00e0 feuilles \u00e9troites et le sarpe, indispensables \u00e0 la survie des oiseaux migrateurs venant de l\u2019Europe centrale et m\u00eame de Sib\u00e9rie tels oie cendr\u00e9e, foulque marcoule, canard siffleur, fuligule milouin et poule sultane notamment. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Le parc de l\u2019Ichkeul, l\u2019un des principaux sites d\u2019hivernage d\u2019oiseaux d\u2019eau de toute la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e o\u00f9 l\u2019on compte jusqu\u2019\u00e0 180 esp\u00e8ces d\u2019oiseaux ainsi que 20 esp\u00e8ces de mammif\u00e8res, du fait du d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre flagrant de son \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par une haute salinit\u00e9 dans le lac.Plus de potamogeton pectinatus (nom scientifique des potamots), plus d\u2019oiseaux. D\u2019o\u00f9 les d\u00e9fections constat\u00e9es ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
La solution \u00absalutaire\u00bb va-t-elle venir de l\u2019\u00e9cluse de Tinja, cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 1994, mais ferm\u00e9e d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 quatre reprises ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es ? <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Cet ouvrage de r\u00e9gulation et de ma\u00eetrise des \u00e9changes d\u2019eau entre l\u2019Ichkeul et le lac de Bizerte (par la ma\u00eetrise de l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de l\u2019eau sal\u00e9e en abondance dans l\u2019Ichkeul) est-il la solution idoine pour sauver l\u2019Ichkeul ?Trop de questions restent pos\u00e9es comme d\u2019ailleurs les eaux pluviales du barrage El Barrak qu\u2019on compte \u00abr\u00e9injecter\u00bb dans le barrage Sejnane pour que le lac d\u2019Ichkeul re\u00e7oive \u00abson quota\u00bb d\u2019eau.. Co\u00fbt de l\u2019\u00e9tude : trois milliards de nos millimes. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Pourquoi tant de musardise ? Le \u00abmalheureux\u00bb dysfonctionnement hydraulique, en d\u00e9pit de solutions de repl\u00e2trage, va-t-il sonner le glas pour l\u2019Ichkeul ? RELFEXES DU SURVIE<\/span><\/b> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/span>D\u00e9j\u00e0 en 2002, la descente alarmante du niveau d\u2019eau a eu des effets n\u00e9gatifs : 80 grammes de salinit\u00e9 par m\u00e8tre cube. De quoi tr\u00e9passer toute la flore des marais. Reconnu comme r\u00e9serve de la Biosph\u00e8re, figurant sur la liste du patrimoine mondial naturel et culturel de l\u2019UNESCO, le classement de l\u2019Ichkeul s\u2019\u00e9rode jour apr\u00e8s jour. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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L\u2019unique lac au monde ayant une alternance cyclique d\u2019eau douce et d\u2019eau sal\u00e9e (question pos\u00e9e jadis \u00e0 un auditeur de RMC et son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre concours radiophonique des jeux de 10.000 francs, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque !) qui aura v\u00e9cu des ann\u00e9es 90 particuli\u00e8rement dures, va-t-il, pour autant, avoir des r\u00e9flexes de survie ? Rien ne le confirme, mais il est des signes qui ne trompent pas. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Les rapports en eau, en 2003, ont d\u00e9pass\u00e9 les pr\u00e9visions ; les plantes aquatiques commencent \u00e0 se r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer, dit-on. Les oiseaux vont-il revenir cette ann\u00e9e ? On l\u2019esp\u00e8re bien, en tout cas, car Dame Nature fait bien les choses, parfois. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Assimil\u00e9 \u00e0 la camargue fran\u00e7aise et \u00e0 la r\u00e9gion d\u2019El Cala en Alg\u00e9rie, le lac d\u2019Ichkeul n\u2019est pas fini. Il faut que la main de l\u2019homme qui a essay\u00e9 de le \u00abbousiller\u00bb (de bonne foi) r\u00e9pare les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts occasionn\u00e9s. Tant qu\u2019il est encore temps. Restons imbus d\u2019optimisme.<\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font> <\/span><\/div>\n
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Loi d\u2019orientation de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de l\u2019enseignement <\/font><\/p>\n
Une action continue pour le parach\u00e8vement de la r\u00e9forme \u00e9ducative<\/font><\/h3>\n
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En pr\u00e9vision d\u2019une bonne rentr\u00e9e scolaire et universitaire 2004-2005 et afin d\u2019instaurer un climat d\u2019\u00e9tudes propice \u00e0 la r\u00e9ussite des \u00e9l\u00e8ves et des \u00e9tudiants, le Pr\u00e9sident Zine El Abidine Ben Ali a renouvel\u00e9 son int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les conditions de la prochaine rentr\u00e9e en pr\u00e9sidant le 24 d\u00e9cembre 2003 un Conseil minist\u00e9riel consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 ce sujet. Ce conseil t\u00e9moigne une fois de plus de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat que le Chef de l\u2019Etat accorde au secteur de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de l\u2019enseignement en tant que partie int\u00e9grante des choix strat\u00e9giques tendant \u00e0 \u00e9difier la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019information et concr\u00e9tiser l\u2019\u00e9cole de demain. Le Chef de l\u2019Etat avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 ordonn\u00e9, dans son discours prononc\u00e9 en juillet 2003 \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la journ\u00e9e du savoir, la mise en place des m\u00e9canismes et structures pr\u00e9vus par la loi d\u2019orientation de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et de l\u2019enseignement scolaire, et ce, dans toutes les \u00e9coles primaires et de base et les lyc\u00e9es secondaires \u00e0 partir de l\u2019ann\u00e9e scolaire 2003-2004. Dans ce cadre, de nouveaux outils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s afin de g\u00e9rer convenablement les \u00e9tablissements \u00e9ducatifs \u00e0 travers notamment la mise en place du conseil p\u00e9dagogique des enseignants, du conseil de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement et du projet de l\u2019\u00e9cole, une sorte de plan d\u2019action qui vise \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper les m\u00e9thodes de travail de l\u2019institution scolaire, \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer le climat qui y r\u00e8gne et \u00e0 parfaire ses prestations \u00e9ducatives. Les \u00e9coles primaires conna\u00eetront l\u2019application progressive d\u2019un ensemble de mesures permettant de renforcer le r\u00f4le p\u00e9dagogique du directeur d\u2019\u00e9cole et de consolider la performance de l\u2019administration scolaire \u00e0 travers la cr\u00e9ation du poste de directeur adjoint dans toute \u00e9cole primaire abritant au moins 18 classes. Ainsi 200 directeurs adjoints ont \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019ouverture de l\u2019ann\u00e9e scolaire en cours, en attendant la poursuite de la mise en \u0153uvre de cette strat\u00e9gie dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir. L\u2019objectif sera, \u00e9galement, d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les fondements du confort p\u00e9dagogique en allouant, pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2004, d\u2019importants cr\u00e9dits, de l\u2019ordre de 12,895 millions de dinars pour l\u2019entretien des \u00e9tablissements \u00e9ducatifs contre 8,7 millions de dinars en 2003 en plus de la strat\u00e9gie visant \u00e0 limiter les classes surpeupl\u00e9es, notamment au niveau du premier cycle de l\u2019enseignement de base. En concr\u00e9tisation de la d\u00e9cision pr\u00e9sidentielle appelant \u00e0 adopter le syst\u00e8me de qualit\u00e9 dans 50 institutions \u00e9ducatives afin qu\u2019elles soient le noyau d\u2019un r\u00e9seau harmonieux int\u00e9grant les technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication dans le processus d\u2019apprentissage, le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Education et de la Formation a fix\u00e9 des crit\u00e8res de choix pour ces institutions ainsi que les normes qu\u2019elles doivent respecter, outre une strat\u00e9gie de formation des cadres administratifs et p\u00e9dagogiques et un programme sp\u00e9cial pour l\u2019\u00e9quipement de ces \u00e9tablissements en mat\u00e9riel informatique. Le Xe Plan de d\u00e9veloppement verra le d\u00e9marrage de nombre de mesures et de r\u00e9formes structurelles et p\u00e9dagogiques inscrites dans le cadre du plan ex\u00e9cutif relatif \u00e0 l\u2019instauration de l\u2019\u00e9cole de demain dont certaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en \u0153uvre par le minist\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019instar des clubs d\u2019anglais, le renforcement de l\u2019enseignement des math\u00e9matiques et des sciences et la cr\u00e9ation de nouvelles fili\u00e8res au baccalaur\u00e9at, alors que d\u2019autres mesures font l\u2019objet d\u2019une \u00e9tude approfondie. Le secteur de la formation professionnelle b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie, lui aussi, d\u2019un int\u00e9r\u00eat manifeste partant du principe que la formation professionnelle est le premier programme d\u2019emploi, avec comme objectif fix\u00e9 la formation de 70% des demandeurs de formation d\u2019ici \u00e0 la fin du Xe Plan de d\u00e9veloppement. Le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Education et de la Formation \u0153uvre \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper les fonctions de l\u2019observatoire national de l\u2019emploi et des comp\u00e9tences, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que les indicateurs du march\u00e9 de l\u2019emploi demeurent le pilier du secteur de la formation professionnelle. Le minist\u00e8re s\u2019active, \u00e9galement, \u00e0 tirer profit du syst\u00e8me informatique de l\u2019Agence nationale de l\u2019emploi et du travail ind\u00e9pendant afin de s\u2019informer de la progression du march\u00e9 de l\u2019emploi et de prendre connaissance des secteurs prometteurs et \u00e0 forte employabilit\u00e9. (TAP) <\/div>\n
(Source : www.lapresse.tn, le 1er Janvier 2004)<\/font> <\/div>\n
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Imed trabelsi <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Si Belhassen Trabelsi est surtout pr\u00e9sent dans la grande distribution (Batam), les services (CGEA-Onyx), l’h\u00f4tellerie (groupe Carthago) et l’agroalimentaire, \u00ab\u00a0Imed\u00a0\u00bb, l’autre fr\u00e8re de la premi\u00e8re dame Le\u00efla Ben Ali, n\u00e9e Trabelsi, s’est surtout investi dans l’audiovisuel. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Sa soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de production, Univers, assure d\u00e9sormais de nombreux programmes de la cha\u00eene de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision officielle, Canal 7. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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La plus pris\u00e9e de ses \u00e9missions est calqu\u00e9e sur celle de Jean-Pierre Foucault\u00a0: Qui veut gagner des millions\u00a0? En dinars, c’est encore beaucoup. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Univers a \u00e9galement obtenu – en exclusivit\u00e9 – la production du spectacle du r\u00e9veillon\u00a0! <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Les \u00ab\u00a0petites lucarnes\u00a0\u00bb t\u00e9l\u00e9visuelles de l’ann\u00e9e 2004 ont toutes les chances de continuer \u00e0 sourire \u00e0 Imed Trabelsi. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: le site \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019autre Tunisie\u00a0\u00bb, mercredi 31 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Lien web\u00a0: <\/span>http:\/\/lautretunisie.lautre.net\/breve.php3?id_breve=147<\/span><\/a> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Zidane et Ronaldo \u00e0 Tunis <\/span><\/b> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Le programme des Nations Unies pour le d\u00e9veloppement (Pnud) qui entreprendra, \u00e0 l’occasion de la phase finale de la Can Tunisie-2004 (24 janvier au 14 f\u00e9vrier), une campagne de sensibilisation pour la lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9 en Afrique, s’emploie \u00e0 assurer toutes les conditions de succ\u00e8s \u00e0 cette op\u00e9ration. <\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Il a entrepris, \u00e0 cet effet, des d\u00e9marches pour inviter les deux vedettes du Real Madrid, le milieu de terrain de l’\u00e9quipe de France Zineddine Zidane et l’attaquant \u00a0\u00bbCarioca\u00a0\u00bb Ronaldo pour assister \u00e0 la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d’ouverture de la Can, le 24 janvier prochain au stade de Rad\u00e8s, en leur qualit\u00e9 d’ambassadeurs itin\u00e9rants du Pnud. <\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
La pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 Tunis de Zidane et Ronlado, respectivement champion du monde 1998 et 2002, d\u00e9pendra du feu vert de leur \u00e9quipe madril\u00e8ne. Par ailleurs, MM. Joseph Blatter, pr\u00e9sident de la Fifa, et Issa Hayatou, pr\u00e9sident de la Caf, tiendront une conf\u00e9rence de presse commune le 23 janvier prochain \u00e0 Tunis.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
La Caf tiendra, le 23 janvier, une r\u00e9union d’information avec les chefs de d\u00e9l\u00e9gations participant \u00e0 la Can pour examiner les proc\u00e9dures du d\u00e9roulement de la comp\u00e9tition. Sur un autre plan, les arbitres et arbitres assistants devant diriger les rencontres de la Can 2004 seront en stage le 20 janvier prochain. Le lieu de r\u00e9sidence des arbitres est pr\u00e9vu dans la ville baln\u00e9aire de Hammamet. <\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
La Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration africaine de Football (Caf) a pris l’habitude d’organiser un stage \u00e0 l’intention des arbitres \u00e0 la veille du coup d’envoi de chaque Coupe d’Afrique des Nations en vue de leur fournir les recommandations n\u00e9cessaires en mati\u00e8re d’arbitrage.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
(Source\u00a0: www.infotunisie.com<\/a>, le 31 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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CAN-2004: Zidane et Ronaldo invit\u00e9s pour l’ouverture en Tunisie <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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TUNIS (AFP) – – Les footballeurs fran\u00e7ais Zin\u00e9dine Zidane et br\u00e9silien Ronaldo ont \u00e9t\u00e9 invit\u00e9s \u00e0 la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d’ouverture de la Coupe d’Afrique des nations (CAN-2004) de football, qui aura lieu du 24 janvier au 14 f\u00e9vrier en Tunisie, annonce l’agence tunisienne TAP jeudi. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Cette invitation a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9e aux deux vedettes du Real Madrid par le Programme des nations unies pour le d\u00e9veloppement (PNUD), qui entend lancer \u00e0 l’occasion de la finale de la CAN 2004 une campagne de sensibilisation \u00e0 la lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9 en Afrique. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Le milieu de terrain de l’\u00e9quipe de France Zin\u00e9dine Zidane et l’attaquant champion du monde Ronaldo ont \u00e9t\u00e9 invit\u00e9s en leur qualit\u00e9 d’ambassadeurs itin\u00e9rants du PNUD, \u00e0 participer \u00e0 la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie d’ouverture pr\u00e9vue au stade de Rad\u00e8s, pr\u00e9cise la TAP. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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La pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 Tunis de Zin\u00e9dine Zidane et Ronaldo, respectivement champions du monde 1998 et 2002, d\u00e9pendra toutefois du feu vert de leur \u00e9quipe madril\u00e8ne. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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AFP, le 01\/01\/2004 \u00e0 12h11 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Prix pr\u00e9sidentiel pour la solidarit\u00e9 mondiale<\/font><\/h3>\n
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Un prix mondial d\u00e9nomm\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0prix du Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique pour la solidarit\u00e9 mondiale\u00a0\u00bb vient d’\u00eatre institu\u00e9 en vertu d’un d\u00e9cret publi\u00e9 dans une r\u00e9cente \u00e9dition du journal officiel. Ce prix est d\u00e9cern\u00e9 annuellement par le Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 toute personne physique, aux penseurs, artistes, intellectuels ou aux organisations et associations qui se distinguent \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle mondiale dans le raffermissement de la culture de l’entente, de la coop\u00e9ration et de lu solidarit\u00e9 entre les peuples, ainsi que l’enracinement et la promotion de ces valeurs et ces concepts. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: Le portail Babelweb d\u2019apr\u00e8s Le Temps du 1^{er<\/sup> Janvier 2003) <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n}
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Moutons de l’A\u00efd : Un train de mesures pour le bon approvisionnement<\/font><\/h3>\n
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En pr\u00e9vision de l’A\u00efd El Idha, le minist\u00e8re du Tourisme, du Commerce et de l’Artisanat a pr\u00e9vu un programme r\u00e9gulateur pour subvenir aux besoins ovins qui varient entre 800 et 900 mille t\u00eates. L’Union Tunisienne de l’Agriculture et de la P\u00eache (UTAP) et le Groupement interprofessionnel de viande rouge (GIVR) se chargeront, en effet, de constituer des stocks r\u00e9gulateurs et de mettre en place des points de vente au Grand-Tunis, \u00e0 Sousse et Sfax. Ces deux organismes ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 constitu\u00e9 un stock regroupant 15 mille t\u00eates. Quant aux prix, ils n’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 encore fix\u00e9s. On s’attend, toutefois, \u00e0 ce que le prix du kilogramme vif avoisine les 5 dinars. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 \u00e9galement, d’importer 15 mille t\u00eates qui seront inject\u00e9es sur le march\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du 10 janvier dans le but de contribuer \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise des prix. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: Le portail Babelweb d\u2019apr\u00e8s Le Quotidien du 1^{er<\/sup> Janvier 2003) <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n}
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62% des d\u00e9penses publiques vont vers le social \u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Lors de sa r\u00e9ponse aux interventions des D\u00e9put\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la discussion du budget du minist\u00e8re des Finances, M. Taoufik Baccar, a entre autres, soulign\u00e9 que 62% des d\u00e9penses publiques vont vers les secteurs sociaux, particuli\u00e8rement les domaines de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, de l\u2019enseignement sup\u00e9rieur, de la sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019emploi. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Le ministre a, entre autres, indiqu\u00e9 que 7 300 millions de dinars proviennent des produits fiscaux. Il a, \u00e0 ce titre, affirm\u00e9 que le dossier relatif \u00e0 la fraude fiscale concerne tout le monde et que les efforts se tournent actuellement vers la mise en place d\u2019un syst\u00e8me qui r\u00e9duira le nombre de personnes qui ne s\u2019acquittent pas de leurs imp\u00f4ts. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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UNE ID\u00c9E \u00c0 CREUSER\u00a0: Stations de ski<\/span><\/b> Ces derniers jours, la neige a couvert les hauteurs de Thala, A\u00efn Draham et le Kef, ainsi que d\u2019autres localit\u00e9s du nord-ouest. Malheureusement, chez nous, cet \u00e9l\u00e9ment naturel n\u2019est pas exploit\u00e9 \u00e0 bon escient comme c\u2019est le cas en Europe ou aux Etats-Unis. Dans ces pays, les stations de ski prolif\u00e8rent l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il neige.Ainsi, on peut s\u2019adonner au sport d\u2019hiver ou \u00e0 des promenades en t\u00e9l\u00e9ph\u00e9riques. Certes, il ne neige pas tout le temps chez nous, mais sur les hauteurs de A\u00efn Draham, il y a souvent de la neige en pareille p\u00e9riode. Exploiter cet environnement pour un tourisme d\u2019hiver, en diversifiant les distractions, serait fort b\u00e9n\u00e9fique pour l\u2019activit\u00e9 touristique dans ces zones \u00abencore oubli\u00e9es\u00bb. \u00a0<\/span>(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003) <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
EN HORS JEU<\/span><\/b> <\/span>Depuis quelques semaines, Canal Plus est devenue insaisissable par les t\u00e9l\u00e9spectateurs tunisiens. Des changements survenus dans le syst\u00e8me de d\u00e9cryptage ont laiss\u00e9 nombre d\u2019amateurs de cette cha\u00eene sur leur faim. Il en est de m\u00eame pour le bouquet des cha\u00eenes Astra. Cette nouvelle donne a d\u00e9sar\u00e7onn\u00e9 plus d\u2019un. La situation est d\u2019autant plus g\u00eanante, qu\u2019on n\u2019arrive plus \u00e0 se r\u00e9galer des s\u00e9lections de buts projet\u00e9s par Canal Plus, sans oublier les grands rendez-vous sportifs que la cha\u00eene a pris l\u2019habitude de programmer. Dans le pass\u00e9, nombre de Tunisiens regardaient cette cha\u00eene gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des cartes pirat\u00e9es. Ce qui a fait dire \u00e0 certains : o\u00f9 sont pass\u00e9s nos d\u00e9brouillards du march\u00e9 Moncef Bey ? Le nouveau code utilis\u00e9 par la cha\u00eene fran\u00e7aise est-il, \u00e0 ce point, ind\u00e9chiffrable ? <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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PAS DE NUM\u00c9ROS D\u2019URGENCE<\/span><\/b> <\/span>Lorsqu\u2019on voit un d\u00e9but d\u2019incendie ou un voleur entr\u00e9 par effraction dans une maison, et que l\u2019on poss\u00e8de une ligne Tunisiana, que fait-on ? On appelle les secours ? Eh non, pas du tout! Puisque il semblerait que Tunisiana n\u2019est pas connect\u00e9e aux num\u00e9ros d\u2019urgence. Un citoyen tunisien qui s\u2019est retrouv\u00e9 dans un de ces cas de figure n\u2019a pas pu pr\u00e9venir les secours \u00e0 l\u2019aide de son portable.Lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019est renseign\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de son op\u00e9rateur, on lui a r\u00e9pondu que Tunisie-T\u00e9l\u00e9com n\u2019avait pas donn\u00e9 ces services \u00e0 Tunisiana. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
UN GADGET, VOLEUR DE VOITURE<\/span><\/b> <\/span>Les gadgets \u00e9lectroniques sont de plus en plus r\u00e9pandus et ne servent pas toujours \u00e0 bon escient. Ainsi, apr\u00e8s le CD qu\u2019on pend au r\u00e9troviseur int\u00e9rieur afin d\u2019\u00e9viter les radars routiers, un nouveau gadget a vu le jour, mais il ne fera pas plaisir aux propri\u00e9taires de v\u00e9hicules. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un bo\u00eetier qui permet aux voleurs de voitures de s\u2019en emparer sans avoir \u00e0 les fracturer. Au moment o\u00f9 le propri\u00e9taire du v\u00e9hicule d\u00e9clenche la fermeture automatique des portes, le gadget aux mains d\u2019un malfrat enregistre le code. Apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9part du conducteur, l\u2019ouverture des porti\u00e8res se fait gr\u00e2ce au bo\u00eetier.Le voleur n\u2019a plus qu\u2019\u00e0 se mettre au volant et dispara\u00eetre sans \u00eatre vu ni connu. Ce gadget a, semble-il fait, son apparition \u00e0 El Nasr, du c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019El Menzah, o\u00f9 deux voitures de luxe ont \u00e9t\u00e9 vol\u00e9es sans effraction. (Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003) <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span>CHEZ AZA\u00cfEZ ?<\/span><\/b> <\/span>Petite superette aux abords de l\u2019Ariana.Munie d\u2019un sachet en plastique, une cliente choisit soigneusement ses oranges avant de se pr\u00e9senter devant le patron qui tr\u00f4ne derri\u00e8re la bascule. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Les oranges sont affich\u00e9es \u00e0 500 millimes le kilo. La bascule compta quatre kilos.Le patron, sans vergogne, demanda quatre dinars.<\/b> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Outr\u00e9e, la cliente lui reprocha de se tromper dans les calculs. Fulminant, il lui r\u00e9pondit que non et qu\u2019il faisait payer ses oranges plus cher \u00e0 celles qui, comme elle, les choisissaient avec autant de soin. Ce disant, il renversa le contenu du sachet sur l\u2019\u00e9talage signifiant son cong\u00e9 \u00e0 la cliente. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Incroyable mais vrai !\u00a0 <\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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UN PROJET DE LOI A L\u2019EXAMEN 20 ans de prison et 100 mille dinars d\u2019amende pour les organisateurs de \u201cHarka\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/b>\u00a0 Un projet de loi sera bient\u00f4t soumis au vote \u00e0 la Chambre des D\u00e9put\u00e9s, il concerne la l\u00e9gislation en vigueur en mati\u00e8re de passeports (loi du 14 mai 1975) et portera sur les nouvelles dispositions pour endiguer le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des travers\u00e9es clandestines vers l\u2019Italie (la \u201cHarka\u201d). <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
La nouvelle loi propose des peines de prison allant de trois \u00e0 vingt ans et des amendes de huit \u00e0 cent mille dinars pour toute personne impliqu\u00e9e directement ou indirectement dans l\u2019organisation d\u2019une \u201cHarka\u201d. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Un jeu qui fera \u201cdette\u201d <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
I.B.H<\/span><\/u><\/b> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/u><\/p>\n
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Proposer aux Tunisiens de gagner de l’argent dans un jeu t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9 est une bonne chose. Seulement, le concept serait beaucoup plus int\u00e9ressant si, au lieu de leur donner du pognon, on leur rembourse leurs dettes. L’\u00e9mission pourrait s’intituler \u201cKembiel\u201d (traite en arabe), elle fera un tabac (\u00e0 narguil\u00e9) quand on conna\u00eet les centaines de milliers d’endett\u00e9s qui d\u00e9poseront leurs candidatures pour y participer. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Les seuls qui seront l\u00e9s\u00e9s, en l’occurrence les \u201cpas-endett\u00e9s\u201d, ne constituent qu’une poign\u00e9e de gens qui s’en mordent d\u00e9j\u00e0 les doigts en voyant les endett\u00e9s mener un train de vie de princes sans le moindre souci. Ils regretteront toute leur vie d’avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 des citoyens solvables et honn\u00eates. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Pour revenir au jeu, le principe de \u201cKembiel\u201d consistera \u00e0 payer les traites des candidats. Chacun s’am\u00e8nera avec un lot de traites impay\u00e9es et, pour toute bonne r\u00e9ponse, on lui r\u00e8gle un d\u00fb. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
C\u00f4t\u00e9 financement, \u00e7a ne posera pas de probl\u00e8mes, les sponsors se pr\u00e9cipiteront aux portes de la t\u00e9l\u00e9. La raison est simple, il y aura surtout des revendeurs d’\u00e9lectro-m\u00e9nager ou de meubles. Ces derniers ont des tracas de recouvrement monstres que \u00e7a les int\u00e9resserait de contribuer avec une petite somme pour retrouver le manque \u00e0 gagner (colossal) caus\u00e9 par les endett\u00e9s. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Pour ce qui est du contenu, \u00e7a ne pose \u00e9galement pas de probl\u00e8me, il n’y aura pas de questions de culture g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (les endett\u00e9s n’ont rien \u00e0 foutre de la culture g\u00e9n\u00e9rale). On leur posera des questions sur l’argent, les sources de l’argent, les moyens d’en avoir (m\u00eame les plus malsains), la technique pour ne pas rembourser une dette, sans courir le moindre risque, l’art du ch\u00e8que antidat\u00e9\u2026 La mati\u00e8re ne manque pas; il faut toutefois pr\u00e9voir des \u201ccolles\u201d, pour bien s\u00fbr disqualifier les mauvais payeurs peu instruits dans le domaine des dettes. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Evidemment, un concurrent a le droit de jouer une deuxi\u00e8me fois, m\u00eame s’il a fait un jackpot. Parce que d\u00e8s qu’il aura gagn\u00e9, il ira contracter d’autres dettes. <\/span>A bon endett\u00e9, salut !<\/p>\n
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(Source: Tunis Hebdo du 29 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Enseignement pour adultes<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong>Selon les donn\u00e9es disponibles, propres \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation du programme pr\u00e9sidentiel d\u2019enseignement pour adultes dans le gouvernorat de l\u2019Ariana, 2.632 apprenants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 inscrits en 2003-2004, dans les diff\u00e9rentes d\u00e9l\u00e9gations de la r\u00e9gion, sur un total de 4.100 personnes cibl\u00e9es, soit un taux de r\u00e9alisation de 64%. La d\u00e9l\u00e9gation de La Soukra a \u00e9t\u00e9 la plus performante avec l\u2019inscription de 565 apprenants sur 700 personnes cibl\u00e9es, soit un taux de 81%, suivie de la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation de Kala\u00e2t Landalous avec un taux de 69%.<\/font><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
(Source : La Presse du 1er Janvier 2004)\u00a0<\/font> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Arabsat expands capacity with two more satellites<\/font><\/h4>\n
<\/strong>\u00a0 Dec 31, 2003 (Al-Bawaba via COMTEX) \u2013 The Arab Satellite Communications Organisation (Arabsat) plans to launch two new satellites in 2005 and 2006, expanding the company’s reach to Central Europe and South Africa. The cost of the upgrade is expected to reach $305 million. \u00a0 According to Gulf News, the contracts have been awarded to European providers, however company name were not released. These satellites will provide both digital and analogue services. \u00a0 Established in 1976, Arabsat was founded by the member states of the Arab League with a goal to serve the needs of the telecommunication, information, culture and education sectors. \u00a0 The company owns and operates four satellites and two control stations located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Tunis, Tunisia. – (menareport.com) \u00a0 By Mena Report Reporters<\/font> (C) 2003 Albawaba.com, All rights reserved. \u00a0 <\/p>\n
Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad heads for Tunisia next Saturday<\/font><\/h4>\n
<\/strong>KUWAIT, Dec 31 (KUNA) — First Deputy Premier and Interior Minister Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah heads for Tunisia on Saturday heading a high-ranking security delegation to take part in the 21st round of the Arab Interior Ministers Council. \u00a0 An Interior Ministry statement said that Sheikh nawaf will be accompanied by senior officials of the ministry. \u00a0 (Article originally published by Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) 31-Dec-03)<\/font><\/font> <\/font><\/span><\/div>\n
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Janvier 1984 \u2013 Janvier 2004 : 20 ans pour rien ???<\/font><\/h4>\n
L’explosion tunisienne<\/font><\/strong> <\/font><\/div>\n
Par : Junqua Daniel<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0 DES dizaines de morts (1), des centaines de bless\u00e9s, d’immenses d\u00e9g\u00e2ts mat\u00e9riels. Un pouvoir profond\u00e9ment \u00e9branl\u00e9 et qui, pour ta premi\u00e8re fois depuis un quart de si\u00e8cle, a d\u00fb reculer sous la pression de l’\u00e9meute. Une classe politique d\u00e9sorient\u00e9e, divis\u00e9e et d\u00e9consid\u00e9r\u00e9e. \u00a0 Une arm\u00e9e profond\u00e9ment troubl\u00e9e, contrainte pour la troisi\u00e8me fois en six ans \u00e0 une intervention qui lui r\u00e9pugne: tel est le lourd bilan des graves affrontements dont la Tunisie a \u00e9t\u00e9 le th\u00e9\u00e2tre au d\u00e9but de janvier, sur la quasi-totalit\u00e9 de son territoire (2), apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9cision de doubler les prix du pain et de la semoule. \u00a0 Les explosions sociales et politiques qui, \u00e0 intervalles r\u00e9guliers, secouent le pays, font voler en \u00e9clats l’image d’Epinal d’un peuple doux et mod\u00e9r\u00e9, dirig\u00e9 avec sagesse et prudence par un chef charismatique d’autant plus appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 par les m\u00e9dias occidentaux qu’il reste, depuis son accession au pouvoir, \u00e9troitement fid\u00e8le \u00e0 ses alliances avec les Etats-Unis et la France. \u00a0 Dans ce monde arabe turbulent et impr\u00e9visible, encadr\u00e9e par une Alg\u00e9rie \u00ab\u00a0aust\u00e8re et militante\u00a0\u00bb et une Libye \u00ab\u00a0extr\u00e9miste\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9stabilisatrice\u00a0\u00bb ayant en commun la volont\u00e9 de r\u00e9sister \u00e0 l’imp\u00e9rialisme am\u00e9ricain, la Tunisie, \u00ab\u00a0terre de culture et d’\u00e9changes\u00a0\u00bb, ouverte au tourisme international et aux capitaux \u00e9trangers, apparaissait ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, en Europe et an Am\u00e9rique du Nord, comme \u00ab\u00a0le bon \u00e9l\u00e8ve de la classe\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0 Aujourd’hui encore, la lame de fond qui vient de balayer le pays est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par beaucoup comme un simple accident de parcours, un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne purement conjoncturel d\u00fb \u00e0 une crise de croissance. Les dirigeants, quant \u00e0 eux, ont tent\u00e9, dans un premier temps, d’accr\u00e9diter l’id\u00e9e d’une intervention ext\u00e9rieure. Selon une recette \u00e9prouv\u00e9e, il est plus facile de d\u00e9noncer la \u00ab\u00a0main de l’\u00e9tranger\u00a0\u00bb que de reconna\u00eetre ses propres erreurs. \u00a0 Pour alimenter la th\u00e8se de la manipulation, les autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes ont fait fl\u00e8che de tout bois: ainsi ont-elles cru d\u00e9celer dans la fa\u00e7on dont les manifestants de Tunis s’organisaient et \u00e9voluaient une curieuse similitude avec des tactiques employ\u00e9es avec succ\u00e8s par les partisans de l’imam Khomeiny \u00e0 T\u00e9h\u00e9ran. \u00a0 On a relev\u00e9 aussi avec le plus grand s\u00e9rieux que les troubles avaient \u00e9clat\u00e9 \u00e0 la veille du retour \u00e0 Tunis de M. Arafat. N’y avait-il l\u00e0 qu’une simple co\u00efncidence, alors que le colonel Kadhafi – \u00ab\u00a0Grand Satan\u00a0\u00bb des dirigeants tunisiens – avait reproch\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident Bourguiba de donner asile au leader de l’O.L.P.? Et l’on a rappel\u00e9 avec insistance le \u00ab\u00a0pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0\u00bb de Gafsa, lorsque, en janvier 1980, la grande cit\u00e9 du Sud, \u00e9ternellement rebelle, avait \u00e9t\u00e9 le th\u00e9\u00e2tre d’une insurrection encadr\u00e9e par un commando de Tunisiens arm\u00e9s et entra\u00een\u00e9s dans les camps libyens. \u00a0 A vrai dire, la responsabilit\u00e9 du colonel Kadhafi dans les \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9meutes du pain\u00a0\u00bb para\u00eet bien invraisemblable. Le chef de l’Etat libyen, fort pr\u00e9occup\u00e9 par le probl\u00e8me tchadien, a plut\u00f4t d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 des efforts pour se rapprocher de la Tunisie. Les relations entre les deux pays se sont spectaculairement am\u00e9lior\u00e9es en 1983. \u00a0 Le colonel Kadhafi a \u00e9t\u00e9 accueilli \u00e0 Tunis en ao\u00fbt, la coop\u00e9ration \u00e9conomique et financi\u00e8re bilat\u00e9rale a re\u00e7u une nouvelle impulsion et le dirigeant libyen, qui a conclu avec le Maroc un accord de non-agression, a exprim\u00e9 son souhait d’adh\u00e9rer au trait\u00e9 de fraternit\u00e9 et de concorde qui unit l’Alg\u00e9rie, la Tunisie et la Mauritanie (3). \u00a0 Pour se r\u00e9ins\u00e9rer dans le jeu maghr\u00e9bin, il affiche un profil mod\u00e9r\u00e9 et a ainsi renonc\u00e9 \u00e0 soutenir les maquisards sahraouis, ce qui ne peut qu’\u00eatre favorablement per\u00e7u \u00e0 Tunis. Il para\u00eet donc bien peu probable qu’il ait tent\u00e9 une nouvelle fois de d\u00e9stabiliser un voisin qui dispose d\u00e9sormais du soutien r\u00e9solu de l’Alg\u00e9rie. Il a d’ailleurs imm\u00e9diatement envoy\u00e9 une d\u00e9l\u00e9gation \u00e0 Tunis pour affirmer son innocence et proposer son aide. La d\u00e9marche a \u00e9t\u00e9 mal re\u00e7ue. \u00a0 Toujours est-il que, pour \u00e9tayer une accusation pr\u00e9cise, les dirigeants destouriens peuvent seulement invoquer un sabotage \u00e0 l’explosif du gazoduc qui, d’Ain-Amenas au golfe de Gab\u00e8s, transporte vers l’Italie le gaz alg\u00e9rien. Cet attentat aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 commis par un myst\u00e9rieux commando de quatre hommes venus de Libye en Land Rover, et qui a pu regagner sa base sans \u00eatre inqui\u00e9t\u00e9. Action isol\u00e9e d’\u00e9l\u00e9ments incontr\u00f4l\u00e9s ou… provocation? On voit mal quels b\u00e9n\u00e9fices politiques les services du colonel Kadhafi pouvaient tirer d’une telle op\u00e9ration. \u00a0 La th\u00e8se du complot ourdi \u00e0 l’ext\u00e9rieur a fait long feu. L’intervention personnelle du pr\u00e9sident Bourguiba annulant les augmentations du pain et des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales, ce qui a provoqu\u00e9 un imm\u00e9diat retour au calme, a d’ailleurs ramen\u00e9 le probl\u00e8me \u00e0 ses dimensions int\u00e9rieures. \u00a0 Un nouveau th\u00e8me s’est alors impos\u00e9: si la crise a pris une telle ampleur, c’est en raison de la guerre de succession qui fait rage aux sommets de l’Etat, le dauphinat de M. Mzali, premier ministre et successeur d\u00e9sign\u00e9 de M. Bourguiba, rencontrant de vives r\u00e9sistances et se heurtant notamment \u00e0 l’opposition de la propre \u00e9pouse du \u00ab\u00a0Combattant supr\u00eame\u00a0\u00bb, Mme Wassila Bourguiba. Le ministre de l’int\u00e9rieur, M. Driss Guiga, qui passe pour \u00eatre l’un de ses proches, aurait laiss\u00e9 l’\u00e9meute s’\u00e9tendre dans la capitale pour mettre an difficult\u00e9 le premier ministre: le d\u00e9veloppement des troubles n’aurait ainsi constitu\u00e9 qu’un \u00e9pisode de la lutte des clans qui tentent de se placer au mieux pour recueillir l’h\u00e9ritage du chef de l’Etat. Ces empoignades sont d’autant plus violentes que, \u00e0 quatre-vingt-un ans, le \u00ab\u00a0pr\u00e9sident \u00e0 vie\u00a0\u00bb, dont la sant\u00e9 est fragile, a une activit\u00e9 des plus r\u00e9duites. \u00a0 Il n’est certes pas impossible que M. Guiga et son entourage aient tent\u00e9 d’exploiter la situation, mais il est plus douteux qu’ils aient pu la provoquer. Comme nombre de cadres de l’appareil du parti socialiste destourien, certains responsables de la police tunisoise montrent peu d’enthousiasme pour la politique de lib\u00e9ralisation politique de M. Mzali. Ils r\u00e9prouvent notamment la d\u00e9cision prise en novembre 1983 de l\u00e9galiser l’existence de partis d’opposition comme le Mouvement des d\u00e9mocrates socialistes de M. Mestiri et le Mouvement de l’unit\u00e9 populaire II de M. Mohamed Bel Hadj Amor (4), formation n\u00e9e d’une scission de l’organisation cr\u00e9\u00e9e par M. Ben Salah (5). Il n’est donc pas exclu qu’ils aient tard\u00e9 \u00e0 circonscrire l’incendie pour mettre en difficult\u00e9 M. Mzali et discr\u00e9diter se politique – pourtant bien timide – d’ouverture. \u00a0 Il est significatif que ces luttes, jusqu’alors souterraines et feutr\u00e9es, s’\u00e9talent aujourd’hui au grand jour. Donner \u00e0 la crise une explication politicienne est rassurant. En occupant le devant de la sc\u00e8ne, les intrigues du s\u00e9rail destourien permettent d’occulter une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 autrement pr\u00e9occupante. \u00a0 Car les dizaines de milliers de manifestants qui sont descendus dans la rue dans presque toutes les grandes villes du pays ne se sentent nullement concern\u00e9s par ces querelles au sommet. Ils voulaient, certes, marquer leur opposition \u00e0 une mesure dont les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9taient dramatiques pour les plus d\u00e9munis, mais ils entendaient aussi, surtout \u00e0 Tunis, clamer leur \u00ab\u00a0ras-le-bol\u00a0\u00bb et leur hostilit\u00e9 \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me auquel ils n’adh\u00e8rent plus. \u00a0 Ils savaient ce qu’ils risquaient, le pouvoir ayant montr\u00e9 les 26 et 27 janvier 1978 qu’il ne reculait pas devant une r\u00e9pression sanglante. Il s’agissait alors de briser l’Union g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des travailleurs de Tunisie (U.G.T.T.) qui, sous la conduite de son secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, M. Habib Achour, s’\u00e9tait \u00e9rig\u00e9e en force de contestation. \u00a0 Bilan: 400 bless\u00e9s, 51 morts dont 6 \u00e9taient des jeunes, des enfants tu\u00e9s \u00e0 bout portant par des policiers ou des commandos de la milice destourienne soutenus, d\u00e9j\u00e0, par l’arm\u00e9e (6). <\/strong>\u00a0 Un double \u00e9chec du r\u00e9gime<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0 LOIN de constituer un incident isol\u00e9, une simple explosion de col\u00e8re contre une mesure maladroite, les \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9meutes du pain\u00a0\u00bb t\u00e9moignent de la profondeur du foss\u00e9 qui, d\u00e9sormais, s\u00e9pare les dirigeants d’une partie de la population et sont r\u00e9v\u00e9latrices d’un double \u00e9chec – politique et social – du r\u00e9gime, ainsi que de la division du pays en deux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de plus an plus antagonistes. \u00a0 Cette c\u00e9sure n’est certes pas nouvelle. Entre les populations du littoral largement ouvertes aux influences occidentales et celles du Sud traditionnellement tourn\u00e9es vers l’Orient, se sont toujours manifest\u00e9es d’importantes diff\u00e9rences sociales et culturelles. \u00a0 Le N\u00e9o-Destour n’a pas \u00e9chapp\u00e9 \u00e0 ces clivages lorsqu’il luttait pour l’ind\u00e9pendance. Le conflit qui opposa dans les ann\u00e9es 50 le pr\u00e9sident du parti, M. Bourguiba, \u00e0 son secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, Salah Ben Youssef, en t\u00e9moigne. Ce dernier, nationaliste arabe attach\u00e9 \u00e0 l’islam, trouvait un \u00e9cho particulier dans les populations du Sud, toujours plus radicales, plus promptes et plus r\u00e9solues \u00e0 combattre la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration occidentale et \u00e0 lutter pour la pr\u00e9servation des valeurs traditionnelles. \u00a0 Salah Ben Youssef devait \u00eatre exclu du parti apr\u00e8s avoir condamn\u00e9 la signature avec la France, en 1955, des accords sur l’autonomie interne, selon lui insuffisants et contraires \u00e0 la cause de la nation arabe en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Ses partisans \u00e9taient \u00e9limin\u00e9s et lui-m\u00eame \u00e9tait assassin\u00e9 \u00e0 Francfort le 12 ao\u00fbt 1961. apr\u00e8s plusieurs ann\u00e9es d’exil et d’opposition. \u00a0 Incarn\u00e9 par M. Bourguiba, le courant la\u00efc et moderniste, soucieux de b\u00e2tir un Etat sur le mod\u00e8le occidental, attach\u00e9 au bilinguisme et \u00e0 l’ouverture sur l’Occident, l’emportait donc haut la main. Ce courant a eu tout loisir, durant plus d’un quart de si\u00e8cle, de faire ses preuves, et le succ\u00e8s du syst\u00e8me choisi aurait pu lui rallier les populations r\u00e9ticentes, en particulier celles du Sud, \u00e0 condition de m\u00e9nager leur sensibilit\u00e9 et de leur donner sans restriction leur place. \u00a0 Cela supposait l’instauration d’une vie d\u00e9mocratique, seule capable de donner au mod\u00e8le occidental sa cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9. Il n’en a rien \u00e9t\u00e9. La Tunisie a connu au contraire un pesant r\u00e9gime de pouvoir personnel appuy\u00e9 sur un parti unique qui s’est progressivement bureaucratis\u00e9. Le r\u00e9gime n’a r\u00e9pondu que par la violence et l’exclusion \u00e0 tous ceux, hommes ou organisations, qui tentaient de r\u00e9former le syst\u00e8me. \u00a0 M. Ahmed Mestiri en a fait l’exp\u00e9rience, qui fut exclu du parti avec ses amis pour avoir tent\u00e9 de le d\u00e9mocratiser. La mise au pas de la centrale syndicale en 1978, la r\u00e9pression d\u00e9clench\u00e9e en 1981 contre les militants du Mouvement de la tendance islamique (M.T.I.) (7) constituent, parmi bien d’autres, des illustrations de cette politique. \u00a0 L’\u00e9troite imbrication de l’Etat et du parti, le contr\u00f4le absolu exerc\u00e9 par M. Bourguiba sur l’un et l’autre ont conduit \u00e0 un blocage complet de la vie politique. \u00a0 Commentant cette situation, Khemais Chamari \u00e9crivait en mars 1980 \u00e0 propos des \u00e9v\u00e9nements de Gafsa: \u00ab\u00a0C’est sans nul doute parce que le r\u00e9gime a verrouill\u00e9 toutes les issues politiques, parce qu’il a fait de la violence institutionnalis\u00e9e, de la r\u00e9pression et de l’intol\u00e9rance, des syst\u00e8mes de gouvernement que, au fil des ans, la coupure s’est accentu\u00e9e entre l’\u00e9tat et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile\u00a0\u00bb (8). \u00a0 \u00c9chec politique, donc, mais aussi \u00e9chec social. Les choix \u00e9conomiques effectu\u00e9s par le pouvoir, particuli\u00e8rement de 1970 \u00e0 1980 sous l’autorit\u00e9 de M. Hedi Nouira, ont conduit, certes, \u00e0 un d\u00e9veloppement consid\u00e9rable du pays mais aussi \u00e0 un accroissement des disparit\u00e9s sociales, d’autant plus insupportables que le mod\u00e8le de consommation occidental s’est largement r\u00e9pandu et constitue une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. In\u00e9galitaire, le d\u00e9veloppement a ainsi engendr\u00e9 d’immenses frustrations, le luxe tapageur \u00e9tal\u00e9 par les uns rendant encore plut insupportable leur condition aux couches les plus d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es. \u00a0 De 1961 \u00e0 1981, le revenu moyen annuel par habitant a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9 par 6,5 alors que le co\u00fbt de la vie n’\u00e9tait multipli\u00e9, selon les donn\u00e9es officielles, que par 2,5. L’\u00e9l\u00e9vation du pouvoir d’achat est donc incontestable. Durant la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode, le salaire minimum agricole garanti (SMAG) a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9 par 5,7 et son \u00e9quivalent industriel, le SMIG, l’a \u00e9t\u00e9 par 4,2. Les revenus non salariaux ont donc \u00e9t\u00e9 les principaux b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires de la croissance. Les \u00e9carts se sont creus\u00e9s, surtout de 1971 \u00e0 1981, les facilit\u00e9s accord\u00e9es au secteur priv\u00e9 favorisant le d\u00e9veloppement d’une bourgeoisie compradore. Celle-ci s’est rapidement enrichie, profitant au maximum des aides de l’Etat et ne contribuant que faiblement \u00e0 ses recettes en raison de multiples possibilit\u00e9s d’\u00e9vasion fiscale. \u00a0 Le mensuel l’Avenir, organe du M.D.S., estimait r\u00e9cemment que l’\u00e9chelle des revenus, qui \u00e9tait de 1 \u00e0 36 on 1966, est pass\u00e9e de 1 \u00e0 45 en 1980 (9). Les 950 000 salari\u00e9s du pays (dont 15 % de femmes), observait-il, n’entrent que pour 45 % dans le revenu national alors qu’ils repr\u00e9sentent 60 % de la population active. Plus r\u00e9cemment, M. Mestiri soulignait devant le congr\u00e8s du M.D.S., le 16 d\u00e9cembre dernier, que 20 % des Tunisiens accaparaient 50 % de la masse totale des d\u00e9penses, tandis que 20 % ne disposaient que de 5 % de cette masse. \u00a0 Les disparit\u00e9s de revenus n’ont donc cess\u00e9 de cro\u00eetre. Elles sont importantes au sein m\u00eame de la classe ouvri\u00e8re puisque les salaires dans l’industrie p\u00e9troli\u00e8re sont cinq fois et demie sup\u00e9rieurs en moyenne \u00e0 ceux pay\u00e9s dans le b\u00e2timent. Encore s’agit-il de ceux qui ont la chance d’avoir un travail. En l’absence de statistiques pr\u00e9cises, le nombre de ch\u00f4meurs est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9valu\u00e9 \u00e0 300 000 (le taux de ch\u00f4mage masculin serait de 15 % de la population active), et le tiers environ de la population rurale souffre encore d’une forme ou d’une autre de sous-emploi. \u00a0 Echec politique, \u00e9chec social, \u00e9chec r\u00e9gional aussi. Le r\u00e9gime n’a pas su r\u00e9concilier la Tunisie du Nord et du littoral et celle du Sud. Le pouvoir \u00e9conomique et politique est largement aux mains des bourgeoisies urbaines de Tunis, Sfax et Sousse. Le Sahel, dont M. Bourguiba est originaire, a \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s largement favoris\u00e9 quant aux investissements. \u00a0 Des efforts avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 faits dans les ann\u00e9es 60, sous l’impulsion de M. Ben Salah, pour cr\u00e9er dans le Sud, et notamment \u00e0 Gab\u00e8s, des p\u00f4les industriels. Mais M. Nouira, optant pour le lib\u00e9ralisme \u00e9conomique et recherchant la rentabilit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate, n’a pas eu le m\u00eame souci. Les efforts entrepris par M. Mzali depuis son arriv\u00e9e au pouvoir en 1980 pour d\u00e9velopper dans le Sud les investissements \u00e9conomiques et sociaux n’ont pas eu encore le temps de porter leurs fruits. \u00a0 Les populations des gouvernorats du Sud, qu’elles soient ouvri\u00e8res comme dans le bassin phosphatier de Gafsa ou encore \u00e0 Kesserine ou paysannes comme dans les palmeraies de Kebili, Douz, Souk-el-Amad et Hamma, connaissent des conditions de vie souvent tr\u00e8s difficiles. C’est l\u00e0 que se recrutent les candidats \u00e0 l’exil, en Libye notamment. \u00a0 C’est l\u00e0 que se pose le plus cruellement le probl\u00e8me de l’emploi, m\u00eame pour ceux qui ont pu poursuivre assez loin leurs \u00e9tudes. Leur frustration n’en est que plus grande, et ils constituent l’encadrement spontan\u00e9 d’\u00e9ventuelles r\u00e9voltes. \u00a0 Tous les t\u00e9moignages concordent. Les manifestants dans le Sud s’en sont pris en priorit\u00e9 aux symboles de l’autorit\u00e9 de l’Etat et du parti, attaquant les postes de police, les permanences du P.S.D., les \u00e9tablissements bancaires, les administrations. \u00a0 Les jeunes, qui n’ont pas la r\u00e9signation de leurs a\u00een\u00e9s, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 le fer de lance de ces manifestations. 60% de la population a moins de vingt ans, Ils n’ont pas connu la lutte de lib\u00e9ration, et le pass\u00e9 h\u00e9ro\u00efque du \u00ab\u00a0Combattant supr\u00eame\u00a0\u00bb les laisse froids. Ils vivent dans le pr\u00e9sent et ne trouvent aucune raison d’adh\u00e9rer \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de valeurs bourgeois et occidental qui les marginalise. \u00a0 L’espoir, le r\u00eave ne viennent plus du Nord, de l’Europe, mais de l’Orient, du monde arabe. Comme au Maroc (10), le retour aux sources, aux valeurs traditionnelles, \u00e0 la morale islamique para\u00eet la seule solution de rechange \u00e0 la clochardisation aux lisi\u00e8res du monde occidental. \u00a0 Et les voix qui s’\u00e9l\u00e8vent dans les mosqu\u00e9es ou r\u00e9sonnent dans les postes \u00e0 transistors pour pr\u00f4ner le retour \u00e0 l’islam et redonner, \u00e0 d\u00e9faut de pain, la fiert\u00e9 et l’espoir sont \u00e9cout\u00e9es. Traditionnelle dans le Sud, l’influence arabe et musulmane trouve un regain de vigueur et gagne aussi du terrain dans villes du Nord. \u00a0 Le sunnisme au Maghreb est d’abord re\u00e7u comme une morale, et l’islam, bien qu’il nie la lutte des classes, s\u00e9cr\u00e8te un r\u00eave d’\u00e9galitarisme. L’opulence des couches dirigeantes du r\u00e9gime heurte de plus on plus les consciences populaires, et la classe politique est d’autant plus discr\u00e9dit\u00e9e que les scandales, ces derniers temps, se sont multipli\u00e9s. \u00a0 Les \u00ab\u00a0affaires\u00a0\u00bb se succ\u00e8dent: affaire Godot, du nom d’un promoteur belge qui aurait organis\u00e9 sur une vaste \u00e9chelle un trafic de devises dans lequel seraient impliqu\u00e9s de nombreux membres de la haute soci\u00e9t\u00e9 tunisienne; affaire de la for\u00eat d’Ain-Draham, dans les monts de Kroumirie, o\u00f9 un ing\u00e9nieur des for\u00eats a pratiqu\u00e9 sur une vaste \u00e9chelle des coupes sauvages pour alimenter une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e par lui; affaire de l’h\u00f4pital Tour-Habib-Thameur, v\u00e9ritable gouffre financier, dont l’ach\u00e8vement a dix ans de retard et dont le co\u00fbt initialement pr\u00e9vu aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9 par cinq… \u00a0 L’avenir est donc sombre. Aucun renouvellement en profondeur du personnel politique au pouvoir ne para\u00eet possible tant que la succession du pr\u00e9sident Bourguiba ne sera pas r\u00e9ellement ouverte. Le probl\u00e8me est d’autant plus grave que les partis et les mouvements d’opposition l\u00e9gaux ou clandestins ont eux-m\u00eames \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9bord\u00e9s par un m\u00e9contentement populaire qu’ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 incapables de canaliser. \u00a0 Certains d’entre eux, comme le M.D.S., sont des surgeons de l’arbre destourien et ne peuvent acqu\u00e9rir un poids politique r\u00e9el que s’ils s’ouvrent aux jeunes et leur font largement place. Le r\u00e9cent congr\u00e8s de cette organisation n’incite pas \u00e0 l’optimisme, la direction du parti n’ayant gu\u00e8re \u00e9t\u00e9 renouvel\u00e9e. Les dirigeants du Mouvement de la tendance islamique (M.T.I.), qui aspiraient pourtant \u00e0 une l\u00e9galisation de leur action, sont pourchass\u00e9s, on exil ou dans la clandestinit\u00e9. \u00a0 Devant cette d\u00e9route ou cette insuffisance des politiciens, la petite arm\u00e9e tunisienne appara\u00eet comme la seule force coh\u00e9rente du r\u00e9gime. Mais elle est elle-m\u00eame fragile. Tr\u00e8s largement contr\u00f4l\u00e9e par des officiers pro-occidentaux d\u00e9cid\u00e9s \u00e0 pr\u00e9server le mod\u00e8le d’un Etat moderne et la\u00efc, elle n’est pas \u00e0 l’abri des infiltrations islamistes, ainsi que l’ont prouv\u00e9 les poursuites intent\u00e9es contre dix-neuf militaires membres du Parti de la lib\u00e9ration islamique, condamn\u00e9s en ao\u00fbt 1983 \u00e0 de lourdes peines de prison. \u00a0 Or les chefs de l’arm\u00e9e sont d’abord soucieux de pr\u00e9server son unit\u00e9. Lors des \u00e9meutes, les militaires se sont parfois employ\u00e9s \u00e0 s\u00e9parer \u00e9meutiers et policiers sans toujours m\u00e9nager les seconds. Apr\u00e8s que le pr\u00e9sident Bourguiba eut annonc\u00e9 l’annulation des augmentations, des sc\u00e8nes de fraternisation entre soldats et manifestants se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9es dans les rues de Tunis, ce qui a sans nul doute donn\u00e9 quelques sujets de r\u00e9flexion aux chefs de l’arm\u00e9e. \u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Ce dont la Tunisie a le plus besoin aujourd’hui, nous confiait r\u00e9cemment un ancien militant destourien reconverti dans l’industrie apr\u00e8s une courte carri\u00e8re dans l’administration,<\/font> ce n’est pas d’une d\u00e9mocratie octroy\u00e9e. C’est d’abord de justice sociale. Seul un pouvoir ferme pourra l’imposer. Les conditions d’une v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9mocratisation seraient alors r\u00e9unies. (NDLR : tr\u00e8s instructif, \u00ab l\u2019ancien militant destourien \u00bb avance ici le r\u00e9sum\u00e9 de la th\u00e9orie de Ben Ali & CO et ce 3 ans et demi avant sa mise en \u0153uvre effective au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1987!) <\/strong>\u00a0 Les dirigeants ne devraient pas la craindre tant est grand le l\u00e9galisme des \u00e9lites tunisiennes de tous bords.\u00a0\u00bb Mais les voix qui s’\u00e9l\u00e8vent aujourd’hui en Tunisie pour d\u00e9noncer les tentatives de lib\u00e9ralisation de M. Mzali ont pour premier souci de pr\u00e9server, par un durcissement du r\u00e9gime, les privil\u00e8ges et les fortunes acquis au cours des quinze derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Note(s) : <\/font><\/strong>\u00a0 (1) Les estimations vont de 80 (chiffre avanc\u00e9 par les autorit\u00e9s) \u00e0 150 (\u00e9valuation de l’hebdomadaire Jeune Afrique) en passant par 120 (nombre avanc\u00e9 avec beaucoup de pr\u00e9cautions par la Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme). \u00a0 \u00a0(2) Seules Bizerte, Mahdia et la r\u00e9gion du Cap Bon sont rest\u00e9es calmes. \u00a0 \u00a0(3) Ce trait\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9 le 19 mars 1983 par Alger et Tunis lors de la visite \u00e0 Tunis du pr\u00e9sident Chadli Bendjedid. Nouakchott y a adh\u00e9r\u00e9 le 13 d\u00e9cembre 1983. \u00a0 (4) Bien que non officiellement reconnus, le M.D.S., le MUP II et le parti communiste (P.C.T.) ont pu participer aux \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives du 1er novembre 1981. Mais celles-ci ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entach\u00e9es de nombreuses et importantes irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s et aucune formation d’opposition n’a eu d’\u00e9lu. \u00a0 \u00a0(5) Ancien ministre de l’\u00e9conomie et du plan de 1961 \u00e0 1969, M. Ben Salah, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 l’inspirateur du mouvement coop\u00e9ratif en Tunisie, avait \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9 et condamn\u00e9 en 1970 \u00e0 dix ans de travaux forc\u00e9s. Depuis son \u00e9vasion spectaculaire en 1973, il vit en exil \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve et a cr\u00e9\u00e9 le MUP, qui s’est divis\u00e9 en deux tendances en 1981. \u00a0 \u00a0(6) Selon Mohsen Toumi, auteur de la Tunisie, pouvoirs et luttes (\u00ab\u00a0le Sycomore\u00a0\u00bb), le chiffre des morts d\u00e9passa en fait les 200. La Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale des syndicats libres (C.I.S.L.) l’\u00e9valuait, quant \u00e0 elle, \u00e0 100. \u00a0 (7) Les principaux dirigeants du Mouvement de la tendance islamique (M.T.I.) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s, jug\u00e9s et condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 de lourdes peines de prison durant l’\u00e9t\u00e9 1981. D’autres militants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arr\u00eat\u00e9s en janvier 1983 et jug\u00e9s en juillet. Il s’agissait surtout d’\u00e9tudiants. \u00a0 \u00a0(8) Khema\u00efs Chamari, \u00ab\u00a0L’alerte tunisienne\u00a0\u00bb, le Monde diplomatique, mars 1980. \u00a0 \u00a0(9) Chiffres \u00e9tablis, selon l’Avenir \u00e0 partir de l’Evaluation pr\u00e9liminaire des r\u00e9sultats de la deuxi\u00e8me d\u00e9cennie de d\u00e9veloppement, publication du minist\u00e8re du plan et des finances. \u00a0 \u00a0(10) Voir le reportage d’Ignacio Ramonet, \u00ab\u00a0Maroc l’heure de tous les risques\u00a0\u00bb, le Monde diplomatique, janvier 1984. <\/strong>\u00a0 (Source : Article publi\u00e9 par \u00ab Le Monde diplomatique \u00bb en F\u00e9vrier 1984, page 1;19 d\u2019apr\u00e8s un rappel de \u00ab Lecteur Assidu \u00bb, www.tunezine.com re\u00e7u le 1er Janvier 2004)<\/font> <\/div>\n
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<\/p>\n\n
<\/font> <\/div>\n
<\/p>\n
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<\/strong> <\/font><\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 1 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0641\u064a 2003) <\/strong> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\n<\/div>\n
<\/strong> <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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<\/strong> <\/div>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/strong> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0623\u0628\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00bb. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0627. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: \u00ab\u00a0\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
1<\/font>-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
2- \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
3- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
5- \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
6- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062d. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
7-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647: \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
8- \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0649. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
9- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
10- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
11- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
12- \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
13-\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
14- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
15- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
16- \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
17- \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
18-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
19- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647: \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
20- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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\n<\/div>\n
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\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Washington Post<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
December 23, 2003<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Foreign Policy Guru Tapped To Aid Rice, a Former Employee<\/font><\/h5>\n
<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n
Author: Robin Wright; Washington Post Staff Writer Page: A19<\/span><\/p>\n
Robert D. Blackwill is the new \u00ab\u00a0grand pooh-bah\u00a0\u00bb of U.S. foreign policy.<\/span><\/p>\n
His official title is coordinator for strategic planning, a new post that makes him the in-house visionary at the National Security Council. It means he has free rein to think, track global trends and predict the unnoticed or unintended consequences of U.S. foreign policy decisions anywhere in the world, according to officials.<\/span><\/p>\n
In his spare time, Blackwill also handles three of the trickiest foreign policy challenges facing the Bush White House — Iraq’s political transformation, Afghanistan and Iran.<\/span><\/p>\n
The job was designed to provide cohesion and long-range planning for a White House foreign policy team under stress from breaking wars and ongoing crises. Blackwill has quickly become the alter ego to national security adviser Condoleezza Rice.<\/span><\/p>\n
It’s a role reversal: Rice’s last big job in government was working for Blackwill when he dealt with the Soviet empire’s tumultuous unraveling in the first Bush administration. Now he is her adviser — with some speculation that he might succeed her in a second Bush term.<\/span><\/p>\n
Blackwill has been with the Bush team from the beginning. Under Rice, he was one of a coterie who had advised the president during his first campaign. The ambassadorship to India was his reward.<\/span><\/p>\n
A Peace Corps volunteer in Malawi who went on to serve as a diplomat in Africa, the Middle East and Europe, Blackwill had never been to India. But with a lifelong focus on the world’s major powers, he sought the assignment because of President Bush’s designation of India as a \u00ab\u00a0rising great power of the 21st century.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Although he returned this summer, part of Blackwill’s heart is clearly still in India. A huge map of \u00ab\u00a0Mother India\u00a0\u00bb adorns the cream-colored walls of his fastidious office in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. The only item on his vast desktop — besides precisely arranged wooden \u00ab\u00a0in\u00a0\u00bb and \u00ab\u00a0out\u00a0\u00bb boxes — is a tiny figurine of Ganesh, the Hindu elephant-headed god of wisdom and success.<\/span><\/p>\n
During his two-year stint, Blackwill oversaw one of the fastest transformations in relations between the United States and any country by peaceful means, he noted in a farewell address to the Conference of Indian Industry in New Delhi this summer. When he arrived in 2001, India was under U.S. economic sanctions because of its 1998 nuclear tests and was considered \u00ab\u00a0a nuclear renegade whose policies threatened the entire nonproliferation regime,\u00a0\u00bb he recalled.<\/span><\/p>\n
By the time he left, sanctions had been lifted, and cooperation flourished on issues ranging from counterterrorism to the HIV\/AIDS crisis. And the U.S. and Indian militaries were engaged in almost monthly joint training exercises.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0The Bush administration perceives India as a strategic opportunity for the United States, not as an irritating recalcitrant,\u00a0\u00bb Blackwill said shortly before leaving India.<\/span><\/p>\n
But India, in which he traveled by both rail and elephant, transformed him somewhat, too. In a farewell reflection in July, Blackwill said the world for him now falls into two groups — those who have seen the Taj Mahal and those who haven’t. An avid reader, he lauded the Indian novel in English. \u00ab\u00a0Who is writing better fiction today than these folks?\u00a0\u00bb he said.<\/span><\/p>\n
Blackwill has long been noted for pulling quotes out of the air, from Humphrey Bogart’s lines in \u00ab\u00a0Casablanca\u00a0\u00bb to Aristotle pithily defining analysis — \u00ab\u00a0illumination through disaggregation.\u00a0\u00bb In India, he added Krishna to the list — \u00ab\u00a0Be thou of even mind\u00a0\u00bb — as well as a taste for sugar in strong tea and Indian dancing.<\/span><\/p>\n
In his farewell address, Blackwill fondly recalled \u00ab\u00a0gyrating frenetically in a borrowed red turban with a professional local dance group on a lawn on a balmy evening in Chandigarth\u00a0\u00bb — and his disappointment that members of the group did not ask \u00ab\u00a0the long-legged whirling dervish\u00a0\u00bb to join them permanently.<\/span><\/p>\n
Other parts of South Asia, however, were relieved to see him leave New Delhi.<\/span><\/p>\n
He was dubbed \u00ab\u00a0Mr. Black-will\u00a0\u00bb by Pakistani analyst Ershad Mahmud of the Institute of Policy Studies, in an article welcoming his departure, for acting as \u00ab\u00a0Delhi’s front man rather than U.S. ambassador to India.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Blackwill \u00ab\u00a0damaged\u00a0\u00bb U.S.-Pakistani relations \u00ab\u00a0in every possible way,\u00a0\u00bb Mahmud charged. \u00ab\u00a0He even encouraged India to take [a] hostile stance against Pakistan.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Some State Department officials, frustrated when they were bypassed in policy formulation because of Blackwill’s close ties to the White House, weren’t sorry to see him go, either. He also sometimes overpowers those he works with, colleagues say.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0He’s extremely bright. He has a very penetrating intellect that produces great ideas,\u00a0\u00bb said one official who worked with him and, like others, spoke on condition of anonymity. \u00ab\u00a0He’s also utterly charming and has more energy than anybody around him. He never sleeps. He’s a double-A type.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0But he’s also a prickly demanding personality who can become impatient with others who don’t keep up with him,\u00a0\u00bb the official added. \u00ab\u00a0He’s hard on people because he’s smart. He wants things now.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Blackwill’s style may in part reflect his prairie roots, another strong influence in his life. He grew up in Kansas. His mother, who called him \u00ab\u00a0Bobby Dean,\u00a0\u00bb hailed from South Dakota.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0From my boyhood on the Great Plains, I brought back east more than 30 years ago the values of Kansas and its people: honesty, candor, compassion, hard work, a dogged stamina in the face of challenge and adversity, a sense of humor, a recognition of one’s own limitations, and a deep and abiding love of country,\u00a0\u00bb Blackwill said at his June 2001 Senate confirmation hearings to become ambassador to India.<\/span><\/p>\n
He pledged to \u00ab\u00a0take these prairie values\u00a0\u00bb with him to India. He also brought them back. The other most noticeable art in his office is a poster of the lonely landscape around a Texaco gas station in rural America, a blowup from a 1953 Life magazine photograph by Andreas Feininger.<\/span><\/p>\n
Blackwill almost did not return to Washington, however. From India, he was headed back this fall to Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he had taught for 14 years. Then he got the call from Rice asking him to come to Washington.<\/span><\/p>\n
He fits in well with this administration. Although a colorful and highly public figure in the past, Blackwill is now among the least accessible officials. In his heart, he tells colleagues, he’s a 19th-century man who believes in the necessity of secrecy.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/font> <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Chicago Tribune<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
December 31, 2003<\/span><\/p>\n
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Americans `conned’ into backing war, ex-general asserts<\/font> Former Central Command chief Anthony Zinni denounces `ideologues’ in Bush administration<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Author: Thomas E. Ricks, The Washington Post.<\/span><\/p>\n
Page: 4<\/span><\/p>\n
Anthony Zinni’s opposition to U.S. policy on Iraq began on the monsoon-ridden afternoon of Nov. 3, 1970. He was lying on a Vietnamese mountainside west of Da Nang, three rounds from an AK-47 assault rifle in his side and back. He could feel his lifeblood seeping into the ground as he slipped in and out of consciousness.<\/span><\/p>\n
He had plenty of time to think in the following months while recuperating in a military hospital in Hawaii. Among other things, he promised himself that, \u00ab\u00a0If I’m ever in a position to say what I think is right, I will. . . . I don’t care what happens to my career.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Zinni believes that time has arrived.<\/span><\/p>\n
Over the past year, the retired Marine Corps general has become one of the most prominent opponents of Bush administration policy on Iraq, which he fears is drifting toward disaster.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0Iraq is in serious danger of coming apart because of lack of planning, underestimating the task and buying into a flawed strategy,\u00a0\u00bb he said. \u00ab\u00a0The longer we stubbornly resist admitting the mistakes and not altering our approach, the harder it will be to pull this chestnut out of the fire.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Three years ago, Zinni completed a tour as chief of Central Command, the U.S. military headquarters for the Middle East, during which he oversaw enforcement of the two \u00ab\u00a0no-fly\u00a0\u00bb zones in Iraq and conducted four days of punishing air strikes against that country in 1998. He also served briefly as a special envoy to the Middle East, mainly as a favor to his old friend and comrade, Secretary of State Colin Powell.<\/span><\/p>\n
Zinni long has worried that there are worse outcomes possible in Iraq than having Saddam Hussein in power–such as eliminating him in such a way that Iraq would become a new haven for terrorism in the Middle East.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0I think a weakened, fragmented, chaotic Iraq, which could happen if this isn’t done carefully, is more dangerous in the long run than a contained Saddam is now,\u00a0\u00bb he told reporters in 1998. \u00ab\u00a0I don’t think these questions have been thought through or answered.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
It was a warning for which Iraq hawks such as Paul Wolfowitz, then an academic and now the No. 2 official at the Pentagon, attacked him in print at the time. Now, five years later, Zinni fears it is an outcome toward which U.S.-occupied Iraq may be drifting. He does not think the capture of Hussein is likely to make much difference.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0We’ve failed thus far to capitalize\u00a0\u00bb on opportunities in Iraq, he said, \u00ab\u00a0I don’t have confidence we will do it now. I believe the only way it will work now is for the Iraqis themselves to somehow take charge and turn things around. Our policy, strategy, tactics, etc., are still screwed up.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Zinni’s passage from obedient general to outspoken opponent began in earnest in the unlikeliest of locations, the national convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars. He was there in Nashville in August 2002 to receive the group’s Dwight D. Eisenhower Distinguished Service Award, recognition for his 35 years in the Marine Corps.<\/span><\/p>\n
Vice President Dick Cheney also was there, delivering a speech on foreign policy. Sitting on the stage behind the vice president, Zinni grew increasingly puzzled. He had endorsed Bush and Cheney two years earlier, just after he retired from his last military post as chief of the Central Command.<\/span><\/p>\n
He was alarmed that day to hear Cheney make the argument for attacking Iraq on grounds that Zinni found questionable at best: \u00ab\u00a0Simply stated, there is no doubt that Saddam Hussein now has weapons of mass destruction,\u00a0\u00bb Cheney said. \u00ab\u00a0There is no doubt that he is amassing them to use against our friends, against our allies and against us.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Cheney’s claim baffling<\/span><\/p>\n
Cheney’s certitude bewildered Zinni. As Central Command chief, Zinni had been immersed in U.S. intelligence about Iraq. He was all too familiar with the intelligence analysts’ doubts about Iraq’s programs to acquire weapons of mass destruction, or WMD. \u00ab\u00a0In my time at CENTCOM, I watched the intelligence, and never–not once–did it say, `He has WMD.'\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Though retired for nearly two years, Zinni says, he remained current on the intelligence through his consulting with the CIA and the military.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0I did consulting work for the agency, right up to the beginning of the war. I never saw anything. I’d say to analysts, `Where’s the threat?'\u00a0\u00bb Their response, he recalls, was silence.<\/span><\/p>\n
As he walked off the stage in Nashville, Zinni concluded that the Bush administration was determined to go to war. A moment later, he had another, equally chilling thought: \u00ab\u00a0These guys don’t understand what they are getting into.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
This retired Marine commander is hardly a late-life convert to pacifism.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0I’m not saying there aren’t parts of the world that don’t need their ass kicked,\u00a0\u00bb he said, sitting in a hotel lobby in Pentagon City. \u00ab\u00a0Afghanistan was the right thing to do,\u00a0\u00bb he added, referring to the U.S. invasion there in 2001 to oust the Taliban regime and its allies in Al Qaeda.<\/span><\/p>\n
But he didn’t see any need to invade Iraq. He didn’t think Hussein was much of a worry anymore. \u00ab\u00a0He was contained,\u00a0\u00bb he said. \u00ab\u00a0He had a deteriorated military. He wasn’t a threat to the region.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
Zinni’s concern deepened at a Senate hearing in February, six weeks before the war began. As he awaited his turn to testify, he listened to Pentagon and State Department officials talk vaguely about the \u00ab\u00a0uncertainties\u00a0\u00bb of a postwar Iraq. He began to think they were doing the wrong thing the wrong way. \u00ab\u00a0I was listening to the panel and I realized, `These guys don’t have a clue.'\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
That wasn’t a casual judgment. Zinni had started thinking about how the United States might handle Iraq if Hussein’s government collapsed after Operation Desert Fox, the four days of air strikes he oversaw in December 1998 in which he targeted presidential palaces, Baath Party headquarters, intelligence facilities, military command posts and barracks, and factories that might build missiles that could deliver weapons of mass destruction.<\/span><\/p>\n
In the wake of those attacks on about 100 major targets, intelligence reports came in that Hussein’s government had been shaken by the short campaign.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0After the strike, we heard from countries with diplomatic missions in there [Baghdad] that the regime was paralyzed and that there was a kind of defiance in the streets.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
So early in 1999, Zinni ordered that plans be devised for the possibility of the U.S. military having to occupy Iraq. Under the code name Desert Crossing, the resulting document called for a nationwide civilian occupation authority, with offices in each of Iraq’s 18 provinces. That plan contrasts sharply, he notes, with the reality of the Coalition Provisional Authority, the U.S. occupation power, which for months this year had almost no presence outside Baghdad–an absence that some Army generals say has increased their burden in Iraq.<\/span><\/p>\n
Listening to the administration officials testify that day, Zinni began to suspect that his careful plans had been disregarded. Concerned, he later called a general at Central Command’s headquarters and asked, \u00ab\u00a0Are you guys looking at Desert Crossing?\u00a0\u00bb The answer, he recalls, was, \u00ab\u00a0What’s that?\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
The more he listened to Wolfowitz and other administration officials talk about Iraq, the more Zinni became convinced that interventionist, \u00ab\u00a0neoconservative\u00a0\u00bb ideologues were plunging the nation into a war in a part of the world they didn’t understand.<\/span><\/p>\n
Replay of Vietnam<\/span><\/p>\n
And the more he dwelled on that, the more he began to believe that U.S. soldiers would wind up paying for the mistakes of Washington policymakers. And that took him back to that bloody day in the sodden Que Son Mountains in Vietnam.<\/span><\/p>\n
Decades later, Vietnam remains a painful subject for him. He has visited the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington only once; seeing the names of fallen comrades was too much.<\/span><\/p>\n
And now he feels his nation–and a new generation of his soldiers–have been led down a similar path.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0Obviously there are differences\u00a0\u00bb between Vietnam and Iraq, he said. \u00ab\u00a0Every situation is unique.\u00a0\u00bb But in his bones, he feels a familiar chill.<\/span><\/p>\n
He sees both conflicts as beginning with deception by the U.S. government, drawing a parallel between how the Johnson administration handled the beginning of the Vietnam War and how the Bush administration touted the threat presented by Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00ab\u00a0I think the American people were conned into this,\u00a0\u00bb he said.<\/font>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Accueil<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n