{"id":20679,"date":"2004-06-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-06-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/1-juin-2004\/"},"modified":"2004-06-01T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2004-06-01T00:00:00","slug":"1-juin-2004","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/1-juin-2004\/","title":{"rendered":"1 juin 2004"},"content":{"rendered":"

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TUNISNEWS<\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span> <\/font> <\/div>\n

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\u00a0\u00a05 \u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a01473 du 01.06.2004<\/font><\/strong> <\/font> <\/div>\n
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FIJ: Reprieve for Association of Tunisian Journalists After IFJ Expulsion Threat Sparks Reform<\/strong><\/div>\n
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2\u00e8me hommage \u00e0 Cheikh Imam \u00e0 El Teatro – Programme final<\/font><\/p>\n

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A. Ayari: La prime Ma\u00eetre Raouf Ayadi <\/font> Sadri Khiari: Tariq Ramadan, mythologie de la Umma et r\u00e9sistance culturelle <\/font><\/p>\n

CSID : U.S. Muslims urged to be force for change<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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Pour afficher les caract\u00e8res arabes\u00a0<\/font> suivre la d\u00e9marche suivante<\/font> : Affichage<\/font> \/ Codage<\/font> \/ Arabe ( Windows )<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

To read arabic<\/font> text click on the View<\/font>\u00a0then Encoding <\/font>then <\/font>Arabic (Windows).<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/div>\n
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\n

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\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n<\/div>\n
\n
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<\/font><\/div>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0642 <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

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\n

\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0631<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\u00a0<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/font><\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n
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<\/p>\n

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<\/span> <\/font><\/h3>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

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<\/font><\/p>\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n\n

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http:\/\/www.albadil.org<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/a> <\/font>\u00a0<\/div>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 : <\/font>http:\/\/www.albadil.org<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\n\n<\/div>\n
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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

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\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0635<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0635<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0637<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0635<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 (96,5%)<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0633<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 (2)<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 (7 \u0636\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a)<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0636\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646)<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1 \u0640\u0640 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 :<\/span><\/span>\u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span> \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 .<\/span><\/p>\n

2 \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631\u062a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u064a\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0626<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u062a<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 .<\/span><\/p>\n

3 \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a :<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u064a<\/span> \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0644<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

4 \u0640\u0640\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0630<\/span> \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0648<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f .<\/span><\/p>\n

5\u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/span> \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a<\/span> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0628\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631<\/span> \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>\u00a0 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062f<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u062f \u062c\u0641\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

6 \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 :<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629<\/span> \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

7 \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a :<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 78 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

8 \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a :<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/span>\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d<\/span> \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633<\/span> \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a . <\/span><\/p>\n

9 \u0640\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f :<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/span> \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644<\/span> \u064a\u0627\u062e\u0630<\/span> \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0647<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621<\/span> \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631<\/span> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0638\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627<\/span> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0636\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0626<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 :<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u0627\u062e\u0630\u0646\u0627<\/span> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649<\/span> \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639<\/span> \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0648<\/span> \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/span> \u0627\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646<\/span> \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0647 .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2 \u0640\u0640 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 :<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/span> \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/span> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/span> \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0627<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 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<\/font><\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632<\/span><\/font><\/span>(1)-<\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638<\/span> <\/span>(2) – <\/span>\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641<\/span> <\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

– <\/span>\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649(3)<\/span>– – \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0638(4)<\/span>\u00a0 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 (5)<\/span>– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644(6)<\/span><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

– \u00a0<\/span><\/font><\/span>\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span>\u064a<\/span>\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/font><\/span>(7)<\/span> – <\/span>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629(8)<\/span>\u2013 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 <\/span>(9)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

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\u25d9 (1) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u00a0 www.tunisnews.net<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u25d9 (2) \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638<\/font>tunisiatoday@yahoo.fr<\/font><\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0632\u0639\u062c\u00a0 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0628\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/font><\/span>\u25d9 (3)\u00a0 <\/span>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 www.moultaka.com <\/font><\/p>\n

\u25d9 (4) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0638www.reveiltunisien.org<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u25d9 (5)\u00a0 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629\u00a0 <\/font>www.nawaat.org<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n

\u25d9 (6) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 www.elmounaadil.ifrance.com<\/span>\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n

\u25d9 (7)\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649\u00a0 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 www.tunezine.com<\/span><\/u><\/font><\/p>\n

\u25d9 (8) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font>www.kalimatunisie.com<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

(9)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0* \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 www.kitab.net<\/font><\/p>\n

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– \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 4 – 3 – 2004<\/font><\/h5>\n

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\u25d9 (12) \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 : \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 24 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2004<\/font><\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 266 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645 28 \u0645\u0627\u064a 2004)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/div>\n
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www.arabfilmfestival.nl<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n
\n\n<\/div>\n

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\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 … \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0641\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0631 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0630\u064a\u0631 … \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u064a\u0631 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0644 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 … \u0648\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0651 … \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0622\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0651 … \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062f\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631… <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0650\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0650\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 … \u0623\u0641\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 … \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u063a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u064a\u062d <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u062d <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0649 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0639\u0649 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 … \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 … \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u062c\u0623 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0623 … \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 … \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u061f! <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 … \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0639\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a … \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 … \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e … \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u0627 … \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 … \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 … \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0646 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062d\u0642\u0647 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 … \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0647 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0647\u0629 … \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 … \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0632\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0629 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0632\u0644\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0629 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 … \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u063a\u0637\u0631\u0633\u0629 … \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u062c\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u061f\u061f\u061f <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 … \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u061f\u061f\u061f <\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0629 … \u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0629 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0629 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 … \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u063a\u0627\u0629 … <\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 … \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0645 … \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0631 … \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 2000<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n

LA FIJ N\u2019EXPULSERA PAS L\u2019AJT MAIS MAINTIENT SA SUSPENSION<\/font><\/span><\/span><\/font><\/h6>\n
Reprieve for Association of Tunisian Journalists After IFJ Expulsion Threat Sparks Reform<\/font><\/span><\/h6>\n

31\/05\/2004<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The World Congress of the International Federation of Journalists, the largest representative body of journalists\u2019 groups world-wide, has voted to lift a threat to expel its member organisation in Tunisia after it pledged to improve its record on defence of press freedom and journalists\u2019 rights. But the Association of Tunisian Journalists (AJT) will remain suspended for the time being as IFJ leaders await the outcome of promised changes in the coming months. The Executive Committee of the IFJ voted in March to expel the AJT after it presented Tunisian President Zen El Abidine Ben Ali with a press freedom award last year, causing consternation throughout the global press freedom community, which has long criticized the government\u2019s poor record of free _expression. The decision to expel was to be confirmed by the IFJ World Congress, meeting in Athens last week. But after an appeal and an investigation by a special commission elected by the Congress it was decided to give the AJT further time to carry through promised reforms that would break links with the government. \u201cIn the few weeks since the decision to expel was made, the IFJ has monitored closely the response of our Tunisian colleagues and there has already been a marked change in attitude and approach,\u201d said Aidan White, IFJ General Secretary after the decision. \u201cThe Congress heard an appeal from the AJT and is ready to give the Association time to make good on its promises to bring about lasting change.\u201d The IFJ will send a mission of senior officers to Tunisia at the beginning of October to coincide with a pivotal conference of the AJT when a package of reforms is due to be discussed. The issue will discussed again by the newly-elected Executive Committee of the IFJ a few days after the Tunisian conference. The Congress delegates, from 90 countries, heard from a senior AJT officer, Sofiene Ben Hamida that the Association recognized the problems that had led to the threat of expulsion. He said that the Association wanted to remain within the world community of journalists and was making efforts to improve its links with the IFJ and to reinforce its independence. For more information contact: +32 2 235 2207<\/span><\/b> <\/span>The IFJ represents more than 500,000 journalists in over 110 countries<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

(Source: le site de la FIJ, le 31 mai 2004)<\/span><\/p>\n

lien web: <\/strong>http:\/\/www.ifjcongress.org\/default.asp?Index=47&Language=EN<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

<\/font><\/p>\n

2\u00e8me<\/sup> Rencontre autour du Cheikh IMAM<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

Du Jeudi 3\u00a0 -Vendredi 4- Samedi 5- Dimanche 6 Juin <\/span>\u200f2004\u200f\u200f-\u200f-\u200f<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n

El TEATRO\u00a0-Tunis<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Cheikh Imam Aissa est n\u00e9 en Juillet 1918,\u00a0 village Abou Ennamress, en Egypte. <\/span><\/p>\n

Il \u00e9tait\u00a0 aveugle.- Il apprenait\u00a0 par c\u0153ur en entier le cran et le\u00a0 psalmodiait -Sa vie a bascul\u00e9 en 1968,\u00a0 Il s\u2019est mis alors \u00e0 composer et \u00e0\u00a0 interpr\u00e9ter\u00a0 les \u00e9crits surtout du po\u00e8te engag\u00e9 Ahmad Fouad NAJM. – Pour ce, il \u00e9tait\u00a0 souvent jet\u00e9 en prison..<\/span><\/p>\n

Il est mort le Mercredi 7 Juin 1995, \u00e0 09H00.-<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le \u00ab\u00a0Plus\u00a0\u00bb par rapport \u00e0 la 1\u00e8re<\/sup> Rencontre de l\u2019an dernier\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>projection de cin\u00e9ma\u00a0<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0le moineau\u00a0\u00bb de Youssef CHAHINE \u00e0 partir du quel le monde arabe et les cin\u00e9philes du monde entier ont\u00a0 suivi une lecture politico- artistique de la guerre de Juin 1967, tout en fredonnant la chanson du Cheikh Imam\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Massr yamma ya bahia\u00a0\u00bb-M\u00eame si son nom n\u2019appara\u00eet pas au g\u00e9n\u00e9rique du dit film\u00a0!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>engagement des artistes<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Participant de pr\u00e9senter au public un (e) artiste m\u00e9connu (e) de leur choix\u00a0: po\u00e8te, instrumentiste, danseur(se)\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00ab\u00a0la jam- session<\/span><\/b>\u00a0\u00bb:<\/span><\/p>\n

Tous les participants entonneront ensemble une partie du r\u00e9pertoire du Cheikh – 6 chansons- Ils seront environ 30 sur sc\u00e8ne\u00a0!!!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>pr\u00e9sentation au grand public de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du CADCAF:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

( avec en hommage une exposition des photos de Habib MASROUKI )<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

-Collectif d\u2019Action et de Diffusion de la Culture Arabe en France<\/span><\/p>\n

Projet culturel militant \u00e0 Paris, port\u00e9 par des artistes et op\u00e9rateurs culturels tunisiens comme moyen d\u2019action politique, en \u00e9cho au mouvement de F\u00e9vrier 1972.\u00e0 Tunis<\/span><\/p>\n

Fond\u00e9 par Ali Saidane- Taoufik Jebali- Mohamed Driss- Hechmi Ben Fraj et accompagn\u00e9 par Habib Masrouki- Rached Manai- H\u00e9di Guella- Amara Ghrab- Naima Mehdi- Taoufik Guiga- Radhia Halouani- Raja Ben Fraj- Chedli Chebli- Hamadi Boular\u00e8s- Mohamed Gharbi\u00a0 ,fadhel Jaibi,\u00a0 \u2026le CADCAF a \u00e0 son actif\u00a0: des r\u00e9alisations\u00a0th\u00e9\u00e2trales<\/u>\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Kacem Azzaez\u00a0\u00bb(photos Habib Masrouki)- \u00ab\u00a0Maddah\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0fais pas le guignol J\u2019ha\u00a0\u00bb, des r\u00e9alisations musicales<\/u>\u00a0:\u00a0 \u00e9dition du 1er<\/sup> 45T du Cheikh \u00ab\u00a0kelmitine lmassr\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0 –des cr\u00e9ations musicales<\/u> , organisation de concerts et participations aux grands galas en France avec des interpr\u00e8tes tunisiens et arabes\u00a0: H\u00e9di Guella- Taoufik Jebali- Noureddine Kallal-\u00a0 Bougossaya- Mouldi Zalila (dit Am Kh\u00e9maies)-\u2026des expositions de peinture<\/u>\u00a0: calligraphies de N\u2019ja Mahdawi, sculptures et c\u00e9ramiques de Mouldi Zalila \u2026 le CADCAF a assur\u00e9 des action sociales <\/u>telles que les <\/u>: 1er<\/sup> cours d\u2019initiation \u00e0 la langue arabe pour les enfants d\u2019immigr\u00e9s en France-<\/span><\/p>\n

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2\u00e8me<\/sup><\/b> Rencontre autour du Cheikh IMAM<\/span><\/p>\n

Du Jeudi 3\u00a0 -Vendredi 4- Samedi 5 -Dimanche 6 Juin <\/span>\u200f2004\u200f\u200f\u200f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

El TEATRO\u00a0\u2013Tunis<\/span><\/p>\n

-PROGRAMME-<\/span><\/h6>\n

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Jeudi 4 Juin 2004:<\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/span><\/b>Exposition des oeuvres plastiques autour de l\u2019oeuvre de Cheikh IMAM par\u00a0: Nabil SOUABI, Mach, Halim KARABIBENE, Hamadi BEN SAAD, Hass\u00e8ne AMRAOUI, ..<\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/span><\/b>Exposiition des photos de la pi\u00e8ce \u00ab\u00a0Kacem azzaz\u00a0\u00bb, du CADCAF\/ Paris 1972\u00a0\u2013<\/span><\/p>\n

hommage \u00e0 Habib MASROUKI-<\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/span><\/b>S\u00e9ances d\u2019\u00e9coute\u00a0:\u00a0\u00bbK7 d\u00e9poussi\u00e9r\u00e9es du Cheikh\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 salle elteatro\/17h-19h<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

* <\/span><\/b>Projection vid\u00e9o\u00a0: Cheikh Imam \u00e0 Tunis 1984\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 salle elteatro \/ 19h-20h<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

*Projection du film\u00a0\u00bbLe moineau\u00a0\u00bb de youssef CHAHINE\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0salle el teatro\/ \u00e0 20h<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Vendredi 5 Juin 2004:<\/span><\/p>\n

*S\u00e9ances d\u2019\u00e9coute\u00a0:\u00a0\u00bbK7 d\u00e9poussi\u00e9r\u00e9es du Cheikh\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 salle elteatro\/17h-19h<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

*Concerts de musique\u00a0: 1\u00e8re<\/sup> partie\u00a0: Jamal GUELLA & Chad(Chedli KHOMSI)&Kanatar<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0: 2\u00e8me<\/sup> partie\u00a0: Oussama FARHAT avec\u00a0 Nouredine KALALL<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>salle elteatro\/20h-22h<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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Samedi 6 Juin 2004:l<\/span><\/p>\n

*CADCAF\u00a0: 30 ans apr\u00e8s, raconter l\u2019exp\u00e9rience porteuse d\u2019un projet culturel avec ses cr\u00e9ations musicales (1er<\/sup> 45 T du Cheikh),\u00a0 th\u00e9\u00e2trales (Kacem azzaz, el Maddah .).., dans le beau Paris des ann\u00e9es 70, o\u00f9 tous les r\u00eaves \u00e9taient permis \u2026t\u00e9moignages des artistes-animateurs\u00a0 du CADCAF..qui sont aujourd\u2019hui les animateurs tout azimut de la sc\u00e8ne artistique tunisienne. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>salle elteatro\/17h-19h<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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* <\/span><\/b>Concerts de musique\u00a0: 1\u00e8re<\/sup> partie\u00a0: Zine SAFI-Hasna BEJAOUI<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 : 2\u00e8me<\/sup> partie\u00a0: Bahth Al Moussiki :\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 salle elteatro\/20h-22h<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n

Dimanche 7 Juin 2004:<\/span><\/p>\n

* <\/span><\/b>Concerts de musique\u00a0: 1\u00e8re<\/sup> partie\u00a0: les Colombes blanches<\/span><\/p>\n

: 2\u00e8me<\/sup> partie\u00a0: Jam Session les artistes participants \u00e0 cette 2\u00e8me<\/sup> rencontre sur sc\u00e8ne : \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 salle elteatro\/16h-18h30<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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Pour info & r\u00e9sa\u00a0: t\u00e9l\u00a0: 71\/ 894 313 e.mail\u00a0: elteatro@gnet.tn<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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La prime Ma\u00eetre Raouf Ayadi<\/strong><\/font><\/h6>\n

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Par A. Ayari<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n
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Comme ce f\u00fbt dans le temps les primes du juge Mokhtar Yahyaoui qui\u00a0 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 octroy\u00e9e aux juges tunisiens en \u00e9change de leur docilit\u00e9, leurs silences \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019absence de justice, de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des juges, de la corruption qui les gangr\u00e8ne, de l\u2019intrumentalisation de la justice pour r\u00e9gler les comptes aux opposants politiques et fermer les yeux sur\u00a0 les abus du pouvoir de l\u2019administration et les actes de la mafia, voil\u00e0 que de nouveau on r\u00e9it\u00e8re les m\u00eames pratiques mesquines, viles et basses vis \u00e0 vis des jeunes avocats pour acheter leurs \u00e2mes, leurs consciences et surtout pour qu\u2019ils ne votent pour Ma\u00eetre Raouf Ayadi\u00a0 candidat au b\u00e2tonnier et ce en les accordant des pr\u00eats alimentaires et de survie, en somme de la charit\u00e9 empoisonn\u00e9e servie par une banque de charit\u00e9 cr\u00e9e pour les indigents et les exclus. Voil\u00e0 comment les jeunes avocats sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s par le r\u00e9gime de ben ali, une voiture populaire et qui n\u2019a de populaire que le slogan, un pr\u00eat de 50 000 milles dinars pour s\u2019installer sur 20 ans et d\u2019autres miettes. Et dire qu\u2019il faut trimer durement et longtemps pour \u00eatre un avocat et qui au bout du compte se prostituer et troquer sa vocation, sa conscience pour une petite voiture, et \u00eatre capable de rembourser 133 000 dans 20 ans, soit presque\u00a0 7000 dinars par an ( je vous ai fait le calcul). Chers \u00ab jeunes avocats \u00bb, bonjour les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts, vous qui n\u2019arrivaient pas aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 acheter des petites voitures et surtout ne pas pouvoir s\u2019installer, je vous pose la question comment vous aller faire demain pour payer des cr\u00e9dits, des loyers et peut-\u00eatre se marier, etc\u2026sachant que les justiciables, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire vos clients deviennent de plus en plus pauvres et s\u2019\u00e9croulent sous l\u2019endettement comme notre ch\u00e8re patrie la Tunisie. Continuez comme \u00e7a chers dindons de la farce de ben ali et des apparatchiks du r.c.d, vous allez tr\u00e8s\u2026 tr\u00e8s\u2026 tr\u00e8s loin. Mais votre salut est ailleurs : je vous propose ce qui suit : –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Soit changer votre dessus pour faire des m\u00e9tiers plus lucratifs, qui vous rapportent gros (grosses bolides, grosses villas) et en toute impunit\u00e9 tels que : mafieux, dealer, vendeur \u00e0 la sauvette, prox\u00e9n\u00e8te, etc\u2026. –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Soit, et ce que je vous souhaite par respect pour votre noble m\u00e9tier, fa\u00eetes-vous mieux respecter, voyez grand et dignement, car vous m\u00e9riteriez mieux que ces miettes et ces app\u00e2ts qui ont pourri dans le tiroir caisse de ben ali et son vicieux ministre de la \u00ab justice et des droits de l\u2019homme \u00bb. Faites que\u00a0 votre vocation principale\u00a0 est celle de la d\u00e9fense de la Justice et surtout les Droits de l\u2019Homme. Et croyez-moi c\u2019est plus rentable p\u00e9cuniairement et moralement, \u00e0 court, moyen et long terme, c\u2019est aussi du solide et non de l\u2019illusion. Au fait je tiens \u00e0 vous rappeler que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la lutte de ces quelques avocats rares femmes et hommes libres, int\u00e8gres et dignes que l\u2019on a pens\u00e9 \u00e0 vous jeter ces quelques miettes, d\u00e9trompez-vous ce ne sont pas les mercenaires de ben ali et du r.c.d qui sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine de ces quelques miettes. Alors , r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissez un instant et\u00a0 imaginez-vous que ces quelques rares femmes et hommes libres, int\u00e8gres et dignes deviennent moins rares et plus soutenus par une majorit\u00e9 d\u2019entre-vous. Le mot de la fin. Bravo ma\u00eetre lotfi arbi, le nouveau pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Association des Jeunes Avocats, vous accomplissez bien votre mission. Juste une question, combien vous avez et vous allez empocher d\u2019argent pour accoucher d\u2019une souris verte avec votre ministre tekkari ?. \u00a0 Tunis le 1 juin 2004<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Tariq Ramadan, mythologie de la Umma et r\u00e9sistance culturelle(*)<\/font><\/h6>\n

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\u00a0Par Sadri Khiari<\/strong><\/font> 28 mai 2004 \u00a0<\/div>\n

Tariq Ramadan suscite depuis le 11 septembre une farouche hostilit\u00e9\u00a0qui ne s\u2019embarrasse plus des formalismes de la critique. Droite, gauche, tous courants confondus, se retrouvent pour voir en lui un personnage d\u00e9moniaque, expert en communication et en double-langage. Int\u00e9griste, il se serait trahie par ses h\u00e9sitations concernant la lapidation des femmes\u00a0; anti-s\u00e9mite, il se serait r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 tel qu\u2019en lui-m\u00eame en regrettant le communautarisme juif de certains intellectuels sionistes\u00a0; manipulateur et hypocrite, il aurait d\u00e9montr\u00e9 son talent diabolique en r\u00e9ussissant une OPA sur le FSE. <\/span><\/p>\n

Je ne partage pas, pour ma part, cette m\u00e9fiance irraisonn\u00e9e[1]<\/a>. Que Tariq Ramadan trouve les raisons de son engagement dans la religion ne me d\u00e9range nullement\u00a0; que cette religion soit l\u2019islam ne m\u2019offusque bien \u00e9videmment pas. Face \u00e0 l\u2019ostracisme suspect dont il est l\u2019objet, faire le pari du \u00ab\u00a0dialogue\u00a0\u00bb, sans pour autant renoncer \u00e0 la critique, c\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 mener un combat d\u00e9mocratique. Et pour entamer un dialogue, il faut commencer par comprendre ce que dit l\u2019autre et cerner les diff\u00e9rences. C\u2019est l\u2019objet de cet article. J\u2019effectuerais, ici, une premi\u00e8re<\/i> lecture de quelques uns de ses principaux textes[2]<\/a> en m\u2019int\u00e9ressant plus particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 la question du \u00ab\u00a0face \u00e0 face\u00a0\u00bb des civilisations et de ses\u00a0 implications en termes de \u00ab\u00a0communautarisme\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

Parmi tant d\u2019autres choses, on lui reproche de vouloir introduire en France le mod\u00e8le communautariste \u00ab\u00a0anglo-saxon\u00a0\u00bb. Il s\u2019est quant-\u00e0-lui vigoureusement d\u00e9fendu contre ces accusations d\u00e9non\u00e7ant sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 les organisations islamiques fran\u00e7aises qui pr\u00f4nent la fermeture sur elle-m\u00eame de la communaut\u00e9 musulmane. Alors m\u00eame que l\u2019interdiction du foulard aurait pu justifier le choix de mettre sur pied des \u00e9coles confessionnelles, il a recommand\u00e9 de n\u2019en rien faire. Sans d\u00e9tour, il affirme au contraire une strat\u00e9gie du d\u00e9cloisonnement, non par int\u00e9gration\/assimilation mais sur le mode de la participation \u00e0 la vie publique en tant que fran\u00e7ais musulmans. Il propose aux musulmans de contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019enrichissement culturel et spirituel de la communaut\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, sans renoncer \u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils sont, et attend de celle-ci qu\u2019elle accueille l\u2019apport de l\u2019islam plut\u00f4t que d\u2019esp\u00e9rer son absorption par auto-dilution progressive. <\/span><\/p>\n

Le discours de Ramadan reste cependant travers\u00e9 de nombreuses tensions. \u00ab\u00a0La dimension de \u00ab\u00a0communaut\u00e9 de foi\u00a0\u00bb, souligne-t-il, est intrins\u00e8quement li\u00e9e \u00e0 la pratique musulmane mais elle doit s\u2019exprimer comme un rayonnement spirituel, jamais comme un enfermement social ou un isolement politique[3]<\/a>\u00bb. Mais l\u2019islam \u00e9tant, selon son interpr\u00e9tation, une religion \u00ab\u00a0globale\u00a0\u00bb, comme nous le verrons plus loin, on imagine mal une \u00ab\u00a0communaut\u00e9 de foi\u00a0\u00bb dissoci\u00e9e d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0communaut\u00e9 politique\u00a0\u00bb. De fait, si Ramadan r\u00e9cuse la tentation d\u2019un parti politique islamique, il incite fortement les musulmans \u00e0 s\u2019organiser entre eux dans toutes les sph\u00e8res d\u2019activit\u00e9s (sociales, culturelles, sportives\u2026). Il pr\u00f4ne, certes, la participation \u00e0 des associations non-communautaires (Attac, Max Havelar…)\u00a0; il se f\u00e9licite de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience plurielle de \u00ab\u00a0DiversCit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 Lyon, mais il appelle \u00e9galement \u00e0 la plus grande circonspection dans ce type d\u2019insertion. Sinon de mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s \u00e9vasive, il n\u2019est jamais question d\u2019implication dans les luttes sociales et syndicales. Le domaine des luttes conjointes \u00ab\u00a0musulmans-non musulmans\u00a0\u00bb se cantonne essentiellement aux questions de la libert\u00e9 de culte et des discriminations dont sont victimes les populations issues de l\u2019immigration (en ce qui concerne l\u2019altermondialisme, j\u2019y reviendrais plus bas). Cette d\u00e9marche a pour compl\u00e9ment un refus de se positionner dans le champ politique. TR souligne l\u2019importance pour les musulmans de ne pas s\u2019en \u00e9carter \u2013 comme devoir civique \u2013 mais, pour \u00e9chapper aux \u00ab\u00a0pratiques politiciennes obscures\u00a0\u00bb, il conditionne cette participation\u00a0par la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019insuffler au pr\u00e9alable une \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9thique de la citoyennet\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb.[4]<\/a> TR pr\u00f4ne un engagement limit\u00e9 et prudent qui occulte les clivages sociaux et politiques fondamentaux qui traversent la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise. L\u2019insertion des musulmans dans la vie de la cit\u00e9 reste con\u00e7ue comme \u00ab\u00a0partenariat\u00a0\u00bb musulmans-non musulmans[5]<\/a>, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire comme un rapport de communaut\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les tensions au sein du discours de Ramadan renvoient \u00e0 la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 conjuguer\u00a0 une strat\u00e9gie qui vise \u00e0 \u00e9viter les pi\u00e8ges de la ghetto\u00efsation dans les pays o\u00f9 l\u2019islam est minoritaire avec le communautarisme fondamental de sa vision du monde et de son projet politique, bien au-del\u00e0 du cadre fran\u00e7ais ou europ\u00e9en. <\/span><\/p>\n

Le monde serait, en effet, d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par la religion. L\u2019histoire, les conflits, les civilisations se d\u00e9velopperaient et se d\u00e9finiraient dans et par la religion ou les rapports des hommes \u00e0 Dieu. Alors que la civilisation jud\u00e9o-chr\u00e9tienne aurait capitul\u00e9 face \u00e0 l\u2019humanisme rationaliste et face \u00e0 la domination de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, du lib\u00e9ralisme et du progressisme, la civilisation musulmane aurait tenu bon[6]<\/a>. Dans les pays de civilisation jud\u00e9o-chr\u00e9tienne, l\u2019homme aurait pris la place de Dieu, conquis la souverainet\u00e9 sur terre et fait de son \u00e9mancipation la finalit\u00e9 ultime de son existence. En Islam, par contre, Dieu reste le \u00ab\u00a0propri\u00e9taire\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; l\u2019univers est le bien de Dieu et Dieu est le Bien du monde. Simple \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9rant\u00a0\u00bb, l\u2019homme est responsable de la pr\u00e9servation du bien et du Bien. Il doit veiller au B(b)ien au sein de la nature, de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des hommes et de l\u2019homme en lui-m\u00eame. Dans tous les actes de sa vie, l\u2019homme \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e9moigne\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019existence, de la perfection et de la bont\u00e9 de Dieu. L\u2019islam n\u2019est donc pas que religion, il est \u00ab\u00a0global\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; il ne saurait admettre d\u2019\u00eatre cantonn\u00e9 \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de rituels dissoci\u00e9s des autres moments de la vie et du lien social.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le foss\u00e9 entre civilisations, construites sur deux conceptions contraires du rapport \u00e0 Dieu, appara\u00eet ainsi tr\u00e8s profond. Cette incompatibilit\u00e9 fondamentale n\u2019autorise en d\u00e9finitive qu\u2019un rapport de \u00ab\u00a0coexistence\u00a0\u00bb. Certaines valeurs du Bien peuvent \u00eatre partag\u00e9es puisque toutes sont inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 l\u2019islam mais les \u00ab\u00a0convergences\u00a0\u00bb possibles concernent la forme et non le fond.<\/span><\/p>\n

TR pr\u00e9sente une vision apolog\u00e9tique de l\u2019islam et de la civilisation islamique, essence \u00e9ternelle et universelle, assimil\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019islam\u00ab\u00a0global\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; un islam global qui n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 historique. TR semble \u00e9galement oublier la multiplicit\u00e9 des civilisations islamiques de par l\u2019histoire, le foisonnement des interpr\u00e9tations de l\u2019islam, les interactions et les fusions de fois, de cultures et de relations sociales qui ont donn\u00e9 et donne sa r\u00e9alit\u00e9 au monde vivant de l\u2019islam, de l\u2019Arabie \u00e0 la Chine en passant par le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et la France. Ou, plut\u00f4t, Tariq Ramadan est pris entre deux exigences contraires\u00a0: d\u2019une part, il doit minimiser toutes les diff\u00e9renciations r\u00e9elles au sein du monde musulman, dans le temps et dans l\u2019espace, pour donner sens \u00e0 son approche en terme de civilisation islamique\u00a0; d\u2019autre part, il doit reconna\u00eetre ces m\u00eames diff\u00e9renciations pour expliquer la faiblesse actuelle du monde islamique et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de reconstituer la Umma<\/i>. D\u2019une part, celle-ci existe d\u00e9j\u00e0 comme sujet-\u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9rant\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019histoire\u00a0; d\u2019autre part, elle est \u00e0 faire advenir. Il faut dire qu\u2019elle existe pour la faire exister. Il faut dire qu\u2019elle existe pour en arracher tous ce qui lui serait \u00e9tranger, salissures de l\u2019histoire, influences d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res des traditions, coutumes, syst\u00e8mes de valeurs ant\u00e9-, pr\u00e9-, para- ou extra-islamiques. TR s\u2019attache ainsi \u00e0 (re-)construire une identit\u00e9 musulmane capable d\u2019englober toutes les dimensions de la vie et des relations sociales selon le dogme de l\u2019islam \u00ab\u00a0global\u00a0\u00bb. Quand TR parle au nom des musulmans, quand il identifie \u00ab\u00a0banlieues\u00a0\u00bb, populations \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019origine immigr\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, musulmans, c\u2019est moins pour s\u2019auto-proclamer leur porte-parole que pour faire exister ceux au nom desquels il parle, les lib\u00e9rer des autres structures de sens. Il n\u2019invente pas la \u00ab\u00a0communaut\u00e9 musulmane d\u2019Europe\u00a0\u00bb, il la construit. Son projet semble \u00eatre une sorte de jacobinisme universaliste de l\u2019islam\u00a0: r\u00e9duire la diversit\u00e9, pour homog\u00e9n\u00e9iser-purifier la Umma<\/i>[7]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

La famille au centre du dispositif communautaire<\/font><\/span><\/h6>\n

La diversit\u00e9 est ramen\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019unicit\u00e9 au nom de l\u2019Unicit\u00e9 de Dieu dont elle est le reflet. Le social est ainsi r\u00e9duit au naturel. Les formes sociales peuvent s\u2019\u00e9carter de l\u2019ordre naturel, comme c\u2019est le cas dans la civilisation occidentale, mais l\u2019islam doit alors s\u2019\u00e9vertuer de retrouver l\u2019ordre divin de la nature. La communaut\u00e9 (musulmane) est justement ce cadre o\u00f9 l\u2019Unicit\u00e9 de Dieu retrouve ses droits. Sa cellule de base est la famille, elle-m\u00eame naturelle. TR absolutise ainsi la notion de famille en occultant la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 diverse, multiforme et \u00e9volutive des relations sociales \u00e0 travers l\u2019histoire. Il d\u00e9crit une famille universelle sans doute plus proche de celle qui existe aujourd\u2019hui dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 bourgeoise que de la famille ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans des relations tribales telle qu\u2019elle a pu exister en Arabie du temps de Mahomet. Il s\u2019agit de la famille nucl\u00e9aire constitu\u00e9e du p\u00e8re, de la m\u00e8re et des enfants, organis\u00e9e selon le principe de la \u00ab\u00a0compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 par nature\u00a0\u00bb[8]<\/a> et la hi\u00e9rarchisation des fonctions \u00ab\u00a0naturelles\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des \u00eatres ne fait sens que par rapport \u00e0 Dieu qui distribue \u00e9quitablement droits et devoirs. Le p\u00e8re, responsable de l\u2019entretien mat\u00e9riel de la famille, est donc le chef naturel de la famille\u00a0; la m\u00e8re, charg\u00e9e la reproduction et de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, est soumise, sinon \u00e0 l\u2019homme, du moins \u00e0 l\u2019ordre naturel de la famille. R\u00e9partition des pouvoirs est simplement synonyme de distribution des t\u00e2ches. TR recommande la concertation et l\u2019amour\u00a0; il remplace les mots \u00ab\u00a0tuteur\u00a0\u00bb et chef de famille par celui de \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9pondant\u00a0\u00bb[9]<\/a>, l\u2019homme garde cependant la pr\u00e9\u00e9minence dans la famille. Ne le voudrait-il pas que les contraintes de la \u00ab\u00a0compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb naturelle des t\u00e2ches le lui imposeraient. Ce sont l\u00e0 des \u00ab\u00a0priorit\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb qui \u00ab\u00a0prennent le pas sur les consid\u00e9rations financi\u00e8res et la r\u00e9ussite professionnelle personnelle\u00a0\u00bb[10]<\/a> des femmes. Cependant, pr\u00e9cise TR, \u00ab\u00a0si le couple fait le choix d\u2019un engagement social de la femme, celui-ci doit se voir respect\u00e9\u00a0: \u00e9galit\u00e9 de salaire \u00e0 qualification et comp\u00e9tence \u00e9gales, droits syndicaux, possibilit\u00e9s de promotion, etc.[11]<\/a>\u00bb Le refus des discriminations sexistes concernent donc seulement la vie en dehors de la famille. En fait, la compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 asym\u00e9trique, pr\u00f4n\u00e9e par TR, fonde bien d\u2019autres in\u00e9galit\u00e9s[12]<\/a>. La communaut\u00e9, comme la famille, est structur\u00e9e en fonction de la pr\u00e9\u00e9minence masculine. L\u2019individu, quant \u00e0 lui, n\u2019existe comme sujet qu\u2019en tant qu\u2019il s\u2019ins\u00e8re dans un r\u00e9seau de droits et de devoirs constitutifs de la famille et de la communaut\u00e9. Contester l\u2019ordre familial, c\u2019est battre en br\u00e8che la Umma<\/i> et remettre en cause l\u2019Unicit\u00e9 de Dieu.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e9mocratie\u00a0et souverainet\u00e9 divine<\/font><\/u><\/em><\/span><\/h6>\n

Tariq Ramadan refuse l\u2019alternative th\u00e9ocratie ou Etat la\u00efc. Choisir signifierait consentir \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir dans la matrice conceptuelle occidentale. S\u2019il critique \u00ab\u00a0certains musulmans (qui) rejettent la notion de \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0\u00bb en ce qu\u2019elle participe de l\u2019histoire occidentale et qu\u2019elle \u00ab\u00a0ne se trouve pas dans le Coran\u00a0\u00bb, il ne l\u2019accepte, quant \u00e0 lui, qu\u2019une fois red\u00e9finie dans le cadre des principes islamique[13]<\/a>. En r\u00e9int\u00e9grant la notion de d\u00e9mocratie dans le corpus de l\u2019islam \u00ab\u00a0global\u00a0\u00bb, TR lui fait subir, cependant, une transformation d\u00e9cisive. D\u00e9barrass\u00e9e des valeurs occidentales qui l\u2019encombrent, elle devient simple \u00ab\u00a0cadre de gestion du pluralisme\u00a0\u00bb[14]<\/a>. Pour y parvenir, TR est contraint de dissocier un politique profane \u2013 la forme \u2013 l\u2019ensemble des proc\u00e9dures et des institutions permettant la cohabitation entre individus diff\u00e9rents; ce sont des techniques atemporelles, vide de sens et de signification sociale[15]<\/a>\u00a0; et un politique spirituel \u2013 le contenu \u2013 comme action visant \u00e0 faire pr\u00e9valoir la soumission \u00e0 Dieu et les valeurs qui lui seraient consubstantielles et qui donneraient sens \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9, la Umma<\/i>. Sauf que, contenu et forme n\u2019\u00e9tant pas ind\u00e9pendants l\u2019un de l\u2019autre, TR ne propose finalement qu\u2019un ersatz de d\u00e9mocratie domin\u00e9e par les clercs. La place me manque ici pour pr\u00e9senter dans le d\u00e9tail les m\u00e9canismes de la sh\u00fbr\u00e2<\/i> comme \u00ab\u00a0espace qui permet en islam la gestion du pluralisme\u00bb[16]<\/a>, notons simplement que, parmi d\u2019autres restrictions, les dispositions d\u00e9mocratiques (suffrage universel, s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs, libert\u00e9s d\u2019opinion, d\u2019expression et d\u2019organisation) sont constamment born\u00e9es par le contr\u00f4le de leur conformit\u00e9 aux principes religieux dont sont charg\u00e9s les savants de l\u2019islam, lesul\u00e9mas<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n

La citoyennet\u00e9 r\u00e9elle passe par l\u2019appartenance \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 musulmane. Le rapport des non-musulmans \u00e0 l\u2019Etat n\u2019est pas un rapport d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 de droits et de citoyennet\u00e9 mais un rapport de \u00ab\u00a0coexistence\u00a0\u00bb[17]<\/a> de \u00ab\u00a0prot\u00e9g\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0protecteurs\u00a0\u00bb, un rapport d\u2019hospitalit\u00e9. L\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 face \u00e0 la Constitution et aux lois qui en \u00e9manent n\u2019a gu\u00e8re de sens dans la mesure o\u00f9 celles-ci proc\u00e8dent de l\u2019islam qui ent\u00e9rine un droit in\u00e9gal (fond\u00e9 en nature, comme pour les femmes, ou en religion). Cette situation est compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par un dispositif strictement communautaire pour ce qui rel\u00e8ve des affaires dites priv\u00e9es, chaque communaut\u00e9 religieuse b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant de ses propres institutions et tribunaux. Il propose \u00e9galement, notamment pour les Etats o\u00f9 les musulmans sont minoritaires, qu\u2019ils soient organis\u00e9s selon un syst\u00e8me de repr\u00e9sentation proportionnelle des communaut\u00e9s religieuses. Ainsi, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 se d\u00e9finit par un rapport de communaut\u00e9s elles-m\u00eames d\u00e9finies par la religion.<\/span><\/p>\n

Altermondialisme ou n\u00e9o-communautarisme\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n

TR d\u00e9nonce avec virulence l\u2019imposition des politiques n\u00e9o-lib\u00e9rales dans les pays domin\u00e9s et la toute puissance des multinationales. Ses pr\u00e9occupations semble rejoindre les inqui\u00e9tudes du mouvement altermondialiste. Il n\u2019est pas certain, cependant, qu\u2019elles aient la m\u00eame signification. La critique du \u00ab\u00a0scientisme\u00a0\u00bb, de l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9conomisme\u00a0\u00bb, de la \u00ab\u00a0soci\u00e9t\u00e9 technicienne\u00a0\u00bb, du \u00ab\u00a0progr\u00e8s effr\u00e9n\u00e9 et sans finalit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb[18]<\/a> peuvent, en effet, \u00eatre de droite aussi bien que de gauche, selon le contexte o\u00f9 elle s\u2019exprime. Si dans ses \u00e9crits les plus r\u00e9cents, il affirme l\u2019opposition de l\u2019islam au \u00ab\u00a0capitalisme n\u00e9o-lib\u00e9rale\u00a0\u00bb[19]<\/a>, il ne se rallie pas aux courants anti-capitalistes de l\u2019altermondialisme. Les Sources de l\u2019islam, qu\u2019il se refuse ici \u00e0 historiciser, imposeraient, en effet, le respect de la \u00ab\u00a0propri\u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, comprise comme cat\u00e9gorie m\u00e9taphysique. Les formules qu\u2019il emploie (la domination du monde par l\u2019\u00e9conomie\u2026) \u00e9voquent pourtant un certain anti-capitalisme mais un anti-capitalisme souvent port\u00e9 dans l\u2019histoire par des courants de droite. En fait, il d\u00e9fend la mise en place d\u2019un petit capital productif et marchand dont l\u2019accumulation serait bloqu\u00e9 par un syst\u00e8me d\u2019imposition et l\u2019interdiction du pr\u00eat \u00e0 int\u00e9r\u00eat que viendraient \u00e9tayer les principes \u00e9thiques ciment\u00e9s par la foi. TR reste donc tr\u00e8s flou lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de donner un contenu concret \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la mondialisation lib\u00e9rale et \u00e0 ses effets sur les couches sociales les plus d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es. Il r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit plus en terme d\u2019 \u00ab\u00a0accompagnement social\u00a0\u00bb des exclus et, en particulier, des populations issues de l\u2019immigration qu\u2019en termes de luttes\u00a0; et, quand il pense en termes d\u2019alternative, il se pr\u00e9occupe du moyen de d\u00e9velopper les investissements des musulmans, en accord avec les principes islamiques. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Derri\u00e8re la mondialisation, \u00e9crit TR, A. Lamrabet voit le spectre de l\u2019occidentalisation qui nivelle toutes les traditions et pr\u00e9sente le mod\u00e8le occidental comme le seul \u00ab\u00a0mod\u00e8le\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0\u00bb[20]<\/a> Ce diagnostic, que partage Ramadan, r\u00e9v\u00e8le ainsi le sens r\u00e9el de son int\u00e9r\u00eat pour le mouvement altermondialiste. Il esp\u00e8re que l\u2019islam puisse agir \u00ab\u00a0comme un \u00e9cho et un miroir\u00a0\u00bb[21]<\/a> aux angoisses de ceux qui au Nord refusent la domination des grandes puissances, l\u2019oppression des peuples et l\u2019uniformisation culturelle qu\u2019entra\u00eene la marchandisation du monde. Mais alors que l\u2019action que pr\u00f4ne TR s\u2019inscrit dans la perspective d\u2019un rapport entre civilisations, la finalit\u00e9 du mouvement altermondialiste est dans le projet universaliste d\u2019\u00e9mancipation des hommes. La lib\u00e9ration des peuples, l\u00e9gitime dans l\u2019un et l\u2019autre cas, n\u2019a pourtant pas la m\u00eame signification[22]<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

On l\u2019a vu, Ramadan consid\u00e8re que l\u2019islam, c\u2019est la conqu\u00eate de la libert\u00e9 dans la soumission \u00e0 Dieu alors que la civilisation \u00ab\u00a0jud\u00e9o-chr\u00e9tienne\u00a0\u00bb sombrerait dans l\u2019esclavage en voulant \u00e9manciper l\u2019homme du \u00ab\u00a0propri\u00e9taire\u00a0\u00bb supr\u00eame. A s\u2019en tenir l\u00e0, il n\u2019y aurait plus de \u00ab\u00a0dialogue\u00a0\u00bb possible avec un mouvement altermondialiste dont la finalit\u00e9 est justement la constitution de l\u2019homme en sujet de sa propre histoire. On pourrait opposer \u00e0 TR que cet \u00e9lan \u00e9mancipateur, qui conteste justement l\u2019universel capitaliste, trouve ses racines dans l\u2019histoire de tous les hommes et des peuples qui ont lutt\u00e9 contre l\u2019oppression. Les religions \u2013 les h\u00e9r\u00e9sies\u00a0! \u2013 ont exprim\u00e9 un moment de cet \u00e9lan lib\u00e9rateur autour duquel, de mani\u00e8re transversale aux autres civilisations, se constitue la civilisation de l\u2019\u00e9mancipation. Spartakus est le nom de code de cette civilisation, mais elle aurait\u00a0 pu tout aussi bien s\u2019appeler Bilal, du nom de cet esclave qui, parmi les premiers, a ralli\u00e9 le proph\u00e8te Mohamed. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mais la divergence n\u2019est peut-\u00eatre pas l\u00e0 et on peut se demander dans quelle mesure la position de Ramadan n\u2019exprime pas plut\u00f4t une certaine m\u00e9fiance vis-\u00e0-vis des couches populaires. Il souligne avec insistance que, dans l\u2019islam, la soumission\/lib\u00e9ration \u00e0 Dieu se fait sans la m\u00e9diation d\u2019un clerg\u00e9\u00a0; pour autant il se semble pas concevoir que les hommes prennent en charge eux-m\u00eames leur rapport \u00e0 Dieu et donc leur rapport \u00e0 eux-m\u00eames. L\u2019islam \u00ab\u00a0global\u00a0\u00bb semble signifier aussi la pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 tous les niveaux de la vie individuelle et sociale d\u2019un \u00ab\u00a0\u2018\u00e2lim<\/i>\u00a0\u00bb (singulier de ul\u00e9mas<\/i>), en chair et en os ou virtuel, charg\u00e9 de guider l\u2019individu sur la voie de l\u2019islam. Dans le monde contemporain, les ul\u00e9mas<\/i> sont doubl\u00e9s par une autre caste, les savants, les sp\u00e9cialistes, non pas m\u00e9diation avec le myst\u00e8re divin mais avec les myst\u00e8res de la technique, m\u00e9diation entre le simple et le complexe. Aussi bien dans les institutions de l\u2019Etat que dans l\u2019organisation de la contestation, TR privil\u00e9gie ainsi le r\u00f4le des \u00ab\u00a0sp\u00e9cialistes\u00a0\u00bb, des \u00ab\u00a0comp\u00e9tences\u00a0\u00bb, des \u00ab\u00a0intelligences\u00a0\u00bb et, bien s\u00fbr, des ul\u00e9mas<\/i>. L\u2019antidote aux d\u00e9rives politiciennes de la d\u00e9mocratie parlementaire serait dans la pr\u00e9\u00e9minence accord\u00e9e aux \u00ab\u00a0comp\u00e9tences\u00a0\u00bb qui ma\u00eetrisent les affaires sociales, politiques ou \u00e9conomiques. Quand il \u00e9voque la r\u00e9sistance sociale, c\u2019est \u00e9galement pour souligner la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de r\u00e9unir les \u00ab\u00a0sp\u00e9cialistes\u00bb et autres experts[23]<\/a>. Plus haut, j\u2019ai \u00e9voqu\u00e9 les limites de la participation populaires dans le cadre de la sh\u00fbra<\/i> telle que l\u2019envisage TR, or ce sch\u00e9ma lui-m\u00eame serait pr\u00e9matur\u00e9 et le \u00ab\u00a0processus de d\u00e9mocratisation\u00a0\u00bb devrait \u00eatre graduel\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0imposer des \u00e9tapes \u00e0 la vie participative, ce n\u2019est pas (\u2026) refuser la participation du peuple, c\u2019est bien plut\u00f4t lui donner l\u2019espoir d\u2019une r\u00e9elle concr\u00e9tisation.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

Le mouvement est tout, le but n\u2019est rien\u00a0?<\/font><\/span><\/h6>\n

Le mouvement est tout, le but n\u2019est rien\u00a0? Certes pas\u00a0! Il ne s\u2019agit pas, cependant, de porter un jugement abstrait sur les th\u00e8ses de Ramadan sans les contextualiser, sans d\u00e9terminer dans quels flux socio-politiques elles s\u2019ins\u00e8rent, comment s\u2019en emparent les mouvements qu\u2019elles inspirent.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

Le contenu et l\u2019influence de ses th\u00e8ses s\u2019inscrivent, en effet, dans plusieurs dynamiques qu\u2019on ne saurait circonscrire \u00e0 la France ou \u00e0 l\u2019Europe. A l\u2019\u00e9chelle du globe, elles sont le produit d\u2019un double mouvement\u00a0:\u00a0celui des progr\u00e8s et des diff\u00e9renciations de l\u2019islam politique. Progr\u00e8s parce que les mouvements islamistes poursuivent leur ascension entam\u00e9e \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 70 \u00e0 la faveur du contexte de r\u00e9action internationale dont ils sont, dans une mesure importante, l\u2019une des expressions. Bien souvent, ils apparaissent, aujourd\u2019hui, comme les seules forces d\u2019opposition dot\u00e9es d\u2019une base populaire alors que, dans les pays arabes et musulmans, l\u2019hostilit\u00e9 justifi\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des Etats-Unis et de l\u2019Etat d\u2019Isra\u00ebl s\u2019accro\u00eet et que progresse le rejet des dictatures corrompues soutenues par les grandes puissances. Diff\u00e9renciations, parce que l\u2019expansion m\u00eame de l\u2019aire\u00a0 d\u2019influence de l\u2019islam politique, les \u00e9checs des uns, les renoncements des autres, la r\u00e9pression subie, son insertion parfois dans les m\u00e9canismes institutionnels des pouvoirs en place, les d\u00e9rives obscurantistes des r\u00e9gimes politiques se r\u00e9clamant de l\u2019islam, les renversements d\u2019alliances et les nouveaux enjeux internationaux, l\u2019ensemble de ces facteurs ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 faire de l\u2019islamisme une n\u00e9buleuse aux contours et \u00e0 l\u2019identit\u00e9 aussi vague et confuse que le \u00ab\u00a0socialisme\u00a0\u00bb. Pareillement au socialisme, ses tendances dominantes semblent d\u00e9sormais davantage port\u00e9es \u00e0 la gestion des Etats d\u00e9pendants qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019affrontement avec \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Occident\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019ambition de TR est justement de redonner une \u00e2me commune \u00e0 cet islamisme travaill\u00e9 par des forces centrifuges et que son expansion, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, menace de d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration. Reste \u00e0 savoir, \u00e9videmment, dans quelle mesure, cherchant parfois \u00e0 concilier l\u2019inconciliable, TR ne participe pas lui-m\u00eame \u00e0 ce processus. <\/span><\/p>\n

Sa position appara\u00eet, en effet, comme \u00e9tant \u00e9galement le reflet de nouvelles lignes de tension cons\u00e9cutives \u00e0 la mondialisation. Ainsi, comme nous l\u2019avons vu, de l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019un mouvement de masse in\u00e9dit, l\u2019altermondialisme. Mais aussi la crise des Etats-nations confront\u00e9s aux red\u00e9finitions qu\u2019imposent, avec la mondialisation, l\u2019alt\u00e9ration des souverainet\u00e9s et la suppression tendancielle des fronti\u00e8res. En France, c\u2019est dans le contexte de cette crise, aux confluents des diff\u00e9rents flux politiques mondiaux, que s\u2019enracinent les th\u00e8ses de TR, port\u00e9es par la r\u00e9volte d\u2019une frange de la population issue de l\u2019immigration contre les multiples formes de discrimination dont elle est l\u2019objet. TR parle pour une minorit\u00e9 opprim\u00e9e, d\u00e9\u00e7ue par les politiques de droite comme de gauche, aux rapports ambivalents vis-\u00e0-vis d\u2019institutions d\u00e9mocratiques fonci\u00e8rement in\u00e9galitaires, et sensible au discours d\u2019un islam universel, non pas simple religion mais islam de mobilisation, oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 la morgue des puissances dominantes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cette red\u00e9couverte de la foi ne d\u00e9coule pas seulement d\u2019une multiplication spontan\u00e9e d\u2019histoires individuelles mais de la cristallisation d\u2019un malaise qui a pris, aujourd\u2019hui, cette forme \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb sans pour autant qu\u2019un tel processus soit in\u00e9luctable. D\u2019autres jeunes, ayant la m\u00eame histoire et le m\u00eame v\u00e9cu, se sont mobilis\u00e9s et continuent de le faire autour d\u2019autres rep\u00e8res que l\u2019islam. Entre autres motifs, la r\u00e9ponse \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb trouve son explication dans la pr\u00e9sence d\u00e9j\u00e0 active du fondamentalisme islamique; un fondamentalisme par essence \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb, qui a contribu\u00e9 lui-m\u00eame \u00e0 construire et \u00e0 baliser ce champ \u00ab\u00a0identitaire\u00a0\u00bb, largement absent jusque-l\u00e0. D\u2019une certaine mani\u00e8re, pour parler comme les \u00e9conomistes, l\u2019offre a cr\u00e9\u00e9 la demande. La demande, cependant, n\u2019est pas passive et les th\u00e8ses de TR pourraient refl\u00e9ter cette adaptation de l\u2019une \u00e0 l\u2019autre. Ramadan constitue ainsi la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de nombreux fran\u00e7ais issus de l\u2019immigration musulmane qui vivent une r\u00e9elle situation d\u2019oppression et qui cherchent les voies de se lib\u00e9rer. Ils les pensent dans le cadre d\u2019un ressourcement religieux qui peut \u00eatre le fameux \u00ab\u00a0soupir de la cr\u00e9ature opprim\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb mais qui, au-del\u00e0, exprime la\u00a0 volont\u00e9 de redonner du sens \u00e0 ce qui n\u2019en a plus. Et, en cela, la religion, l\u2019islam comme toute autre, peut \u00eatre un chemin vers l\u2019\u00e9mancipation. Par la souplesse qu\u2019elle manifeste, l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019islam que donne TR ouvre quelques portes. Elles sont vite referm\u00e9es, h\u00e9las, par une vision du monde articul\u00e9e autour des rapports de civilisations et par le pronostic illusoire d\u2019une nouvelle synth\u00e8se islamique \u00e0 partir des diff\u00e9rents courants fondamentalistes. Comme toute autre foi, l\u2019islam n\u2019est pas en soi r\u00e9actionnaire ou progressiste. Son interpr\u00e9tation dans une matrice issue de la tradition des Fr\u00e8res musulmans \u00e9gyptiens restreint cependant le champ des possibles. Les dynamiques historiques sont, certes, bien souvent \u00e9quivoques voire paradoxales et des courants enracin\u00e9s dans cette tradition, ou apparus avec la r\u00e9volution iranienne, ont effectivement men\u00e9 des combats anti-colonialistes (Liban, Palestine..). Mais le mouvement d\u2019ensemble de l\u2019islam politique depuis les ann\u00e9es 70 n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 celui de l\u2019\u00e9mancipation et de la lutte \u00ab\u00a0progressiste\u00a0\u00bb. Les tendances les plus radicales, que d\u00e9noncent justement TR, sont aussi les plus radicalement r\u00e9actionnaires tandis que les tendances les plus ouvertes, m\u00e9tamorphos\u00e9es en partis bourgeois conservateurs, s\u2019ouvrent d\u2019abord aux r\u00e8gles de la mondialisation lib\u00e9rale.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les convergences sur le terrain (contre les discriminations, le racisme et l\u2019islamophobie, contre les guerres de Bush et Sharon, contre la mondialisation et l\u2019uniformisation culturelle\u2026) ont montr\u00e9 que des synergies \u00e9taient souhaitables et possibles entre la gauche et certains mouvements fran\u00e7ais se r\u00e9clamant de l\u2019islam et notamment les associations qui tentent une r\u00e9appropriation\/r\u00e9interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019islam par les femmes pour en d\u00e9gager les voies d\u2019un combat f\u00e9ministe non-d\u00e9tach\u00e9s de leur identit\u00e9 musulmane. L\u2019extension du domaine de l\u2019action commune, des discussions d\u00e9barrass\u00e9es de tout pr\u00e9jug\u00e9 apparaissent d\u2019autant plus n\u00e9cessaires. Ainsi, sera-t-il possible de poser de nouveaux jalons sur le chemin de l\u2019\u00e9mancipation. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

———————————<\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Le pr\u00e9sent article nous a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 par notre cher compatriote Sadri Khiari. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans le dernier num\u00e9ro de \u00ab\u00a0Critique Communiste\u00a0\u00bb (n\u00b0172, printemps 2004) la revue th\u00e9orique de la Ligue Communiste r\u00e9volutionnaire.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> Cf l\u2019article de L\u00e9on Cr\u00e9mieux dans ce m\u00eame num\u00e9ro de Critique Communiste<\/i> \u00e0 propos de l\u2019islamophobie.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/a> Outre diff\u00e9rents articles parus dans la presse fran\u00e7aise ces derniers mois, je me r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0\u00a0son livre Les Musulmans d\u2019Occident et l\u2019avenir de l\u2019islam<\/i>, Sindbad, Actes Sud, 2003, qui reprend \u2013 avec quelques inflexions parfois mais, souvent, in extenso \u2013 les th\u00e8ses de son ouvrage programmatique particuli\u00e8rement\u00a0 d\u00e9taill\u00e9, intitul\u00e9 Islam, le face \u00e0 face des civilisations. Quel projet pour quelle modernit\u00e9\u00a0?<\/i>, Lyon, Tawhid, 2001 (paru initialement en 1995, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9\u00e9dit\u00e9 \u00e0 quatre reprises). C\u2019est ce dernier que je cite le plus souvent ici. Egalement\u00a0: A.Gresh et T.Ramadan, L\u2019Islam en question<\/i>, Babel, Actes Sud, 2002\u00a0; T. Ramadan, Musulmans d\u2019Occident. Construire et contribuer<\/i>, Lyon, Questions contemporaines, Tawhid, 2002\u00a0; T.Ramadan, De l\u2019Islam<\/i>, Lyon, Questions contemporaines, Tawhid, 2002, T. Ramadan, La Foi, la Voie et la r\u00e9sistance<\/i>,\u00a0Lyon, Questions contemporaines, Tawhid, 2002\u00a0; Collectif, Les musulmans face \u00e0 la mondialisation lib\u00e9rale<\/i>, Lyon, Tawhid, 2003. <\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/span><\/a> Musulmans d\u2019Occident<\/i>, p.34.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/a> Ibid., p.65<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/span><\/a> Ibid.,\u00a0p.55<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/span><\/a> Les autres civilisations sont \u00e0 peine \u00e9voqu\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/span><\/a>C\u2019est, en harmonie avec cet objectif, que TR reconstruit l\u2019histoire des mouvements politiques contemporains se r\u00e9clamant de l\u2019islam. Ainsi, en dehors des groupes les plus extr\u00e9mistes, il englobe dans une m\u00eame histoire, sans solution de continuit\u00e9, l\u2019action des diff\u00e9rents courants politiques de l\u2019islam depuis l\u2019apparition du \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9formisme islamique\u00a0\u00bb au XIX\u00b0si\u00e8cle. Non pas qu\u2019il occulte compl\u00e8tement les diff\u00e9rences existantes mais il a tendance \u00e0 les relativiser et \u00e0 les rabattre sur les conceptions de Hassan Al-Banna, le fondateur des Fr\u00e8res musulmans \u00e9gyptiens. De m\u00eame qu\u2019il surestime la dimension religieuse des luttes de lib\u00e9ration nationale dans le monde arabe. <\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/span><\/a> Les Musulmans d\u2019occident et l\u2019avenir de l\u2019islam<\/i>, p.244.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/span><\/a> Le face \u00e0 face<\/i>\u2026, p.51.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/span><\/a> Ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/span><\/a> Ibid. De m\u00eame, il souligne l\u2019imp\u00e9ratif divin de d\u00e9velopper l\u2019alphab\u00e9tisation et l\u2019enseignement des filles et leur reconna\u00eet le droit de vote.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/span><\/a> Ainsi, l\u2019homme h\u00e9rite d\u2019une double part pour compenser l\u2019obligation qui est la sienne d\u2019entretenir toute la famille alors que l\u2019islam \u00ab\u00a0octroie un droit [!] fondamental \u00e0 la femme qui est de ne pas avoir \u00e0 d\u00e9penser pour ses besoins.\u00a0\u00bb (ibid., note 37, p.338) Par ailleurs, s\u2019il ne conteste pas la polygamie, TR reconna\u00eet \u00e0 la femme le droit de s\u2019opposer \u00e0 ce que son mari prenne une seconde \u00e9pouse (ibid., note36 p.338). S\u2019il ne tient pas compte de la controverse au sein m\u00eame de l\u2019islam concernant le caract\u00e8re obligatoire du port du voile, il consid\u00e8re cependant que celui-ci ne doit pas \u00eatre impos\u00e9. Il rejette, comme non islamique, le droit que certains musulmans reconnaissent \u00e0 l\u2019homme de battre son \u00e9pouse et s\u2019oppose \u00e0 la lapidation. Sur la plupart des autres questions, il reste assez \u00e9vasif voire silencieux \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019islam n\u2019est pas oppos\u00e9e \u00e0 la contraception et il n\u2019y a pas de position de refus d\u00e9finitif de l\u2019avortement\u00a0: dans la seconde situation, la d\u00e9cision juridique \u00e9tablit au cas par cas.\u00a0\u00bb(ibid., note 155, p.352). Il ne dit rien de la \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9pudiation\u00a0\u00bb sauf que la femme est autoris\u00e9e \u00e0 demander le divorce de m\u00eame qu\u2019elle a la libert\u00e9 de choisir son mari. A-t-elle le droit d\u2019\u00e9pouser un non-musulman\u00a0? La valeur du t\u00e9moignage d\u2019une femme (par exemple, devant un tribunal) est-elle inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de l\u2019homme\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/span><\/a> C\u2019est justement parce qu\u2019il consid\u00e8re que c\u2019est en amont des formes<\/i> que les civilisations divergent qu\u2019il semble avoir recours \u00e0 des faux-fuyants quand il est interpell\u00e9 directement et contraint de se prononcer pour ou contre. Il ne peut pas affirmer purement et simplement \u00ab\u00a0oui, je suis pour la d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0\u00bb car s\u2019il n\u2019en conteste pas n\u00e9cessairement les m\u00e9canismes voire certains pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9s (la Raison)\u00a0; il tient \u00e0 se d\u00e9marquer du fond \u00ab\u00a0jud\u00e9o-chr\u00e9tien\u00a0\u00bb. On peut faire un parall\u00e8le avec la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 expliquer en un mot la critique du caract\u00e8re bourgeois et formel de la d\u00e9mocratie tout en la d\u00e9fendant, la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la dictature du prol\u00e9tariat, l\u2019abandon de cette r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, etc. <\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/span><\/a> Ibid., p.103<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]<\/span><\/a> Ce qui l\u2019am\u00e8ne \u00e0 des anachronismes comme de d\u00e9finir le conglom\u00e9rat de tribus entre lesquelles le proph\u00e8te jouait une sorte de r\u00f4le d\u2019arbitrage comme d\u2019un Etat de droit, bas\u00e9 sur l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 devant la loi, la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs et la repr\u00e9sentation populaire\u00a0!<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/span><\/a> Ibid, p.93<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]<\/span><\/a> Ibid., p.116<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/span><\/a> Ibid., p. 291<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/span><\/a> Les musulmans d\u2019occident et l\u2019avenir de l\u2019islam<\/i>. Dans les articles ses plus r\u00e9cents, il est question du capitalisme mais seulement du \u00ab\u00a0capitalisme lib\u00e9ral\u00a0\u00bb. Auparavant, la notion de capitalisme \u00e9tait absente, remplac\u00e9e par celle d\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9conomie classique\u00a0\u00bb ou d\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9conomie technicienne\u00a0\u00bb. Le mot \u00ab\u00a0exploitation\u00a0\u00bb appara\u00eet tr\u00e8s rarement. Je n\u2019ai rencontr\u00e9 qu\u2019une seule fois le terme \u00ab\u00a0bourgeoisie\u00a0\u00bb mais, significativement, dans l\u2019expression \u00ab\u00a0bourgeoisies d\u2019Etat\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/span><\/a> Pr\u00e9face \u00e0 Asma Lamrabet, Musulmane tout simplement<\/i>, Lyon, Tawhid, 2002, p.14.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]<\/span><\/a> Le face \u00e0 face\u2026,<\/i> p.259<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]<\/span><\/a> La \u00ab\u00a0strat\u00e9gie transnationale\u00a0\u00bb qu\u2019expose TR est ainsi loin d\u2019une quelconque d\u00e9marche internationaliste. Le premier niveau de regroupement concerne uniquement les musulmans qui constituent \u00e0 la fois le noyau et la finalit\u00e9 de la \u00ab\u00a0strat\u00e9gie transnationale\u00a0\u00bb. Le deuxi\u00e8me cercle vise \u00e0 unifier les r\u00e9sistances du Sud\u00a0et, en premier lieu, les chr\u00e9tiens repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par la Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration, les juifs et les \u00ab\u00a0humanistes\u00a0\u00bb. Le troisi\u00e8me cercle concerne l\u2019union avec ceux qui en Occident peuvent \u00eatre des \u00ab\u00a0relais\u00a0\u00bb(ibid., p.187). Notons en ce qui concerne la Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration que TR n\u2019en retient que l\u2019intervention au niveau des communaut\u00e9s de base en occultant la puissante dimension, th\u00e9orique et pratique, anticapitaliste (souvent explicitement marxiste) de la Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration. Par ailleurs, il utilise syst\u00e9matiquement le terme \u00ab\u00a0humaniste\u00a0\u00bb qui \u00e9voque une position philosophique et non un engagement social et politique\u00a0; il fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 des personnalit\u00e9s, \u00e0 des \u00ab\u00a0comp\u00e9tences\u00a0\u00bb plus qu\u2019\u00e0 des mouvements\u00a0sociaux. On voit peu ou pas appara\u00eetre des cat\u00e9gories comme syndicalisme, gauche, etc. La droite n\u2019appara\u00eet pas non plus du reste. <\/span><\/p>\n

[23]<\/span><\/a> \u00ab\u00a0La rencontre entre les intellectuels, les chercheurs, les th\u00e9ologiens et les hommes de terrain (travailleurs sociaux, sp\u00e9cialistes du d\u00e9veloppement ou responsable d\u2019ONG) pour encourager et orienter les rapprochements que nous appelons de nos v\u0153ux dans le domaine de la mis\u00e8re et de l\u2019exploitation.\u00a0\u00bb(ibid., 188).<\/span><\/p>\n

(Source\u00a0:Article \u00a0publi\u00e9 dans le n\u00b0172 du printemps 2004 de \u00ab\u00a0Critique communiste\u00a0\u00bb, la revue th\u00e9orique de la LCR (France, 4\u00e8me internationale).)<\/font><\/p>\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Center for the Study of Islam & Democracy – 5th Annual Conference<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

U.S. Muslims urged to be force for change<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n

By Julia Duin<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

A<\/span><\/strong>merican Muslims can bridge the gap between America and the West and Middle Eastern countries attempting to establish democracy there, a panel concluded yesterday at a conference sponsored by the Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0American Muslims can be a force for democracy in their countries of origin,\u00a0\u00bb said Carl Gershman, president of the National Endowment for Democracy, speaking at the fifth annual CSID conference at the Washington Wyndham Hotel. \u00ab\u00a0I’ve told Arab activists, ‘Don’t wait for the United States to take action. You take action.’ \u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

He gave an example of the trade union Solidarity’s not waiting for American approval to help liberate Poland in the early 1980s. <\/span><\/p>\n

About 140 people are attending the conference, which ends late today. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mr. Gershman and Alina Romanowski, deputy assistant secretary of defense for Near Eastern Affairs, said that democratic movements in other parts of the world – such as North Korea, Tibet and Iran – have been abetted by their compatriots in the free world. <\/span><\/p>\n

Paul Sullivan, a speaker from the National Defense University, said that \u00ab\u00a0democracy and Islam go hand in hand.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

Democracy \u00ab\u00a0doesn’t have to be taught to Muslims,\u00a0\u00bb he said. \u00ab\u00a0They know it in their hearts. The people in these countries especially desire democracy because they have done without it for so long.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

Much of the discussion during yesterday’s sessions was about whether democracy can work in the Middle East. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0In some circles in Washington,\u00a0\u00bb Mr. Gershman said, there is pessimism or, at best, \u00ab\u00a0a new realism\u00a0\u00bb on whether democracy can work in the Middle East. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Even if they don’t like the messenger,\u00a0\u00bb he said of the U.S. role in the Middle East, \u00ab\u00a0they have to accept the message.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

The American occupation, he said, has started discussion and activity, not the least of which was a May 23 Arab League meeting in Tunis where participants issued a 13-point statement calling for democratic reform in the area. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0This was a first,\u00a0\u00bb he said. \u00ab\u00a0We must be engaged for the long haul. Democracy is not just a matter of getting rid of a dictator somewhere. … It is also a matter of not giving up or retreating.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/p>\n

Miss Romanowski said the United States is unjustly criticized for helping repressive Islamic regimes stay in power while doing little for ordinary people. She listed several initiatives, such as workshops in the Middle East to prepare women for political office and business internships for Middle Eastern women in the United States, that reach to a local level. <\/span><\/p>\n

Mr. Gershman outlined a strategy to bolster democratic movements: supporting activists, offering technical assistance, grants and training and pressuring governments to allow reform. He cited Turkey as a country that, under pressure from European countries, is slowly reforming some of its policies so it can apply for membership in the European Union. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0No one is expecting Iraq to become a perfect democracy overnight,\u00a0\u00bb he said. \u00ab\u00a0The process of building a democracy is very long and very difficult.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

(Source: Alerte \u00e9lectronique de\u00a0 M. Radwan A. Masmoudi d\u2019apr\u00e8s le journal am\u00e9ricain THE WASHINGTON TIMES, le 29 mai 2004)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

lien web\u00a0: <\/font> http:\/\/www.washingtontimes.com\/national\/20040528-115951-9418r.htm<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/div>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n
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Accueil<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n

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Accueil TUNISNEWS \u00a0\u00a05 \u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a01473 du 01.06.2004 \u00a0archives : www.tunisnews.net \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a – \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 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