{"id":20655,"date":"2003-12-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2003-12-19T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/19-decembre-2003\/"},"modified":"2003-12-19T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2003-12-19T00:00:00","slug":"19-decembre-2003","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/19-decembre-2003\/","title":{"rendered":"19 d\u00e9cembre 2003"},"content":{"rendered":"

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TUNISNEWS<\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font> <\/div>\n

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\u00a0 4 \u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a01308 du 19.12.2003<\/font><\/strong> <\/div>\n
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\u00a0archives : <\/font>www.tunisnews.net<\/font><\/a><\/font><\/blink><\/span><\/font><\/b><\/font> <\/div>\n

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AP: <\/p>\n

Tunisie: des ONG c\u00e9l\u00e8brent l’anniversaire de la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l’Homme<\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/font><\/o:p> <\/span> <\/div>\n

AFP: Le pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali souhaite un appui pour le succ\u00e8s du SMSI<\/font> <\/p>\n

East Anglican Dialy Times: Stabbed tourist is improving<\/font><\/h2>\n

AP: Mondial 2010: les inspecteurs de la FIFA ach\u00e8vent leur mission en Tunisie <\/font><\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/span> <\/div>\n

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Ta\u00eeeb Smati: Appel aux d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l\u2019homme – Saddam\u00a0 \u00e0 droit \u00e0 la vie !<\/font><\/p>\n

Mehdi Y\u00e1kdhan: L\u2019exception tunisienne de \u00abTranparency international<\/font> Mohamed Farah: March\u00e9s publics et corruption Kh\u00e9mais Toumi: Un sommet pour rien…<\/font><\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/span> <\/div>\n

<\/o:p> R\u00e9alit\u00e9s: Forte pr\u00e9sence tunisienne \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve<\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/span> <\/div>\n
AFP: Bouteflika exclut une m\u00e9diation fran\u00e7aise pour la tenue du sommet de l’UMA <\/p>\n

Rassemblement : Manifestons notre attachement \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 et \u00e0 la la\u00efcit\u00e9.<\/font><\/p>\n

AFP: Rumsfeld \u00e0 Bagdad en 1984 pour rassurer l’Irak (presse) <\/p>\n

Lib\u00e9ration: Bush et la gueule du loup<\/font><\/h3>\n

Hi Pakistan: West’s policies sow seeds of internal conflict, says study<\/font> <\/font><\/o:p> <\/span> <\/div>\n

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<\/font><\/span><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

Pour afficher les caract\u00e8res arabes\u00a0<\/font> suivre la d\u00e9marche suivante<\/font> : Affichage<\/font> \/ Codage<\/font> \/ Arabe ( Windows )<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

To read arabic<\/font> text click on the View<\/font>\u00a0then Encoding <\/font>then <\/font>Arabic (Windows).<\/font><\/font><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n
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Dr Moncef \u00a0MARZOUKI \u00e0 El-Jazira<\/font><\/h3>\n

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Dr Moncef Marzouki, sera l\u2019invit\u00e9 du journaliste Ghassen Ben Jeddou dans son \u00e9mission:<\/span><\/font><\/b> <\/div>\n
\u05f4 Hiwar Maftouh\u00a0\u05f4 ( d\u00e9bat ouvert)<\/font><\/span><\/font><\/b> <\/div>\n
\u00a0samedi 20 d\u00e9cembre \u00e0 19h 30 min\u00a0 heure de Tunis\u00a0<\/font><\/span><\/font><\/b> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/div>\n

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Maghreb Confidentiel N\u00b0629 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003<\/strong> <\/font><\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n
TUNISIE Tout terrain<\/strong><\/font> Le minist\u00e8re tunisien de l’int\u00e9rieur a lanc\u00e9 un appel d’offres pour l’acquisition de v\u00e9hicules tout terrain. L’ouverture des plis a lieu fin janvier 2004. TUNISIE <\/p>\n

Nouvelle loi anti-terroriste tunisienne.<\/strong> <\/font><\/h3>\n

La nouvelle loi vise \u00e0 plaire \u00e0 Washington, qui a \u00e9pingl\u00e9 plusieurs investisseurs saoudiens actifs en Tunisie sur sa liste rouge.<\/font><\/div>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 65 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1987.<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/o:p><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2003)<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tunisie: des ONG c\u00e9l\u00e8brent l’anniversaire de la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l’Homme<\/font><\/h3>\n

<\/strong> <\/font><\/div>\n

\u00a0 <\/div>\n
AP vendredi 19 d\u00e9cembre 2003, 22h48<\/font> <\/div>\n
TUNIS (AP) – Plusieurs organisations non gouvernementales ont c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 vendredi \u00e0 Tunis le 55e anniversaire de la D\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l’Homme, lors d’une journ\u00e9e organis\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0l’espace El Teatro\u00a0\u00bb qui a rassembl\u00e9 plusieurs centaines de personnes. Plac\u00e9e sous le th\u00e8me de \u00ab\u00a0la protection des d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l’homme\u00a0\u00bb, cette manifestation a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par des communications d’Anouar Kousri de la Ligue tunisienne des droits de l’homme (LTDH), d’Habib Marsit d’Amnesty International-Tunisie, et de Mohamed Jmour et Raouf Ayadi du conseil de l’ordre des avocats. Les orateurs ont appel\u00e9 \u00e0 la pers\u00e9v\u00e9rance dans la lutte pour le respect des droits de l’Homme. De son c\u00f4te, l’ex-pr\u00e9sidente de l’Association tunisienne des femmes d\u00e9mocrates (ATFD), Me Bochra Belhaj Hamida, a plaid\u00e9 pour une autocritique des ONG en vue d’en promouvoir l’action. \u00ab\u00a0Ind\u00e9pendamment des d\u00e9passements que l’on constate du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des autorit\u00e9s, qu’avons-nous fait nous-m\u00eames pour changer la situation?\u00a0\u00bb, s’est-elle interrog\u00e9e. Elle a d\u00e9plor\u00e9 que les d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l’Homme soient r\u00e9duits \u00e0 ne se soucier que de leur propre d\u00e9fense, en occultant la cause des personnes pour lesquelles leurs organisations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es. Quant au b\u00e2tonnier B\u00e9chir Essid, il a jug\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0grave\u00a0\u00bb la situation des avocats en Tunisie, appelant \u00e0 une solidarit\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rentes composantes de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile avec ce corps. Les all\u00e9gations du b\u00e2tonnier sont au demeurant rejet\u00e9es par les autorit\u00e9s. Un hommage a \u00e9t\u00e9 rendu \u00e0 l’avocate et militante des droits de l’Homme Radhia Nasraoui, qui se rel\u00e8ve d’une gr\u00e8ve de la faim de pr\u00e8s de deux mois pour protester contre le harc\u00e8lement dont elle affirmait faire l’objet. \u00ab\u00a0Je vais nettement mieux\u00a0\u00bb, a assur\u00e9 l’avocate \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e dans la salle de r\u00e9union, en compagnie de son mari, l’opposant Hamma Hammami. Lorsque son \u00e9pouse avait recommenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s’alimenter, ce dernier avait fait \u00e9tat de gestes d’apaisement pris par les autorit\u00e9s, notamment la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de documents confisqu\u00e9s par la douane et le r\u00e9tablissement de lignes t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques avec l’\u00e9tranger.<\/font> <\/div>\n

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\u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u00a0\u00bb\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u00bb\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00bb\u0648\u0645\u064f\u0640\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0646\u0626\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627!!!<\/font><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649\u0628\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n

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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 19\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2003)<\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/div>\n
\u00ab\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0640\u0640\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0640\u0642\u0640\u062f\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u00a0\u00bb!!!!<\/font>\u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n

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<\/font>Tr\u00e9st\u00f4t, voire TROP t\u00f4t, Ben Ali demande \u201ctout le\u00a0 soutien (financier biens\u00fbr) requis\u201d pour le SMSI de 2005 \u00e0 Tunis <\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

Le pr\u00e9sident Ben Alisouhaite un appui pour le succ\u00e8s du SMSI <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/font><\/h3>\n

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AFP, le 18.12.2003 \u00e0 18h08 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TUNIS, 18 d\u00e9c (AFP) – Le pr\u00e9sident tunisien Zine El Abidine Ben\u00a0 Ali a demand\u00e9 jeudi un soutien international pour la r\u00e9ussite du\u00a0 Sommet mondial sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l’Information (SMSI) dont la\u00a0 deuxi\u00e8me phase aura lieu en 2005 \u00e0 Tunis, la premi\u00e8re s’\u00e9tant\u00a0 d\u00e9roul\u00e9e le 10 d\u00e9cembre \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Nous souhaitons que la Tunisie puisse trouver (…) tout le\u00a0 soutien requis pour la r\u00e9ussite de ce Sommet eu \u00e9gard \u00e0 l’importance\u00a0 cruciale que rev\u00eat le secteur de l’information et de la\u00a0 communication dans la consolidation du d\u00e9veloppement\u00a0\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 M.\u00a0 Ben Ali en recevant de nouveaux ambassadeurs de dix pays d’Europe,\u00a0 d’Asie et d’Am\u00e9rique. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evoquant \u00ab\u00a0l’immense foss\u00e9 num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb entre pays industrialis\u00e9s\u00a0 et pays en d\u00e9veloppement, le chef de l’Etat tunisien a rappel\u00e9 que\u00a0 son pays avait lanc\u00e9 l’id\u00e9e du sommet mondial et soulign\u00e9 l’espoir\u00a0 que constitue cette rencontre pour l’instauration \u00ab\u00a0d’un ordre\u00a0 international plus \u00e9quitable et plus \u00e9quilibr\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les participants au premier SMSI \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve ont adopt\u00e9 un plan\u00a0 d’action pour r\u00e9sorber la \u00ab\u00a0fracture num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb entre Nord et Sud,\u00a0 sans grands r\u00e9sultats concrets pour les pays pauvres. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ils avaient notamment report\u00e9 au rendez-vous de Tunis la\u00a0 question du financement d’un Fonds de solidarit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique r\u00e9clam\u00e9\u00a0 par les Africains pour les aider \u00e0 diffuser plus largement les\u00a0 nouvelles technologies. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Des Organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) comme Reporters\u00a0 sans fronti\u00e8res et Amnesty International, ont critiqu\u00e9\u00a0 l’organisation de la deuxi\u00e8me phase du sommet en Tunisie, pays qui\u00a0 restreint, selon elles, la libert\u00e9 d’expression.<\/font> <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n
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Stabbed tourist is improving<\/font><\/h3>\n

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BY MARK HEATH December 19, 2003 06:28 A WELL-known Suffolk businessman who was brutally attacked while on holiday has been told he can return home for Christmas. Brian Le Grys was seriously injured in the frenzied attack in Tunisia over the weekend, which saw him stabbed several times and robbed. Mr Le Grys, a former owner of the Suffolk Wildlife and Country Park in Kessingland, was travelling alone in Sousse, a port and major resort in the North African country. He was attacked halfway through his two-week trip, and stabbed several times in the chest, stomach and back. His worried son Nick flew out to Tunisia on Wednesday night, where Mr Le Grys, who lives in Bealings Road, Martlesham, was in critical condition following corrective surgery. Georgina Le Grys, Nick’s wife, said she spoke to her husband very briefly yesterday and was delighted to hear that the pair will be returning home next week. \u00ab\u00a0Brian has recovered well. Nick saw the doctor with him in the morning and they’ve got Brian out of bed and up and around,\u00a0\u00bb she added. \u00ab\u00a0The doctors have told him he is fine to travel and they will be back next week.\u00a0\u00bb Mrs Le Grys said that her father-in-law is not on any medication other than painkillers following his treatment. \u00ab\u00a0He’s got a lot of pain in his chest but he will do after what’s happened to him,\u00a0\u00bb she added. The circumstances surrounding the attack are not clear, but Mrs Le Grys told the EADT that the popular businessman had been robbed. \u00ab\u00a0He had his credit cards and traveller’s cheques stolen so he has cancelled them,\u00a0\u00bb she said. \u00ab\u00a0He has spoken to the police. \u00ab\u00a0Brian identified who attacked and robbed him when the police came to see him in hospital, but I don’t know anything else. \u00ab\u00a0It’s just been a complete nightmare for us. I’m glad that Nick went out there because I was starting to worry that we’d never get him back. \u00ab\u00a0I can’t wait for them to get home now \u2013 it’s going to be a great Christmas.\u00a0\u00bb <\/div>\n
(Source: le journal britannique East Anglican Dialy Times du 19 d\u00e9cembre 2003) Site du journal: http:\/\/www.eadt.co.uk <\/font>\u00a0 <\/div>\n
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Suffolk businessman stabbed on holiday<\/font><\/h3>\n

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December 17, 2003 16:45 A FORMER owner of a Suffolk tourist attraction is receiving emergency hospital treatment after being stabbed several times while on holiday. Brian Le Grys was seriously injured during the brutal attack in Tunisia and his condition is described as \u00ab\u00a0critical\u00a0\u00bb. Mr Le Grys, of Bealings Road, Martlesham, near Woodbridge, was travelling alone when he was injured at the weekend. The circumstances surrounding the attack have not been made public. His son Nick Le Grys is flying to the North African country to comfort Mr Le Grys and to discover more about the attack. \u00a0\u00bbHe is in hospital and has been in a critical condition. He was stabbed several times, in the chest, stomach and back, and he had to have corrective surgery to solve his internal problems,\u00a0\u00bb said Mr Le Grys. He said he was told about the attack on Monday but he knew very little detail about the incident and he was now preparing to fly to the country to be with his father. Mr Le Grys was due back in Suffolk this Sunday and the attack occurred half-way through his two-week trip. He is a well-known businessman. In 1986 he bought the Suffolk Wildlife and Country Park at Kessingland and his family ran the tourist attraction for five years. The incident took place in Sousse, a port and major resort in Tunisia. The main landmarks are the 9th Century Ribat fortress and Grand Mosque. Close by is an international airport at Monastir. A spokeswoman for the Foreign Office said yesterday: \u00a0\u00bbI can confirm that we are aware of an incident involving a British national in Tunisia.\u00a0\u00bb <\/div>\n
(Source: le journal britannique \u201cThe Evening Star\u201d, le 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003) Site: http:\/\/www.eveningstar.co.uk <\/font><\/div>\n
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Man critical after holiday stabbing<\/font><\/h3>\n

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BY RICHARD SMITH December 17, 2003 05:18 A FORMER owner of a Suffolk tourist attraction was last night receiving emergency hospital treatment after being stabbed several times while on holiday. Brian Le Grys was seriously injured during the brutal attack in Tunisia and his condition was described as \u00a0\u00bbcritical.\u00a0\u00bb Mr Le Grys, of Bealings Road, Martlesham, near Woodbridge, was travelling alone when he was injured at the weekend. The circumstances surrounding the attack have not been made public. His son Nick Le Grys is flying to the North African country to comfort Mr Le Grys and to discover more about the attack. \u00a0\u00bbHe is in hospital and has been in a critical condition. He was stabbed several times, in the chest, stomach and back, and he had to have corrective surgery to solve his internal problems,\u00a0\u00bb said Mr Le Grys. He said he was told about the attack on Monday but he knew very little detail about the incident and he was now preparing to fly to the country to be with his father. Mr Le Grys was due back in Suffolk this Sunday and the attack occurred half-way through his two-week trip. He is a well-known businessman. In 1986 he bought the Suffolk Wildlife and Country Park at Kessingland and his family ran the tourist attraction for five years. The incident took place in Sousse, a port and major resort in Tunisia. The main landmarks are the 9th Century Ribat fortress and Grand Mosque. Close by is an international airport at Monastir. Up to 250,000 British people visited Tunisia last year, mainly as tourists, and the British Embassy has warned that there was a \u00a0\u00bbcontinuing risk from terrorism.\u00a0\u00bb The Embassy’s website warns tourists about trouble in the country and says: \u00a0\u00bbThere is a general threat to Western and British interests from terrorism. Although the Tunisians operate a robust security policy, terrorists have demonstrated that they are prepared to target tourist areas. \u00a0\u00bbThere is little violent crime but visitors should watch out for petty criminals such as pickpockets, particularly in crowded market places.\u00a0\u00bb A spokeswoman for the Foreign Office said yesterday: \u00a0\u00bbI can confirm that we are aware of an incident involving a British national in Tunisia. We are not involved at all.\u00a0\u00bb The Foreign Office was alerted to the attack on Mr Le Grys by a travel agent but the spokeswoman said: \u00a0\u00bbWe have not spoken to the person directly but the person has made it very clear that he does not want any details released.\u00a0\u00bb The British Consul offices in Tunis said it did not have any information relating to the incident. The police headquarters in Sousse was unable to provide details about the attack. <\/div>\n
(Source: le journal britannique East Anglican Dialy Times du 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003) Site du journal: http:\/\/www.eadt.co.uk<\/a> <\/p>\n\n

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Mondial 2010: les inspecteurs de la FIFA ach\u00e8vent leur mission en Tunisie<\/font><\/h4>\n

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par Bouazza Ben Bouazza \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Associated Press, le 18.12.2003 \u00e0 19h25\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TUNIS (AP) — Le groupe d’inspection de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration internationale de football (FIFA) a achev\u00e9 jeudi sa mission en Tunisie, l’un des cinq pays candidats \u00e0 l’organisation de la Coupe du monde 2010 qui aura lieu pour la premi\u00e8re fois en Afrique. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les quatre autres candidats sont l’Afrique du Sud, le Maroc, d\u00e9j\u00e0 inspect\u00e9s par les experts de la FIFA, la Libye et l’Egypte o\u00f9 le groupe se rendra en janvier prochain. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Durant une semaine, la mission d’inspection, conduite par le Belge Jan Peeters, a sillonn\u00e9 le pays du nord au sud, et visit\u00e9 les installations sportives devant abriter les matches du Mondial 2010 au cas o\u00f9 la candidature tunisienne serait retenue. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Ils ont proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 une inspection minutieuse des stades, des salles et autres \u00e9quipements sanitaires, parfois au m\u00e8tre pr\u00e8s\u00a0\u00bb, a t\u00e9moign\u00e9 un des accompagnateurs de la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation de la FIFA qui a requis l’anonymat. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Outre les stades, les inspecteurs de la FIFA se sont particuli\u00e8rement attard\u00e9s sur la visite des h\u00f4pitaux et des terrains d’entra\u00eenement des \u00e9quipes qualifi\u00e9es, selon les dires de M. Peeters. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ils ont \u00e9galement pris connaissance des infrastructures h\u00f4teli\u00e8res, de transport et de communication du pays et visit\u00e9 des sites culturels tels les vestiges romains de Carthage. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lors d’une conf\u00e9rence de presse tenue \u00e0 la mairie de Tunis, M.Peeters a d’embl\u00e9e averti les journalistes qu’il ne parlerait pas des r\u00e9sultats de la mission que son groupe vient d’effectuer en Tunisie. \u00ab\u00a0Nous avons un code de d\u00e9ontologie que nous aimons \u00e0 respecter\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il insist\u00e9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sous forme \u00ab\u00a0d’anecdote\u00a0\u00bb, il a confi\u00e9 que son groupe s’attachait \u00e0 faire en sorte que la dur\u00e9e de s\u00e9jour soit la m\u00eame dans chaque pays visit\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 une heure pr\u00e8s\u00a0\u00bb. Il s’est n\u00e9anmoins f\u00e9licit\u00e9 de \u00ab\u00a0l’excellente organisation\u00a0\u00bb de la visite et de \u00ab\u00a0l’accueil incroyablement accueillant et amical\u00a0\u00bb qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9serv\u00e9 durant son s\u00e9jour tunisien. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Il a aussi fait part de sa \u00ab\u00a0grande admiration\u00a0\u00bb pour le patrimoine culturel de la Tunisie et vant\u00e9 sa gastronomie, \u00ab\u00a0un aspect pas des moins agr\u00e9ables\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il lanc\u00e9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0On mange tr\u00e8s bien en Tunisie et d’ailleurs, tous les membres du groupe ont pris quelques kilos de plus depuis leur arriv\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il ironis\u00e9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La d\u00e9l\u00e9gation de la FIFA a \u00e9t\u00e9, par ailleurs, re\u00e7ue par le Premier ministre, et plusieurs ministres tunisiens dont ceux en charge des Sports, du Tourisme, de la Sant\u00e9, du Transport et de l’Equipement. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Interrog\u00e9 sur la candidature commune tuniso-libyenne pour l’organisation du Mondial africain, M. Peeters a fait remarquer que cette question n’\u00e9tait pas de la comp\u00e9tence du groupe d’inspection de la FIFA dont la mission est \u00ab\u00a0purement technique\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pr\u00e9sent \u00e0 la conf\u00e9rence de presse, le pr\u00e9sident de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration tunisienne de football (FTF), Hammouda Ben Ammar, persiste et signe. \u00ab\u00a0Nous y croyons fermement et nous oeuvrons dans ce sens\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il martel\u00e9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le responsable de la FTF a qualifi\u00e9 de \u00ab\u00a0solide\u00a0\u00bb le dossier tunisien, en mettant l’accent sur un \u00ab\u00a0facteur d\u00e9terminant\u00a0\u00bb qu’est la proximit\u00e9 de la Tunisie qui est \u00e0 deux heures de vol des principales capitales europ\u00e9ennes, ainsi que sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 qui y r\u00e8gne. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0J’esp\u00e8re que nos amis libyens feront de m\u00eame\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il dit.\u00a0<\/font> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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lettre d’information du site \u00ab\u00a0Tunisie R\u00e9veille Toi !\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/h4>\n

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\u00a0(http:\/\/www.reveiltunisien.org<\/font>)\u00a0 du 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003 <\/font><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 —————– \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NOUVEAUX ARTICLES <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 —————– \u00a0<\/font> <\/div>\n
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** La prolongation de la tyrannie\/3 **<\/font><\/h4>\n

<\/strong>par Al Mouhit<\/strong> le mercredi 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003 \u00a0\u00a0 -> http:\/\/www.reveiltunisien.org\/spip_redirect.php3?id_article=885 \u00a0<\/font> <\/p>\n

** \u00ab\u00a0Ni pute, ni soumise, ni compl\u00e9tement abrutie non plus\u00a0\u00bb: acte<\/strong> suivant\/ Par Mary **<\/strong><\/font><\/h4>\n

par hasni <\/strong>le mercredi 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003<\/font> <\/div>\n

-> http:\/\/www.reveiltunisien.org\/spip_redirect.php3?id_article=882 <\/font>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

** Ben Ali fait le trottoir \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve: barbouzes \u00e0 l’oeuvre au SMSI \/Jalel Matri, \u00a9 Union des Tunisiens en Suisse (UTS) **<\/font><\/p>\n

<\/strong>par R\u00e9daction<\/strong> de reveiltunisien.org le mercredi 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003 \u00a0 -> http:\/\/www.reveiltunisien.org\/spip_redirect.php3?id_article=886<\/font> \u00a0 <\/p>\n

** Mangez et importez ! **<\/font><\/h4>\n

<\/strong>par hasni<\/strong> le mercredi 17 d\u00e9cembre 2003<\/font> <\/div>\n

-> http:\/\/www.reveiltunisien.org\/spip_redirect.php3?id_article=881<\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n
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FLASH INFOS<\/font> <\/font>\u00a0<\/font> <\/div>\n
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L\u2019ambassadeur US, le 28 d\u00e9cembre \u00e0 Tunis<\/font><\/h4>\n

<\/strong> De source digne de foi, nous croyons savoir que le nouvel ambassadeur am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 Tunis, M. William Hudson, gagnera son poste le 28 d\u00e9cembre courant. M. Hudson est un francophone titulaire d\u2019un doctorat de troisi\u00e8me cycle de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Californie, qui occupe pour la premi\u00e8re fois de sa carri\u00e8re diplomatique le poste d\u2019ambassadeur. Il a de grandes connaissances en commerce, \u00e9changes et \u00e9conomie. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/p>\n

Fin de mission<\/font><\/h4>\n

<\/strong> L\u2019ambassadeur de Gr\u00e8ce en Tunisie, M. Pietros Avierinos, ach\u00e8ve sa mission dans notre pays ; il vient d\u2019\u00eatre nomm\u00e9 ambassadeur \u00e0 Cuba. Il sera remplac\u00e9 par Mme Arvaniti, qui sera ainsi la quatri\u00e8me femme ambassadrice en Tunisie, apr\u00e8s la Sud-Cor\u00e9enne, la Pakistanaise et la Finlandaise. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)\u00a0 <\/font>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

77 millions d\u2019weuros de la BAD pour la STEG<\/font><\/h4>\n

<\/strong> La Banque africaine de d\u00e9veloppement a approuv\u00e9 un pr\u00eat de 77,15 millions d\u2019euros (115.000 dinars) pour financer le projet d\u2019assainissement des r\u00e9seaux de distribution d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 en Tunisie. Le projet facilitera la remise en \u00e9tat et la modernisation des vieux r\u00e9seaux de distribution d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et am\u00e9liorera les conditions d\u2019alimentation en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 d\u2019environ 530.000 abonn\u00e9s. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)\u00a0 <\/font>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Sommet de l\u2019UMA<\/font><\/h4>\n

<\/strong> Le 7\u00e8me Sommet de l\u2019Union du Maghreb arabe aura lieu \u00e0 Alger les 23 et 24 d\u00e9cembre courant avec la participation des cinq pays qui seront repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par leur Chef d\u2019Etat, sauf le Maroc et la Mauritanie qui seront repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s vraisemblablement par leur Premier ministre. Une r\u00e9union du Comit\u00e9 de suivi aura lieu le 20 d\u00e9cembre et une r\u00e9union des ministres des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res aura lieu le 21 d\u00e9cembre. Le dernier sommet de l\u2019UMA remonte \u00e0 1994. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/p>\n

Remous chez les \u00e9crivains<\/font><\/h5>\n

<\/strong>La d\u00e9cision de reporter la date de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Union des Ecrivains Tunisiens de mars \u00e0 d\u00e9cembre 2004 a provoqu\u00e9 la col\u00e8re des membres. Une p\u00e9tition aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9e par une centaine de personnes demandant l\u2019annulation de la d\u00e9cision de Midani Ben Salah, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Union. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/p>\n

C\u00e9r\u00e9monie chez des communaut\u00e9s tunisiennes de Belgique<\/font><\/h5>\n

<\/strong> Les communaut\u00e9s tunisiennes des r\u00e9gions belges de Mons et de Renaix ont f\u00eat\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment le seizi\u00e8me anniversaire du Changement en organisant une petite c\u00e9r\u00e9monie, \u00e0 laquelle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 convi\u00e9s de hauts responsables belges. Durant cette m\u00eame c\u00e9r\u00e9monie, M. Hammadi Ben Naceur, pr\u00e9sident et fondateur de l\u2019Amicale des Tunisiens de Mons a prononc\u00e9 une allocution o\u00f9 il a manifest\u00e9 le soutien de la communaut\u00e9 \u00e0 la candidature du Pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali \u00e0 la Pr\u00e9sidentielle de 2004. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003) <\/font>\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Elections \u00e0 l\u2019UAP : report au 3 janvier<\/font><\/h5>\n

<\/strong> Apr\u00e8s une r\u00e9union qui a connu quelques soubresauts, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de reporter les \u00e9lections au sein de l\u2019Union des Artistes Plasticiens au 3 janvier prochain, et ce faute de quorum samedi 14 d\u00e9cembre. \u00a0 (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n

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Ta\u00eeeb Smati <\/strong><\/font>Parti des travailleurs Tunisiens <\/strong><\/font>E-mail : ta\u00eebsmati@yahoo.fr \u00a0 <\/font>Appel aux d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l\u2019homme\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n
Saddam\u00a0 \u00e0 droit \u00e0 la vie ! <\/font> <\/font><\/h5>\n

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Le pass\u00e9 honteux et criminel de Saddam n\u2019est pas \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer et personne ne peut pr\u00e9tendre le contraire, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 dictateur pur et dur du premier jour de son r\u00e8gne jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa chute, c\u2019est le cas de tout dirigeant arabe mais \u00e0 divers degr\u00e9s, Saddam tue sous la torture des milliers\u00a0 de ses opposants politiques, d\u2019autres saddam en tuent seulement des centaines\u2026 \u00a0 Les USA et leurs partenaires \u00e9taient entr\u00e9s en Iraq avec le pr\u00e9texte de d\u00e9loger le dictateur et installer un r\u00e9gime d\u00e9mocratique respectueux des droits de l\u2019homme. \u00a0 Apr\u00e8s l\u2019arrestation de Saddam les USAsummum de la d\u00e9mocratie et des droits de l\u2019homme dit-on affirme qu\u2019il ne sont pas contre son ex\u00e9cution ! ? busch affirme clair et net que Saddam m\u00e9rite la condamnation \u00e0 mort quelle horreur ! ? . \u00a0 Ceux – l\u00e0 m\u00eame qui ne cessaient\u00a0 de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter\u00a0 qu\u2019ils sont arriv\u00e9 au golf avec la noble id\u00e9e et la ferme conviction de faire de la r\u00e9gion en particulier et de tous les r\u00e9gimes arabes en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des d\u00e9mocraties respectueuses des droits de leurs citoyens, les voil\u00e0 revenu \u00e0 leurs juste r\u00e9alit\u00e9. \u00a0 Alors que le sort de\u00a0 saddam est entre les mains des responsables US, ceux-ci affirment qu\u2019ils ne vont rien faire pour assumer leurs responsabilit\u00e9s vis-\u00e0 vis de leurs prisonnier de guerre et il vont m\u00eame le d\u00e9livrer \u00e0 la vengeance aveugle de ses compatriotes qui ne disposent d\u2019aucune l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 pour juger, puisque d\u00e9pourvus de constitution de pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif, de pouvoir l\u00e9gislatif, et de pouvoir judiciaire. Les affam\u00e9s de vengeance et de sang ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 constitu\u00e9 \u00e0 la h\u00e2te un tribunal exceptionnel avec la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction et peut \u00eatre sous l\u2019ordre m\u00eame de l\u2019occupant mais sans l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 aucune et contraire au droit international et \u00e0 la convention de gen\u00e9ve . \u00a0 Pourquoi veut-on co\u00fbte que co\u00fbte et si vite la peau de Saddam, pourtant redevenu un simple prisonnier de guerre. Je remercie ma\u00eetre JACQUES VERGES, cet avocat fran\u00e7ais honorable d\u00e9fenseur acharn\u00e9 des droits de l\u2019homme, d \u2018avoir manifest\u00e9 sa disponibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre Saddam et je remercie tous ceux qui en feraient de m\u00eame, je demande \u00e0 tout respectueux de la vie humaine de d\u00e9fendre celle de Saddam en tant qu\u2019\u00eatre humain\u00a0 ayant droit \u00e0 la vie quoi qu\u2019il en privait certains de ses sujets durant son r\u00e8gne. \u00a0 Je demande \u00e0 tous ceux qui \u0153uvrent pour le respect des droits de l\u2019homme et \u00e0 tous ceux pour qui la vie humaine\u00a0 est tout ce qu\u2019il y a de plus ch\u00e8re sur terre et au ciel de tout faire pour emp\u00eacher que le proc\u00e8s de Saddam se d\u00e9roule en Iraq. Un tribunal Iraqien ne fera qu\u2019 envoyer Saddam \u00e0 la potence juste pour assouvir la soif de vengeance d\u2018autres dictateurs d\u00e9sign\u00e9s ill\u00e9galement ma\u00eetres des c\u00e9ans. \u00a0 Seul le T.P.I et comp\u00e9tant en la mati\u00e8re conform\u00e9ment au droit international et aux principes humanitaires, l\u00e0 nous sommes certains que Saddam sera jug\u00e9 \u00e9quitablement, sans bavure ,sans haine, sans m\u00e9pris ni vengeance\u00a0 . \u00a0 Toutes les O.N.G tous les peuples, tous les penseurs et intellectuels arabes qui m\u00e8nent depuis longtemps leurs noble combat pour faire r\u00e9gner la paix, la d\u00e9mocratie et le droit sont aujourd\u2019hui devant un test grandeur nature pour faire entendre leurs voix et surtout pour prouver le\u00a0 s\u00e9rieux pour\u00a0 le combat consistant \u00e0 faire des r\u00e9gimes et des peuples arabes de v\u00e9ritables d\u00e9mocraties respectueuses des droits de l\u2019homme. La vengeance, la haine, et le m\u00e9pris doivent \u00eatre abolis chez nous autant que la peine capital . \u00a0 N\u2019est-il pas \u00e9crit dans le saint coran : \u00ab \u2026ET ENCOUREZ AU PARDON DE VOTRE SEIGNEUR, ET AU PARADIS LARGE COMME LES CIEUX ET LA TERRE PREPARE POUR LES PIEUX, QUI DEPENSENT DANS L\u2019AISANCE ET DANS L\u2019ADVERSITE , QUI DOMINENT LEUR RAGE ET PARDONNENT A AUTRUI, CAR ALLAH AIME LES BIENFAISANTS\u2026 \u00bb \u00a0 Ta\u00eeeb Smati<\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/div>\n
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\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00a0 <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/font> <\/font><\/div>\n

\u0641\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u061f<\/font><\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

1 ) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n

\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 : <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

1 <\/span>\u2013<\/span> \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

2 <\/span>\u2013<\/span> \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

3 <\/span>\u2013<\/span> \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

2 ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062f <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2004 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a . \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

3 ) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0624\u0627\u0644 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h6>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0<\/span>\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/span>\u00a0<\/span> \u061f <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

4 ) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/u><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0635\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a: <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>– \u0633\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>– \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u00a0 <\/span>\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u0629 <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>– \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 . \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>– \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>– \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>– \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0623\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u061f <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 . \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u00a0 <\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

5 )\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/u><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628 <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2004 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

6 )\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/u><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \/ \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u060c <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \/ \u0647\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u062d <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 : <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 2004 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 .<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

7 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/h5>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

1 <\/span>\u2013<\/span> \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

2 <\/span>\u2013<\/span> \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

3 <\/span>\u2013<\/span> \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a \u00a0\u00bb \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u0646\u0627 . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c\u00a0 <\/span>\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0628\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u00a0 <\/span>\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0632\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d . <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

8 ) \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0642 <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/u><\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 .. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u061f <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645: \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u060c <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0645 : \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 .<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u0625\u0646\u0651\u00a0 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 . \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 . \u0641\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644. <\/o:p> <\/strong><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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Sommaire de la Lettre de la DEBT\u00a0 N\u00b06 (D\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/h5>\n

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<\/font>L’EXCEPTION TUNISIENNE DE \u00ab\u00a0TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL\u00a0\u00bb selon MEHDI YAKDHAN <\/font>MARCHES PUBLICS ET CORRUPTION\u00a0 PAR MOHAMMED FARAH\u00a0\u00a0 Juriste EDITO: UN SOMMET POUR RIEN\u00a0 PAR Khemais TOUMI<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n
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L\u2019exception tunisienne de \u00abTranparency international<\/font><\/h6>\n

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Par : Mehdi YAKDHAN<\/strong> <\/font>\u00a0 Une fois de plus le \u00abhit parade\u00bb annuel sur l\u2019indice de perceptions de la corruption (IPC) rendu public par l\u2019organisation. \u00a0 Transparency International fait preuve d\u2019une mansu\u00e9tude \u00e9tonnante \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la Tunisie. L\u2019\u00e9dition 2002, qui porte \u00absur un chiffre record de 102 pays\u00bb, place en effet la Tunisie en 39\u00e8me position avec un score de 4,8, sur une \u00e9chelle de 1 \u00e0 10, ce qui est assez honorable alors qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9vidence le fl\u00e9au de la corruption ne cesse de gagner en ampleur en Tunisie. \u00a0 Transparency International d\u00e9finit la corruption comme \u00abla mauvaise utilisation du pouvoir dont on est investi pour servir des int\u00e9r\u00eats personnels\u00bb et pr\u00e9cise que cette d\u00e9finition \u00abenglobe la corruption \u00e0 petite et grande \u00e9chelle dans les secteurs public et priv\u00e9\u00bb. Sur cette base, de v\u00e9ritables sondages cr\u00e9dibles et rigoureux situeraient, \u00e0 coup sur, la Tunisie bien en de\u00e7\u00e0 du classement qui lui est accord\u00e9 par Transparency International. \u00a0 D\u2019autant que bien des affairistes tunisiens se reconna\u00eetraient dans le constat fait par Peter Eigen Pr\u00e9sident du Conseil d\u2019Administration de TI quand il affirme que \u00ables \u00e9lites politiques corrompues des pays en d\u00e9veloppement travaillent de concert avec des hommes et femmes d\u2019affaires avides de gains et des investisseurs sans scrupule. Pour ces personnes \u2013 ajoute t\u2019il de fa\u00e7on fort pertinente \u2013 leur enrichissement personnel passe avant le bien \u00eatre des citoyens et le d\u00e9veloppement de leur pays\u00bb. \u00a0 Un int\u00e9ressant rapport 2003 sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information <\/strong>\u00a0 Avant d\u2019aller plus \u00e0 fond dans le commentaires sur l\u2019IPC accord\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tunisie, constatons toutefois que le dernier rapport mondial sur la corruption publi\u00e9 par TI est consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la question cruciale de \u00abl\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information\u00bb (\u00e9ditions Karthala Paris) est d\u2019un ind\u00e9niable int\u00e9r\u00eat. \u00a0 Riche en informations et en pistes de r\u00e9flexion, notamment concernant la recherche de nouveaux indicateurs de gouvernance fiables dont la \u00abdeuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration\u00bb doit permettre d\u2019op\u00e9rer un bon qualitatif en mati\u00e8re de m\u00e9thodes d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la gouvernance, ce rapport 2003 explore, par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de pas moins de 91 experts, \u00abla mani\u00e8re dont la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, les secteurs priv\u00e9 et public et les m\u00e9dias utilisent et contr\u00f4lent l\u2019information pour combattre et endiguer la corruption\u00bb. \u00a0 A ces analyses s\u2019ajoutent deux contributions sp\u00e9ciales de l\u2019ancien juge d\u2019instruction Eva Joly et du Secr\u00e9taire G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019Interpol Ron Roble. \u00a0 \u00abLes corrompus n\u2019ont plus d\u2019endroits o\u00f9 se cacher\u00bb. Tel est en substance le principal message qui ressort de ce rapport 2003. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la technologie \u2013 \u00e9l\u00e9ment essentiel \u00e0 la circulation rapide et pr\u00e9cise de l\u2019information \u2013 l\u2019opinion publique et les m\u00e9dias demandent de plus en plus aux entreprises et aux hommes politiques de rendre des comptes. Mais, comme le note fort justement le Pr\u00e9sident de TI, \u00abla libert\u00e9 d\u2019information ne suffit pas \u00e0 elle seule. Quel que soit le mode de traitement professionnel et pr\u00e9cis de l\u2019information, la corruption continuera \u00e0 prosp\u00e9rer sans la vigilance des m\u00e9dias et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, sans la bravoure des journalistes d\u2019investigation et surtout sans celle des gens qui d\u00e9nonce la corruption\u00bb. \u00a0 Or Monsieur Peter Eigen n\u2019ignore sans doute pas \u00e0 quel point la situation politique en Tunisie et les pratiques du parti-Etat , le RCD, font qu\u2019on ne saurait d\u00e9cemment parler ni de libert\u00e9 d\u2019information, ni de vigilance des m\u00e9dias, ni d\u2019autonomie de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile b\u00e2illonn\u00e9e et expos\u00e9e ainsi que toute voix dissidente \u00e0 une r\u00e9pression de tous les instants. Nous reviendrons, au terme de cet article, \u00e0 la situation qui est faite en Tunisie \u00e0 ceux que le Pr\u00e9sident de TI d\u00e9nomme \u00e0 juste titre de \u00abchampions de la transparence\u00bb et qu\u2019il estime \u00abaussi indispensable pour les pays en d\u00e9veloppement que pour les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s \u00bb. \u00a0 Acela s\u2019ajoute la lancinante question, abord\u00e9e par l\u2019ex juge Eva Jolly, de l\u2019habilitation du pouvoir judiciaire pour pr\u00e9venir et lutter contre la corruption. \u00a0 Or, sur ce plan, l\u2019instrumentalisation de la justice en Tunisie par le pouvoir politique et par les int\u00e9r\u00eats claniques et quasiment mafieux li\u00e9s \u00e0 ce pouvoir est de notori\u00e9t\u00e9 publique. Dans le document officiel de \u00abstrat\u00e9gie 2002-2006\u00bb sur la Tunisie \u00e9labor\u00e9, conform\u00e9ment au r\u00e8glement MEDA du partenariat Euro-m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en, par l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne dont on conna\u00eet les prudences diplomatiques ; on peut notamment lire page 8 : \u00able pouvoir judiciaire devrait b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier davantage d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance (\u2026) les juges tunisiens seraient parfois accul\u00e9s \u00e0 prononcer des jugements \u00e9tablis \u00e0 l\u2019avance, ce qui pose \u00e9galement la question de la transparence des d\u00e9cisions de justice. Les juridictions tunisiennes ne garantiraient pas les droits \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de la d\u00e9fense \u00e0 un proc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable quand il s\u2019agit de proc\u00e8s impliquant des accusations de nature politique\u00bb. \u00a0 Enfin, et pour clore ce commentaire sur le rapport 2003 de TI, signalons l\u2019accent qui y est mis sur les initiatives internationales \u00abtelle que la Convention pour la lutte contre la corruption des fonctionnaires \u00e9trangers dans les transactions commerciales internationales de l\u2019Organisation de Coop\u00e9ration et de D\u00e9veloppement Economique (OCDE)\u00bb. La mise en \u0153uvre effective de cette convention n\u2019est pas ais\u00e9e mais constitue un axe d\u2019autant plus essentiel des strat\u00e9gies de lutte contre la corruption que \u00abla convention et d\u2019autres instruments connexes de l\u2019OCDE traitent \u00e9galement de la comptabilit\u00e9, de la v\u00e9rification des comptes et des contr\u00f4les de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00bb. \u00a0 Le co\u00fbt du \u00abmiracle tunisien\u00bb<\/strong> \u00a0 On en arrive \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent au fameux classement de l\u2019indice de perceptions de la corruption (IPC) et du sort pour le moins cl\u00e9ment accord\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tunisie. La propagande du r\u00e9gime Ben Ali s\u2019\u00e9vertue depuis 16 ans \u00e0 vanter \u00able miracle tunisien\u00bb, mobilisant pour cela des moyens financiers consid\u00e9rables et une diplomatie particuli\u00e8rement agressive notamment au sein des institutions de la coop\u00e9ration multilat\u00e9rale par le biais de \u00ablobbies \u00bb tr\u00e8s actifs et bien r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s mais aussi gr\u00e2ce aux connivences d\u2019anciens hauts fonctionnaires tunisiens \u00abrecycl\u00e9s\u00bb au sein de ces institutions tel le FMI et la Banque Mondiale. \u00a0 A l\u2019occasion du 16\u00e8me anniversaire du \u00abchangement\u00bb du 7 novembre 1987, le magazine \u00abJeune Afrique l\u2019Intelligent\u00bb s\u2019est, ainsi une nouvelle fois, singularis\u00e9 par la publication d\u2019un abondant encart publi- r\u00e9dactionnel o\u00f9 il est question du \u00abgrand bond en avant\u00bb – excusez du peu – de l\u2019\u00e9conomie tunisienne ! \u00a0 Si l\u2019on veut bien d\u00e9passer le registre de la propagande arrogante dont le pouvoir tunisien s\u2019est fait une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 et les palinodies des thurif\u00e9raires du pouvoir, force cependant est de savoir garder raison m\u00eame si les \u00abperformances\u00bb de l\u2019\u00e9conomie tunisienne, qu\u2019il s\u2019agit de relativiser, peuvent faire illusion compar\u00e9es au d\u00e9labrement \u00e9conomique et social qui pr\u00e9vaut sur le continent africain. Au \u00abpays\u00bb des aveugles, les borgnes sont peut \u00eatre rois mais ils ne peuvent pr\u00e9tendre aux records d\u2019\u00abacuit\u00e9 visuelle\u00bb que s\u2019octroient volontiers les autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes. \u00a0 Dans le \u00abdocument de strat\u00e9gie par pays\u00bb sur la Tunisie de l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne, d\u00e9j\u00e0 cit\u00e9, on peut notamment lire \u00abMalgr\u00e9 une situation politique stable, le faible dialogue r\u00e9el avec la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile pourrait progressivement limiter le potentiel de croissance. Les principales organisations de d\u00e9fense des droits humains d\u00e9plorent les interf\u00e9rences politiques aux niveaux de la sph\u00e8re \u00e9conomique et un manque d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du syst\u00e8me judiciaire (\u2026) La gouvernance du pays r\u00e9pond toutefois de moins en moins aux besoins d\u2019une classe moyenne croissante et de l\u2019ouverture de l\u2019\u00e9conomie pr\u00f4n\u00e9e par l\u2019accord d\u2019association (\u2026) La Tunisie a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 une bonne ma\u00eetrise de la gestion macro \u00e9conomique (\u2026) mais les principales contraintes macro \u00e9conomiques et structurelles relev\u00e9es par les analystes ext\u00e9rieurs sont le niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la dette publique, la faiblesse du secteur bancaire [soulign\u00e9 dans le texte] la part encore \u00e9lev\u00e9e de l\u2019Etat dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie (environ 50% des investissements et 40% du PIB) et le besoin accru de consolidation de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre budg\u00e9taire (\u2026) un manque de concurrence interne affectant le climat des affaires d\u00e9courage l\u2019initiative priv\u00e9e et ne permet pas aux entreprises efficaces de prosp\u00e9rer (gouvernance au sens large)\u00bb. \u00a0 Pour qui sait d\u00e9crypter ce type de document officiel, ce diagnostic est de nature \u00e0 relativiser les discours d\u2019autosatisfaction inspir\u00e9s par le palais de Carthage. \u00a0 Dans deux \u00e9tudes d\u2019un grand int\u00e9r\u00eat B\u00e9atrice Hibou \u00e9conomiste au CERI (Centre d\u2019Etudes et de Recherches Internationales \u00e0 Paris) rappelle de fa\u00e7on \u00e9loquente \u00able co\u00fbt du miracle tunisien\u00bb et \u00e9value de fa\u00e7on critique \u00ables marges de man\u0153uvre d\u2019un bon \u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e9conomique : la Tunisie de Ben Ali\u00bb. \u00a0 Les analystes de Transparency International seraient inspir\u00e9s de consulter ces deux \u00e9tudes o\u00f9 l\u2019on rel\u00e8ve notamment \u00abque les privatisations sont souvent accapar\u00e9es par des proches du r\u00e9gime et qu\u2019elles font l\u2019objet comme dans beaucoup d\u2019autres pays, d\u2019ailleurs, d\u2019une large corruption\u00bb. On y rel\u00e8ve aussi que l\u2019ampleur des cr\u00e9ances douteuses ne s\u2019explique en effet qu\u2019en partie par le financement d\u00e9guis\u00e9 de la politique sociale. Plus de 60% de celles des banques publiques sont d\u00e9tenues par des acteurs priv\u00e9s. \u00a0 Personne pas m\u00eame les bailleurs de fonds qui ont financ\u00e9 le plan de redressement, ne croit \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de recouvrement cr\u00e9\u00e9es \u00e0 cet effet. L\u00e0 encore, les pr\u00eats \u00abnon remboursables\u00bb font partie d\u2019un \u00e9change entre le monde \u00e9conomique et le pouvoir : certes, les hommes d\u2019affaires proches du r\u00e9gime en ont largement b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 (et continuent sans doute, puisque de nombreuses cessions de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s privatis\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 financ\u00e9es par des cr\u00e9dits de banques publiques, mais ils ne sont pas les seuls\u00bb. \u00a0 On y rel\u00e8ve enfin que \u00abcontrairement \u00e0 ce que Philippe Seguin semble penser, la Tunisie de Ben Ali n\u2019est ni un miracle \u00e9conomique allant vers la d\u00e9mocratie, ni un pays sous d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 stagnant dans l\u2019autoritarisme. En revanche, le caract\u00e8re autoritaire r\u00e9pressif et paternaliste du r\u00e9gime politique actuel mod\u00e8le incontestablement ses performances \u00e9conomiques et, plus encore, leurs significations : malgr\u00e9 les croyances et les espoirs des bailleurs de fonds, les r\u00e9formes de lib\u00e9ralisation n\u2019arrivent ni \u00e0 diminuer les interventions publiques ni \u00e0 les d\u00e9politiser; L\u2019insertion internationale de la Tunisie et son rapprochement \u2013 du moins institutionnel \u2013 avec l\u2019Europe n\u2019ont pas radicalement modifi\u00e9 la nature du r\u00e9gime\u00bb. \u00a0 Dans l\u2019intervalle, il y a eu le scandale BATAM et, tout r\u00e9cemment, la diffusion sous le manteau d\u2019une liste de 127 groupes priv\u00e9s tunisiens d\u00e9biteurs aupr\u00e8s des banques de la place de sommes se situant entre 20 et 330 millions de Dinars chacun. Aucune pr\u00e9cision n\u2019est donn\u00e9e sur les garanties apport\u00e9es par la centaine de \u00abmilliardaires \u00bb concern\u00e9s dont le moins que l\u2019on puisse dire est qu\u2019ils sont, pour la plupart, de v\u00e9ritables colosses aux pieds d\u2019argile qui hypoth\u00e8quent gravement la situation du secteur bancaire tunisien et celle de l\u2019\u00e9conomie du pays. C\u2019est dans ce contexte, et en relativisant l\u2019image d\u00e9licatement entretenue d\u2019une Tunisie \u00ab\u00eele de stabilit\u00e9 au milieu d\u2019une zone de turbulences\u00bb qu\u2019il convient d\u2019examiner le mode d\u2019\u00e9valuation de l\u2019indice de perceptions de la corruption de Transparency International. \u00a0 Un indice composite<\/strong> \u00a0 Cet indice, qui en est actuellement \u00e0 sa huiti\u00e8me publication annuelle a pour but de \u00abcontribuer \u00e0 la recherche sur les causes et les cons\u00e9quences de la corruption \u00bb. L\u2019IPC est sens\u00e9 refl\u00e9ter \u00ables perceptions de personnes bien inform\u00e9es sur l\u2019ampleur de la corruption, qui se d\u00e9finit comme l\u2019abus d\u2019un pouvoir public pour des int\u00e9r\u00eats personnels. L\u2019ampleur de la corruption refl\u00e8te la fr\u00e9quence des sommes d\u2019argent offertes \u00e0 des fins de trafic d\u2019influence ou de v\u00e9nalit\u00e9, le montant des pots-de-vin et les entraves qui en r\u00e9sultent pour les entreprises. \u00a0 Cette d\u00e9finition de Jo Ann Graf Lambsdorff (dans le rapport de TI) confirme, d\u2019une part, qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019un indice rigoureux d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la corruption (mais comme son nom l\u2019indique d\u2019un indice de perceptions ) et que, d\u2019autre part, l\u2019appr\u00e9ciation de l\u2019ampleur de la corruption en fonction des crit\u00e8res retenus suppose une transparence et un acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information \u00e9conomique auxquels les dirigeants tunisiens ne peuvent nullement pr\u00e9tendre. Puisque, par exemple, m\u00eame l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la centrale des risques de la Banque Centrale de Tunisie a \u00e9t\u00e9 totalement verrouill\u00e9 et que la diffusion du rapport de la Cour des Comptes ainsi que certaines \u00e9tudes de l\u2019Institut National de la Statistiques a \u00e9t\u00e9 strictement limit\u00e9e. \u00a0 Transparency International affirme que la m\u00e9thodologie de calcul de l\u2019IPC s\u2019est am\u00e9lior\u00e9 au fil des ans mais aucune indication scientifique n\u2019est donn\u00e9e sur les modalit\u00e9s de calcul de cet indice. \u00a0 Tout au plus nous informe-t-on que \u00abl\u2019IPC de cette ann\u00e9e a utilis\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es recueillies entre 2000 et 2002\u00bb, que \u00abl\u2019IPC est un indice composite\u00bb et qu\u2019au total \u00ab15 sources de donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es pour l\u2019IPC 2002;elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fournies par 9 institutions diff\u00e9rentes: le Forum \u00e9conomique Mondial, l\u2019Etude de l\u2019environnement des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s dans le monde r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par la Banque Mondiale, l\u2019Institut de d\u00e9veloppement et de Management (Lausanne), Price Waterhouse Coopers, la Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (Hong Kong), l\u2019Economic Intelligence Unit (Centre de renseignements \u00e9conomiques) de Columbia University, Gallup International pour le compte de Transparency International et Nations in Transit de Freedom House\u00bb. \u00a0 Ainsi donc l\u2019IPC est le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019une combinaison de sources de donn\u00e9es qui pr\u00e9senterait, selon TI, l\u2019avantage que \u00ables valeurs d\u00e9viantes provenant d\u2019une source peuvent \u00eatre contrebalanc\u00e9es par l\u2019inclusion de deux sources au moins, r\u00e9duisant ainsi le risque de ne pas refl\u00e9ter correctement le niveau de corruption d\u2019un pays\u00bb. Cela reste \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer ! \u00a0 A l\u2019\u00e9vidence, le mode de calcul de l\u2019IPC exige de Transparency International qu\u2019elle fasse preuve d\u2019une \u2026 plus grande transparence sur les donn\u00e9es ainsi combin\u00e9es. A d\u00e9faut on serait tent\u00e9 de penser qu\u2019il s\u2019agirait plut\u00f4t de combines que de combinaison. \u00a0 L\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des m\u00e9dias, des associations et de la gestion\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0 En attendant une information plus substantielle sur ce mode de calcul et plus sp\u00e9cifiquement sur les donn\u00e9es concernant la Tunisie, nous conclurons sur les remarques et les interrogations suivantes : \u00a0 1 \u2013 Les sources de donn\u00e9es utilis\u00e9es se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent vraisemblablement elles m\u00eames, au moins partiellement, \u00e0 des indications et \u00e0 des rapports d\u2019agences de notation. Il serait important de savoir lesquelles et pour chaque pays consid\u00e9r\u00e9. Singuli\u00e8rement s\u2019agissant de la Tunisie qui a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une politique tr\u00e8s active de \u00abflirt\u00bb, sonnant et tr\u00e9buchant, avec des agences ou des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de notation d\u2019une fiabilit\u00e9 peu convaincante sinon douteuse. \u00a0 2 \u2013 Au nombre des sources invoqu\u00e9es pour la Tunisie, Transparency International at\u2019elle pris connaissance du rapport consid\u00e9r\u00e9 par les autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes comme un v\u00e9ritable secret d\u2019Etat \u00e9tablit en d\u00e9cembre 1999 pour le compte de la Banque Centrale de Tunisie par la prestigieuse agence am\u00e9ricaine de notation Moody\u2019s? Ce rapport, rendu public par l\u2019Audace en avril 2002 (Num\u00e9ro 86), est \u00e0 bien des \u00e9gards \u00e9difiant quant aux cr\u00e9ances douteuses accumul\u00e9es par le secteur bancaire tunisien et quant \u00e0 la m\u00e9diocrit\u00e9 de la liquidit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du march\u00e9. Ce m\u00eame rapport met l\u2019accent sur le fait que \u00able march\u00e9 tunisien de cr\u00e9dit demeure marqu\u00e9 par un degr\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 de risques cr\u00e9dits\u00bb Moody\u2019s consid\u00e8re \u00abque le risque cr\u00e9dit est le risque majeur des banques tunisiennes \u00bb et que la situation des entreprises tunisiennes est notamment marqu\u00e9e par \u00abun manque de transparence au niveau des donn\u00e9es financi\u00e8res rendant l\u2019\u00e9valuation des risques cr\u00e9dits difficile\u00bb \u00a0 3 \u2013 Plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, et sur un plan m\u00e9thodologique, la question se pose de savoir jusqu\u2019\u00e0 quel point l\u2019IPC n\u2019est pas une combinaison des notations en mati\u00e8re de \u00abrisque pays\u00bb qui refl\u00e8tent davantage l\u2019\u00e9valuation du contexte institutionnel et macro-\u00e9conomique que les indicateurs de gouvernance (stabilit\u00e9, turbulences, etc.) et de corruption. \u00a0 4 \u2013 Le \u00abscore\u00bb IPC est accompagn\u00e9 de deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u2019appr\u00e9ciation : le nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudes utilis\u00e9es et une notion statistique, l\u2019\u00e9cart type, qui gagnerait \u00e0 \u00eatre explicit\u00e9 pour les non initi\u00e9s. Cela signifie en clair que plus le nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudes utilis\u00e9es est grand, plus l\u2019\u00e9cart type est bas et, partant plus le score accord\u00e9 est fiable. Or dans le cas de la Tunisie, au del\u00e0 des r\u00e9serves que nous avons \u00e9mises, l\u2019IPC fait \u00e9tat de 5 \u00e9tudes et d\u2019un \u00e9cart type de 0,8 alors que l\u2019Afrique du Sud qui est plac\u00e9e un cran au dessus compte 11 \u00e9tudes et un \u00e9cart type de 0,5. Autant d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments qui devraient inciter \u00e0 pond\u00e9rer le score de 4,8 (sur une \u00e9chelle de 1 \u00e0 10) attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tunisie. \u00a0 \u00a0 5 \u2013 Mais au del\u00e0 des chiffres, il y a la question de la transparence et de la libert\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information, celle de la pluralit\u00e9 et de la libert\u00e9 des m\u00e9dias, celle de la libert\u00e9 associative (et notamment la possibilit\u00e9 de cr\u00e9er localement des associations de luttes contre la corruption autonome) et celle de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la justice. Sur toutes ces questions essentielles, nul n\u2019ignore, ni \u00e0 Transparency international (cf. les quelques remarques reprises dans le rapport 2003 sur la presse et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile en Tunisie), ni \u00e0 la Banque Mondiale ou \u00e0 l\u2019OCDE que la Tunisie est largement d\u00e9ficitaire. La suggestion d\u00e8s lors serait de ne retenir dans le classement de TI que les pays qui r\u00e9pondraient \u00e0 un niveau minimum d\u2019autonomie associative, de presse et de fonctionnement de l\u2019institution judiciaire. A d\u00e9faut, les d\u00e9s sont d\u00e9cid\u00e9ment trop pip\u00e9s et l\u2019usage de propagande que le gouvernement tunisien fait de son rang (39\u00e8me) dans le \u00abhit parade\u00bb de Transparency International devrait inciter \u00e0 une plus grande rigueur et \u00e0 une plus grande vigilance. \u00a0 6 \u2013 Ne conviendrait-il pas enfin de s\u2019interroger sur le r\u00f4le occulte de \u00ablobby\u00bb en faveur du gouvernement tunisien, dont ils sont demeur\u00e9s tr\u00e8s proches, jou\u00e9 (\u00e0 l\u2019insu probablement des responsables de l\u2019organisation) aupr\u00e8s de TI par certains anciens du secteur bancaire tunisien devenus des cadres sup\u00e9rieurs des institutions de la coop\u00e9ration internationale multilat\u00e9rale avant d\u2019exercer des activit\u00e9s internationales de \u00abconseil\u00bb. \u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n
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March\u00e9s publics et corruption<\/font><\/h6>\n

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Par : MOHAMMED FARAH<\/font><\/strong> – Juriste \u00a0 La passation des march\u00e9s publics est un champ de pr\u00e9dilection de l\u2019exercice de la corruption dont les m\u00e9faits sur la croissance \u00e9conomique et le bien-\u00eatre, surtout des populations les plus d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es, sont bien connus. \u00a0 Les effets les plus directs de la corruption sont entre autres : la mauvaise ou la sous utilisation des comp\u00e9tences ; la baisse des investissements nationaux et \u00e9trangers ; la diminution des recettes publiques; la capture de l\u2019Etat par certaines cat\u00e9gories privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es ; le non respect de l\u2019Etat de droit. La tendance internationale est actuellement \u00e0 la lutte contre la corruption par l\u2019adoption de lois qui ne pr\u00eatent pas le flanc \u00e0 ce type de comportement pr\u00e9dateur. \u00a0 En Tunisie, le gouvernement a adopt\u00e9 en ao\u00fbt 2003 un nouveau d\u00e9cret qui r\u00e9git le fonctionnement des march\u00e9s publics. L\u2019on s\u2019attend donc, comme annonc\u00e9, \u00e0 ce que ce nouveau code s\u2019inscrive dans cette tendance internationale. Il n\u2019en est en fait rien. Les modalit\u00e9s de passation des march\u00e9s publics, telles qu\u2019elles sont pr\u00e9vues par les textes, autorisent de jure la corruption. \u00a0 Pr\u00e9cisons ce point de vue. Les march\u00e9s publics couvrent en Tunisie un vaste domaine d\u2019activit\u00e9s. Ils concernent tous les contrats conclus pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de travaux, l\u2019achat de fournitures, la r\u00e9alisation de services ou l\u2019ex\u00e9cution d\u2019\u00e9tudes pour le compte de l\u2019administration ou l\u2019entreprise publique (article premier). \u00a0 L\u2019examen des proc\u00e9dures de passation des march\u00e9s publics montre que l\u2019administration ne garantit pas toujours les r\u00e8gles de la loyaut\u00e9 de la concurrence. Le code distingue trois modes de passation des march\u00e9s publics : l\u2019adjudication, l\u2019appel d\u2019offres et l\u2019entente directe. \u00a0 L\u2019adjudication<\/strong> \u00a0 L\u2019adjudication est ouverte ou restreinte. Trois principes gouvernent l\u2019adjudication : l\u2019administration fixe un prix maximum tenu secret jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019ouverture des soumissions ;l\u2019ouverture des soumissions est publique ; l\u2019attribution obligatoire du march\u00e9 au moins disant. \u00a0 L\u2019adjudication se fait selon un crit\u00e8re objectif (le prix). La transparence est th\u00e9oriquement un avantage majeur de cette technique puisque l\u2019ouverture des plis est publique. Mais ces avantages sont souvent plus fictifs que r\u00e9els. L\u2019inconv\u00e9nient majeur de l\u2019adjudication est que cette proc\u00e9dure – qui repose principalement sur le prix comme principal \u00e9l\u00e9ment pour l\u2019attribution des march\u00e9s – incite les soumissionnaires \u00e0 offrir des prix tr\u00e8s bas en vue de remporter le march\u00e9 et de se rattraper par la suite en r\u00e9alisant une prestation de pi\u00e8tre qualit\u00e9 en complaisance et moyennant corruption de ceux qui sont charg\u00e9s du respect de la conformit\u00e9 des cahiers de charge. \u00a0 Contrairement donc \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on pense, l\u2019adjudication n\u2019emp\u00eache pas la corruption. Bien au contraire, elle peut m\u00eame la favoriser. Elle ne r\u00e9duit pas non plus le co\u00fbt social puisqu\u2019il s\u2019en suit une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de l\u2019infrastructure publique. Ce sont l\u00e0 de r\u00e9els probl\u00e8mes que l\u2019adjudication restreinte ne peut r\u00e9soudre. \u00a0 Cette derni\u00e8re proc\u00e9dure, pr\u00e9vue par l\u2019article 74 du code des march\u00e9s publics, limite la participation aux candidats pr\u00e9alablement agr\u00e9\u00e9s par l\u2019administration. Le pouvoir discr\u00e9tionnaire ou le favoritisme de l\u2019administration dans l\u2019attribution des march\u00e9s est ici clairement institutionnalis\u00e9e. \u00a0 G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires des march\u00e9s entretiennent des relations d\u2019all\u00e9geance avec le pouvoir. Plus grave encore, l\u2019adjudication restreinte enfreint la concurrence pourtant \u00e9rig\u00e9e en principe dans l\u2019article 39 du m\u00eame code. \u00a0 L\u2019appel d\u2019offres <\/strong>\u00a0 Comme pour l\u2019adjudication, l\u2019appel d\u2019offres est ouvert ou restreint. Il peut se faire avec concours. Concr\u00e8tement, les plis sont ouverts par une commission de d\u00e9pouillement nomm\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on ad hoc compos\u00e9e de repr\u00e9sentants des services concern\u00e9s par le march\u00e9 ainsi que du contr\u00f4leur des d\u00e9penses publiques ou le repr\u00e9sentant de secr\u00e9tariat permanent de la commission sup\u00e9rieure des march\u00e9s, ou, selon les cas, la commission r\u00e9gionale, locale ou d\u00e9partementale. La phase du d\u00e9pouillement des offres est d\u00e9terminante parce qu\u2019elle aboutit au choix du candidat. Or, le d\u00e9pouillement n\u2019est pas public. \u00a0 La transparence n\u2019est donc pas du tout assur\u00e9e. L\u2019administration dispose aussi de la libert\u00e9 de choisir l\u2019offre qu\u2019elle jugera avantageuse sur la base de crit\u00e8res financiers et techniques (article 48) que la commission de d\u00e9pouillement aura fix\u00e9. Le pouvoir discr\u00e9tionnaire de l\u2019administration est encore plus \u00e9vident dans le cas de l\u2019appel d\u2019offres restreint, r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux march\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9s de complexes, puisque la proc\u00e9dure \u00e9carte d\u2019embl\u00e9e des entrepreneurs jug\u00e9s incapables ( ?) de s\u2019engager pour un march\u00e9 donn\u00e9. Le r\u00e9cent d\u00e9cret des march\u00e9s publics introduit cependant la possibilit\u00e9 de recours pour tout soumissionnaire \u00e9cart\u00e9 c\u2019est \u00e0 dire qui n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9. A cette date, les recours se font rares de crainte des mesures de repr\u00e9sailles. \u00a0 Les garanties d\u2019une concurrence loyale sont aussi bien minces dans le cas de l\u2019appel d\u2019offre avec concours puisque, juridiquement, rien n\u2019oblige l\u2019administration \u00e0 lancer un appel public et elle peut ne traiter qu\u2019avec les candidats qu\u2019elle a agr\u00e9\u00e9s. \u00a0 Les ententes directes<\/strong> \u00a0 La mise en concurrence, dans le cas des ententes directes, est organis\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re informelle sans qu\u2019il ne soit n\u00e9cessaire de se conformer aux proc\u00e9dures de l\u2019adjudication et de l\u2019appel d\u2019offres. L\u2019administration peut m\u00eame \u00e9voquer le \u00ab cas d\u2019urgence \u00bb (article 77) pour \u00e9viter les proc\u00e9dures concurrentielles. \u00a0 Parmi les cas d\u2019urgence pr\u00e9vus par le texte figurent les travaux ou les fournitures de biens et services qui ne peuvent subir \u00ab les d\u00e9lais de proc\u00e9dure d\u2019appel \u00e0 la concurrence \u00bb. Or, dans bien des cas, le caract\u00e8re imp\u00e9rieux de l\u2019urgence r\u00e9sulte des retards pris par l\u2019administration elle-m\u00eame dans la mise en place des proc\u00e9dures d\u2019autorisation ou de financement pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 la passation des march\u00e9s.Il convient de remarquer que les pratiques anticoncurrentielles sont aussi l\u2019\u0153uvre des chefs d\u2019entreprises puisque la pratique la plus fr\u00e9quente est l\u2019entente (concertation, pr\u00e9sentation d\u2019offre de couverture par des entreprises concurrentes\u2026) que l\u2019administration passe sous silence. En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, le dernier d\u00e9cret ne r\u00e9pond pas au souci d\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la transparence. Des dispositions relatives \u00e0 la corruption auraient m\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre prises en consid\u00e9ration par le l\u00e9gislateur si la\u00a0 volont\u00e9 d\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la gestion des affaires publiques \u00e9tait r\u00e9elle. On pourra \u00e9videmment toujours r\u00e9torquer que la corruption a exist\u00e9 de tout temps et qu\u2019elle ne pourra \u00eatre totalement \u00e9radiqu\u00e9e. Ceci est peut-\u00eatre vrai mais il est essentiel de s\u2019attaquer aux probl\u00e8mes qui risquent d\u2019encourager (et c\u2019est le cas du dernier d\u00e9cret) un tel comportement. \u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n
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Un sommet pour rien…<\/font><\/h6>\n

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Par : Kh\u00e9mais Toumi<\/font><\/strong>, Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019ACTLMG \u00a0 Le r\u00e9cent sommet qui s\u2019est tenu \u00e0 Tunis a d\u00e9cern\u00e9 un brevet de bonne gouvernance \u00e9conomique \u00e0 Ben Ali. Une partie de la presse a relay\u00e9 ce pr\u00e9jug\u00e9 non d\u00e9montr\u00e9. Le chiffre de croissance moyen de 5% annonc\u00e9 est faux. Pour 2002 il est d\u00e9clar\u00e9 par le gouvernement tunisien \u00e0 1,7%… \u00a0 Les investissements directs de l\u2019\u00e9tranger ont connu un repli significatif depuis deux ans comme l\u2019ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 quelques \u00e9conomistes institutionnels reconnus. Les faillites frauduleuses se multiplient comme autant de petits Enron (BATAM…) permettant ainsi de blanchir les d\u00e9tournements d\u2019argent op\u00e9r\u00e9s par le pouvoir. Les licences d\u2019exploitation font l\u2019objet d\u2019une corruption \u00e0 nulle autre pareille (Op\u00e9rateurs t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques par exemple).Les privatisations du secteur bancaire r\u00e9v\u00e8lent de grandes surprises pour les partenaires europ\u00e9ens au vu des gouffres financiers cach\u00e9s (UIB\/Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale). \u00a0 Le lib\u00e9ralisme \u00e9conomique souhait\u00e9 par l\u2019Europe et dont se f\u00e9licite ce sommet n\u2019existe pas : les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s priv\u00e9es en Tunisie sont toutes contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par l\u2019Etat au moyen de participations crois\u00e9es dont il est ais\u00e9 de d\u00e9montrer la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et appuy\u00e9es sur des concours bancaires. L\u2019absence de fiabilit\u00e9 des garanties tunisiennes et l\u2019existence d\u2019un syst\u00e8me mafieux d\u2019\u00e9conomie qui d\u00e9passe la simple corruption ordinaire \u00e9clatera au grand jour. \u00a0 La faillite pr\u00e9visible de l\u2019Etat tunisien p\u00e9nalisera en premier lieu les couches sociales les plus pauvres et les couches moyennes salari\u00e9s. En second lieu elle r\u00e9duira \u00e0 n\u00e9ant les investissements op\u00e9r\u00e9s par l\u2019union europ\u00e9enne en Tunisie en cr\u00e9ant une crise de confiance dans les projets europ\u00e9ens de coop\u00e9ration. \u00a0 Enfin, elle encouragera les r\u00e9actions les plus populistes et d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9s en Tunisie au d\u00e9triment des exigences d\u00e9mocratiques n\u00e9cessaires pour un bon fonctionnement de l\u2019\u00e9conomie. Et, quand l\u2019heure des comptes viendra, les conseilleurs et donneurs de le\u00e7ons ne seront plus l\u00e0 pour payer la facture. \u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n
<\/font>Association des Contribuables Tunisiens pour la Lutte contre la corruption et la Mal Gouvernance<\/font> <\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n
ACTLCMG – 69, rue du Rouet – 13008 Marseille T\u00e9l : 04 91 79 66 69 email : malgouvtunisie@wanadoo.fr t\u00e9l : +33 06 76 79 46 12<\/font><\/div>\n
Afin de pr\u00e9server la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des intervenants, l\u2019ACTLMG garantit la confidentialit\u00e9 de ses sources.<\/strong><\/font><\/div>\n
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Fortepr\u00e9sence tunisienne \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve<\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n

Par\u00a0:Nizar Bahloul<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0 <\/span>La Ville de Gen\u00e8ve, et notamment lePalexpo, o\u00f9 s\u2019est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 le Premier sommet onusien consacr\u00e9 auxtechnologies, ressemblait cinq jours durant \u00e0 une belle fourmili\u00e8recosmopolite. <\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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Ily avait des repr\u00e9sentants de tous les pays : 176 Etats repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par 4.580d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s officiels, 3.162 organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) venues de481 pays et 948 journalistes repr\u00e9sentant 618 pays. <\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

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Entout, pr\u00e8s de 11.000 personnes sont venues pour assister, du 10 au 12 d\u00e9cembre\u00e0 la premi\u00e8re phase du Sommet Mondial de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019Information. Surtout ce monde l\u00e0, le nombre de Tunisiens \u00e9tait assez important, bien qu\u2019on d\u00e9plorele nombre tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9 de journalistes qui se sont d\u00e9plac\u00e9s de Tunis pour lacouverture ou encore l\u2019absence de l\u2019Association des Journalistes Tunisienspour participer en tant qu\u2019ONG. <\/o:p><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u2019estque Tunis doit abriter la seconde phase de ce Sommet, n\u00e9 suite \u00e0 une id\u00e9e duPr\u00e9sident Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, lanc\u00e9e en 1998 lors de la r\u00e9union des d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9sde l\u2019Union internationale des communications (UIT), tenue \u00e0 Minneapolis auxEtats-Unis. <\/span>Et il est donc normal que laTunisie ait \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sente en force durant cette premi\u00e8re phase et que toutela plan\u00e8te s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 elle. En plus de la tr\u00e8s significative pr\u00e9sence du Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique, quia prononc\u00e9 un discours \u00e0 l\u2019ouverture du Sommet (voir encadr\u00e9), la Tunisie\u00e9tait repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve par des ministres (notamment MM. Habib Ben Yahiaet Sadok Rabeh), les responsables du Comit\u00e9 d\u2019organisation de la deuxi\u00e8mephase du Sommet, venus au complet avec \u00e0 leur t\u00eate M. Habib Ammar, plusieursdirecteurs g\u00e9n\u00e9raux (ATI, Tunisie T\u00e9l\u00e9com, La Poste etc), par des repr\u00e9sentantsde la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile (Association Tunisienne des M\u00e8res, Association Besma,Association tunisienne de l\u2019Internet et du multim\u00e9dia\u2026), quelques rares (tr\u00e8srares h\u00e9las) repr\u00e9sentants d\u2019entreprises priv\u00e9es comme la Sotetel et encoreplus rares repr\u00e9sentants de la jeunesse tunisienne avec la pr\u00e9sence dequelques tr\u00e8s actifs \u00e9tudiants de l\u2019Insat. <\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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Surce point, il est fort regrettable qu\u2019il n\u2019y ait pas eu plus d\u2019\u00e9tudiants,de journalistes et de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s priv\u00e9es pr\u00e9sents \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, car c\u2019est euxet bien eux qui font l\u2019Internet et l\u2019Information en Tunisie ! <\/span>LaTunisie a \u00e9t\u00e9 bien en vue durant tout le Sommet. Par la pr\u00e9sence de ses repr\u00e9sentantsd\u2019abord, mais surtout par le fait que son nom figurait dans tous les documentsofficiels (rapports, badges, signal\u00e9tique, d\u00e9pliants etc) du Sommet. <\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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Dansles documents officiels de pr\u00e9sentation du Sommet distribu\u00e9s aux 11.000participants, on pouvait lire d\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res pages (\u00e0 la page 7 dans leGuide officiel) le message de bienvenue du Pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali accompagn\u00e9 de saphoto. Last but not least, un tr\u00e8s beau stand mis en place par le Cepex,occupait la place centrale du Sommet, juste en face de la porte d\u2019entr\u00e9e dela salle pl\u00e9ni\u00e8re o\u00f9 ont eu lieu tous les d\u00e9bats en pr\u00e9sence des chefsd\u2019Etat. <\/span>On ne peut mieux faire en la mati\u00e8re. Mais on ne s\u2019est pas arr\u00eat\u00e9 \u00e0 la figuration, car de multiples repr\u00e9sentantsde la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile tunisienne ont anim\u00e9 des d\u00e9bats, des cercles ou desconf\u00e9rences pour pr\u00e9senter les multiples facettes de la Tunisie. F\u00e9riel B\u00e9ji,par exemple, qui a troqu\u00e9 sa casquette de PDG de l\u2019ATI pour celle de membrede la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile et professeur et chercheur universitaire en intelligenceartificielle, Moez Souabni, secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019ATIM , ou encore lasecr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019association Basma qui est intervenue pour parlerd\u2019une initiative tunisienne en faveur des handicap\u00e9s, r\u00e9alis\u00e9e enpartenariat avec l\u2019Association Tunisienne des M\u00e8res (ATM) ou encore la pr\u00e9sidentede cette m\u00eame ATM, Mme Sa\u00efda Agrebi, qui a anim\u00e9 elle-m\u00eame des rencontres. <\/o:p><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n

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Apropos de Mme Agrebi, on notera son intervention en anglais, sous forme dequestion, lors de la conf\u00e9rence de presse du Pr\u00e9sident s\u00e9n\u00e9galais AbdoulayeWade o\u00f9 elle lui a parl\u00e9 des exp\u00e9riences r\u00e9ussies en Tunisie en mati\u00e8red\u2019internet (bus internet, ordinateur familial etc) qui pourraient \u00eatreappliqu\u00e9es en Afrique pour r\u00e9duire la fracture num\u00e9rique. (Source: R\u00e9alit\u00e9s N\u00b0938 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bouteflika exclut une m\u00e9diation fran\u00e7aise pour la tenue du sommet de l’UMA<\/font><\/h6>\n

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AFP: 19\u00a0d\u00e9cembre, 16h31<\/font> <\/font><\/div>\n
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Le pr\u00e9sident alg\u00e9rien Abdelaziz Bouteflika a vivement exclu vendredi \u00e0 Paris une m\u00e9diation de la France pour favoriser la tenue du sommet de l’Union du Maghreb arabe (UMA) pr\u00e9vu les 23 et 24 d\u00e9cembre \u00e0 Alger mais menac\u00e9 par une absence du Maroc. Le sommet est \u00ab\u00a0un probl\u00e8me qui se r\u00e8gle entre les Maghr\u00e9bins\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il dit aux journalistes \u00e0 l’issue d’un d\u00e9jeuner en t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate avec le pr\u00e9sident Jacques Chirac \u00e0 l’Elys\u00e9e. \u00ab\u00a0Il n’y a pas de m\u00e9diation fran\u00e7aise, je vous interdit de dire qu’il y a une m\u00e9diation fran\u00e7aise\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il insist\u00e9, interrog\u00e9 sur une \u00e9ventuelle m\u00e9diation du pr\u00e9sident Chirac en raison de ses relations privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es avec le roi Mohammed VI du Maroc. \u00ab\u00a0Les Marocains parlent arabe, nous parlons l’arabe et nous parlons directement de nos probl\u00e8mes, nous n’avons pas besoin d’une m\u00e9diation. Le roi du Maroc et moi-m\u00eame nous parlons comme des fr\u00e8res\u00a0\u00bb, a assur\u00e9 M. Bouteflika. La participation du roi Mohammed VI du Maroc au sommet de l’UMA (Alg\u00e9rie, Maroc, Tunisie, Mauritanie, Libye) para\u00eet tr\u00e8s incertaine, selon la presse marocaine qui estime que des progr\u00e8s dans le r\u00e9glement du conflit du Sahara occidental sont un pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 une relance de l’int\u00e9gration maghr\u00e9bine. Ce conflit oppose depuis 1975 le Maroc qui a annex\u00e9 l’ancien colonie espagnole \u00e0 l’Alg\u00e9rie, principal soutien du Front Polisario, un mouvement ind\u00e9pendantiste arm\u00e9. Le pr\u00e9sident alg\u00e9rien a par ailleurs minimis\u00e9 les cons\u00e9quences sur les relations franco-alg\u00e9riennes des divergences entre les deux pays sur le Sahara occidental, Paris ayant pris fait et cause pour Rabat. \u00ab\u00a0Il n’y a pas dans les relations entre l’Alg\u00e9rie et la France que l’affaire du Sahara\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il fait valoir. \u00ab\u00a0Nous pouvons, le pr\u00e9sident Chirac et moi avoir des divergences sur tel ou tel probl\u00e8me international, ce ne serait pas pour autant la fin des relations privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es entre l’Alg\u00e9rie et la France\u00a0\u00bb, a dit M. Bouteflika. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l’Elys\u00e9e, on indiquait que les deux pr\u00e9sidents avaient discut\u00e9 des relations bilat\u00e9rales, des questions du Maghreb et du sommet de l’UMA. Le pr\u00e9sident alg\u00e9rien devait ensuite regagner Alger \u00e0 l’issue de cette visite de quelques heures \u00e0 Paris, son septi\u00e8me d\u00e9placement en France depuis son \u00e9lection en 1999 et le cinqui\u00e8me cette ann\u00e9e.<\/font><\/div>\n

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\u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 18 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631<\/font> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/div>\n
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\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (ATF) \u00a0 * \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 : – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (EMCEMO) * \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 : – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u2013 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \/ \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0628 (Espace Culturel Nord\/Sud) * \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u00a0\u00bb\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u00a0\u00bb(Association \u00ab al Maghreb \u00bb)<\/font> <\/strong><\/font>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/div>\n

<\/font><\/p>\n

\n\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/div>\n
\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0641 <\/font><\/strong>\u00a0 <\/p>\n
RASSEMBLEMENT : MANIFESTONS\u00a0 notre attachement \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 et \u00e0 la la\u00efcit\u00e9.<\/font><\/h6>\n

<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/font>Citoyens, citoyennes, d\u00e9fenseurs de la libert\u00e9, de la R\u00e9publique et de la\u00efcit\u00e9\u2026 <\/font> <\/strong><\/div>\n

La France aujourd\u2019hui fait face \u00e0 un grand dilemme, d\u00fb en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 un manque de dialogue. Le port du voile est au centre d\u2019une pol\u00e9mique politique dans laquelle les premi\u00e8res concern\u00e9es ne sont pas consult\u00e9es. En effet, on oublie que derri\u00e8re ce voile se cache une femme citoyenne fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re. \u00a0 Malheureusement, elles doivent faire face \u00e0 des pressions politiques d\u00e9moralisantes et subissent des pr\u00e9judices moraux chaque jour. On dit se battre pour leur libert\u00e9 tandis qu\u2019on leur interdit de choisir librement de porter\u00a0 ce qui fait partie int\u00e9grante de leur personnalit\u00e9. \u00a0 Ces filles qui seront exclues du syst\u00e8me scolaire r\u00e9publicain, que deviendront-elles ? Des alternatives dangereuses se pr\u00e9senteront s\u00fbrement \u00e0 elles : communautarisme et int\u00e9grisme religieux que la R\u00e9publique veut combattre. \u00a0 La libert\u00e9 religieuse constitue un acquis fondamental de notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Elle inclut donc\u00a0 la possibilit\u00e9 de manifester publiquement sa foi. Aujourd\u2019hui on brandit la la\u00efcit\u00e9 pour s\u2019opposer au port du voile. Mais la la\u00efcit\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui signifie la neutralit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des religions. Cela n\u2019implique pas non plus\u00a0 la neutralit\u00e9 des individus. Vous qui vous dites d\u00e9fenseurs de la libert\u00e9, pensez-vous que ce soit un d\u00e9lit de vouloir vivre simplement sa religion ? \u00a0 On dit vouloir combattre la soumission des femmes mais on la soumet \u00e0 des lois injustes qui entravent sa libert\u00e9. \u00a0 C\u2019est pourquoi nous souhaitons la mobilisation de tous, quelle que soit votre religion, votre appartenance ethnique, politique ou sociale. Nous sommes tous citoyens fran\u00e7ais attach\u00e9s aux valeurs r\u00e9publicaines : Il ne doit pas exister de sous-citoyennet\u00e9. \u00a0 Le rapport de la Commission Stasi\u00a0 pr\u00e9conise l’interdiction par la loi de \u00absignes manifestant une appartenance religieuse et politique\u00bb dans les services publics et les \u00e9tablissements scolaires. L\u2019\u00e9cole r\u00e9publicaine est par tradition\u00a0 le brassage des id\u00e9es, des cultures et des religions. \u00a0 Aujourd\u2019hui aseptis\u00e9\u00a0 cette institution est un v\u00e9ritable danger. Derri\u00e8re l\u2019interdiction se cache toujours une condamnation. Qui veut-on condamner ? Pourquoi instaurer un climat hostile et conflictuel ? Laissons place au dialogue et \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie ! \u00a0 Enfants de la R\u00e9publique, d\u00e9fenseurs de la devise : Libert\u00e9, \u00c9galit\u00e9, Fraternit\u00e9.<\/font><\/div>\n
<\/p>\n
Joignez-vous \u00e0 nous ce dimanche 21 d\u00e9cembre 2003 \u00e0 14h<\/font><\/h6>\n

place de la R\u00e9publique (m\u00e9tro : R\u00e9publique)<\/font> Pour tout renseignement contacter le 06 66 15 34 21. <\/strong>\u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n

\n\n<\/div>\n
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<\/strong> <\/font><\/div>\n

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<\/p>\n\n

<\/strong> <\/div>\n

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\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645, \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u00a0 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646, \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629, \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u00a0 (*) \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u00a0 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 19 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2003)<\/font><\/font><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n
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Bush et la gueule du loup<\/font><\/h6>\n

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Par Daniel SCHNEIDERMANN<\/font><\/strong> Soyons honn\u00eate : cette fameuse image, dans la conf\u00e9rence de presse retransmise en direct par CNN, personne ne l’a vue arriver. \u00abA pr\u00e9sent, j’aimerais vous montrer une courte vid\u00e9o\u00bb, annonce le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral am\u00e9ricain Ricardo Sanchez aux journalistes pr\u00e9sents \u00ad et au monde. Comme si c’\u00e9tait fortuit, secondaire. Comme si cette \u00abcourte vid\u00e9o\u00bb, projet\u00e9e dans un \u00e9cran fix\u00e9 en surplomb du pupitre, n’\u00e9tait qu’un appendice de la nouvelle principale, ce fameux \u00abwe got him !\u00bb de Paul Bremer qui a ouvert la s\u00e9ance. Elle arrive donc inopin\u00e9ment, l’image, comme un avion surgi de l’horizon, d’abord minuscule avant d’embraser la tour. Les cam\u00e9ras de CNN zooment sur cet \u00e9cran, o\u00f9 l’on voit d’abord le trou noir, le trou \u00e0 rats. Puis, la bouche d’a\u00e9ration. Puis, une paire de pieds, tout cela film\u00e9 dans le noir. Et puis, de profil, une masse de cheveux que trifouille un m\u00e9decin militaire, et tr\u00e8s vite, exactement au m\u00eame moment o\u00f9 nous r\u00e9alisons \u00e0 qui appartiennent ces cheveux, l’homme tourne la t\u00eate, et appara\u00eet Saddam barbu, ouvrant d\u00e9j\u00e0 la bouche \u00e0 la spatule, alors que, dans la salle de la conf\u00e9rence de presse, \u00e9clatent des cris o\u00f9 se m\u00ealent stupeur et col\u00e8re. Ils sont interminables, ces cris dans la salle, interminables comme l’incendie qui consume les Twins. Pendant d’interminables secondes, dans la salle, deux crieurs crient, sans que ni Paul Bremer, ni Ricardo Sanchez n’esquissent un geste pour les faire taire. \u00abNext slide !\u00bb (\u00abdiapo suivante !\u00bb), ordonne simplement Sanchez quand le lynchage verbal a assez dur\u00e9. Cette image, que repasseront ensuite les t\u00e9l\u00e9s en boucle les jours suivants sous tous les pr\u00e9textes, a une apparence. Un alibi. Une sorte de tampon qui vise \u00e0 la rendre compatible avec les conventions de Gen\u00e8ve : l’apparence d’une consciencieuse visite m\u00e9dicale du prisonnier, avec \u00e9pouillage et inspection de la dentition. Comme \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole. Cette m\u00eame spatule, on en a subi la visite \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole. On ressent un vague moment d\u00e9sagr\u00e9able quand la spatule se pose sur la langue, mais c’est pour notre bien. L’homme qui tient la spatule veut le bien de celui qu’il inspecte : il cherche \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter une \u00e9ventuelle capsule de poison, pour pr\u00e9venir un suicide. Tel est l’honorable alibi de l’image. En outre, elle semble servir de preuve. Ses auteurs semblent nous dire : que ne nous auriez-vous pas reproch\u00e9, si nous ne vous l’avions pas montr\u00e9e, cette prise-l\u00e0 ? De quels subterfuges ne nous auriez-vous pas soup\u00e7onn\u00e9s ? Mais sous cette mince enveloppe humanitaire, elle porte le message de fer de l’humiliation. L’ancien dictateur, \u00e0 cet instant, est r\u00e9duit (les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences affluent) au statut d’un cheval, d’une vache, d’un SDF ou d’un esclave. On dispose de son corps. On inspecte la bouche du barbu hirsute. Et de face. Pour cette inspection buccale, la cam\u00e9ra ne s’est m\u00eame pas d\u00e9tourn\u00e9e, n’a m\u00eame pas donn\u00e9 le change. Elle aurait pu se placer de profil, ou de trois quarts dos. Non. Il lui faut nous montrer la gueule de ce vieux loup qui ne mordra plus. Ce cadrage cru et brutal, cette exploration animale d’une cavit\u00e9 intime, qu’est-ce d’autre que de la pornographie ? La question est donc celle-ci : qui est l’auteur, \u00e0 la fois de ce message et de son alibi ? On conna\u00eet le d\u00e9but de la r\u00e9ponse : les spin doctors de Washington, puisqu’il appara\u00eet que ce sont eux qui ont longuement choisi les plans \u00e0 monter dans la vid\u00e9o. On apprendra quelques jours plus tard que des \u00abexperts\u00bb ont pass\u00e9 la nuit \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re de la montrer. Qu’ils y r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissaient m\u00eame depuis des jours, \u00e9laboraient des plans, des variantes \u00ad a) on le prend vivant, b) on le carbonise avant, etc. Donc, l’image EST la nouvelle, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue comme la nouvelle, comme une arme de dissuasion massive contre tous ceux qui seraient tent\u00e9s de s’en prendre \u00e0 l’Empire am\u00e9ricain. Vengeance du 11-Septembre, leurre destin\u00e9 \u00e0 faire oublier que Ben Laden court toujours : elle remplit toutes ces fonctions \u00e0 la fois. Mais, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, l’image porte-t-elle le discours conscient des dirigeants am\u00e9ricains, ou trahit-elle leur inconscient ? Le savent-ils, ou non, que leur prise de guerre va appara\u00eetre comme un animal ou un esclave ? Le savent-ils, qu’ils envoient \u00e0 tous les sauvageons antiam\u00e9ricains, mais aussi au monde entier, l’image de la domination absolue ? Autrement dit, la dictature de la Libert\u00e9 qu’ils assument est-elle consciente ou inconsciente ? Quel est le degr\u00e9 de sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 des ma\u00eetres du monde, leur part r\u00e9elle de bonne conscience ? \u00abPourquoi nous ha\u00efssent-ils tellement ?\u00bb, demandaient certains Am\u00e9ricains de la rue, apr\u00e8s cette manifestation de d\u00e9testation absolue que fut le 11-Septembre, laissant penser qu’ils ne le soup\u00e7onnaient vraiment pas. Quand George Bush, \u00e0 propos de Saddam Hussein, explique en substance \u00abqu’il ait eu des armes de destruction massive ou simplement l’intention d’en acqu\u00e9rir, c’est la m\u00eame chose\u00bb, sait-il qu’il r\u00e9\u00e9dite le \u00absi ce n’est toi, c’est donc ton fr\u00e8re\u00bb ? On ne le saura pas. Il est possible (dans la plus optimiste des hypoth\u00e8ses) que les Am\u00e9ricains se soient pos\u00e9 la question, pendant toute cette fameuse nuit. Il est possible qu’au terme de ces longs balancements nocturnes, ils n’aient pas trouv\u00e9 la r\u00e9ponse. Il est possible qu’ils aient donc d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d’envoyer en d\u00e9sespoir de cause cette image de domination absolue, quel qu’en soit l’effet, comme on tire dans le tas pour d\u00e9blayer le terrain, avant de ramasser les morceaux.<\/font><\/div>\n
(Source : Lib\u00e9ration du 19 d\u00e9cembre 2003)<\/font><\/font><\/div>\n
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West’s policies sow seeds of internal conflict, says study<\/font><\/h6>\n

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By Jim Lobe<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0 A major new study is suggesting that US policies on family planning and agricultural trade might contribute to setting the stage for conflict in developing countries. Released on Wednesday by Population Action International (PAI), the report calls on foreign policy and national-security officials to pay more attention to demographic factors in preparing for future conflicts. Based on a review of 25 years of scholarly research covering 180 countries, the study concludes that a combination of high population growth, rapid urbanisation and land or water scarcity appear to be the key ingredients for upheaval in poor countries. \u00a0 The 100-page report, ‘The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict After the Cold War’, focuses primarily on the so- called ‘demographic transition’ – the process by which the populations of countries go from short lives and large families to longer lives and smaller families. Countries that advance through that transition are far less likely to experience civil conflict, it concludes. Costa Rica, Thailand and Tunisia, for example, have all made the transition and are less vulnerable to internal conflict as a result, while countries like Afghanistan, Ethiopia and Nepal – all with disproportionately high numbers of young adults, rapidly growing cities and scarcities in water and cropland – are far more likely to suffer conflict, adds the report. Besides the latter three, the report lists 21 other countries whose demographics and resource scarcities point to future upheaval, most of them in West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East and South Asia – regions that largely overlap with US plans to beef up its military assets in carrying out its \u00ab\u00a0war on terror\u00a0\u00bb and securing access to key energy resources. \u00ab\u00a0There are many benefits to societies in shifting toward lower rates of both birth and death, but the idea that the demographic transition could actually reduce the risk of violent civil conflict is new to the security community,\u00a0\u00bb said Robert Engelman, vice president for research at PAI, who co-authored the report. \u00ab\u00a0We were surprised by the strength and consistency we found in the associations between population dynamics and civil conflict in the last decades of the 20th century, and we’re predicting these associations will be evident in the first decades of the 21st as well. That’s a powerful concept for the future of global security in a frightfully uncertain world,\u00a0\u00bb he added. The administration of US President George W. Bush, which is on record as supporting many of the recommendations that follow from the report’s analysis, such as investing in female education, might not be pleased with some of the other conclusions. While the administration has maintained relatively high levels of spending for family-planning programmes, anti-abortion forces have succeeded in getting it to impose restrictions on how that money can be spent. The result is that many international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and clinics that provide family-planning services are no longer receiving US aid. In addition, US farm subsidies supported by the administration, as well as agricultural subsidies of other western governments, have reduced global prices, making it impossible for millions of small farmers in poor countries to compete, and thus forcing them off their lands and into cities, fuelling rapid urbanization, according to development groups. On average, according to the report, a decline in the annual birth rate of five births per thousand people corresponded to a decline of about five per cent in the likelihood of civil conflict during the decade that followed. As countries have progressed through the ‘demographic transition’, it adds, they became less vulnerable to internal upheaval. Thus, countries that were in the earliest phase of transition were about eight times more likely to experience conflict compared to those in the latest phase. \u00ab\u00a0While this association does not suggest direct causation,\u00a0\u00bb the report said, \u00ab\u00a0the relationships found here are striking and consistent\u00a0\u00bb. Demographically high-risk states might still be able to avoid conflict, if other factors are present, suggests the study. These factors might include the ease with which people can emigrate to a nearby country – such as the immigration of Mexicans to the United States; the sending of remittances earned by emigrants abroad to family members back home; land reform, or creating new urban employment. The demographic factors most closely associated with the likelihood of civil conflict during the 1990s, according to the report, were a high proportion of young adults (ages 15-29) and a rapid rate of urban population growth. The report found that countries in which young adults comprised more than 40 per cent of the adult population were more than twice as likely as countries with lower proportions to experience conflict. In addition, states with urban population growth rates greater than four per cent were about twice as likely to suffer conflict as countries with lower rates. Countries with low availability of cropland or renewable fresh water were about 1.5 times more likely to experience civil conflict as those in other categories, added the report. While much recent literature has focused on water scarcities as a major potential cause of both civil and inter-state wars, land scarcities resulting from unequal distribution or the settlement of outsiders into traditional ethnic homelands have been much more prominent in fomenting recent civil conflicts, it said. These kinds of factors – rapid urbanization, and per capita land or water scarcity – are not the only ones that contribute to conflict, PAI stresses. Non-demographic factors like historic ethnic tensions and incompetent or arbitrary governance might also play an independent role, or compound the risks of conflict for countries that are vulnerable for demographic reasons. The report also does not arrive at a definitive conclusion on whether high death rates among working-age adults – a characteristic of countries, mainly in southern Africa, with high HIV\/AIDS infection rates – also contribute to civil conflict, although it appears self-evident that the loss of key professionals, the weakening of military and security forces and the rising number of orphans would contribute to instability. In addition to calling for greater support for family-planning programmes and female education that would accelerate the demographic transition in poor countries, the report calls on the international military, intelligence and diplomatic communities to use their influence to promote :<\/font> \u00a0 (Source : le portail pakistanais \u00ab Hi Pakistan \u00bb, le 19 d\u00e9cembre 2003) lien web : http:\/\/www.hipakistan.com\/en\/detail.php?newsId=en48338&F_catID=&f_type=source<\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n

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