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Cr\u00e9ation\u00a0du \u00a0Comit\u00e9 Article 13 pour la d\u00e9fense du droit des citoyens \u00e0 circuler librement hors des fronti\u00e8res de leur pays. TUNISIA: Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002<\/font> J. A. L\u00b4Intelligent: Tunisie-France, La confiance retrouv\u00e9e <\/p>\n
Tunis hebdo: Des \u00e9coliers sauvageons !<\/font> Reuters: Tunisia’s Somocer to launch $4.1 mln IPO on Dec 9 Business Wire: Nokia Delivers TETRA Network Solution to Tunisian TV Broadcaster L’Office National de Telediffusion<\/font> Le Monde: Les heures de gloire de la civilisation musulmane <\/div>\n
Le Monde: Les islamistes turcs et les milieux d’affaires<\/font> Omar Mestiri : Cette Turquie qui nous ressemble <\/div>\n
The Washington Post : Preparing for Democracy – State Dept. Connects Arab Women, Political Consultants<\/font> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Cr\u00e9ation d’un nouveau comit\u00e9 en Tunisie<\/font><\/strong> <\/font><\/div>\n
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Comit\u00e9 Article 13 pour la d\u00e9fense du droit des citoyens \u00e0 circuler librement hors des fronti\u00e8res de leur pays.<\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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La libert\u00e9 de circulation est un droit inali\u00e9nable et non n\u00e9gociable, fondement de la dignit\u00e9 humaine et de la citoyennet\u00e9. <\/div>\n
En effet, le droit pour tout individu \u00e0 se d\u00e9placer sans aucune entrave, hors des fronti\u00e8res de son pays et \u00e0 se faire d\u00e9livrer un passeport, est \u00e9nonc\u00e9 explicitement dans l\u2019article 13 de la D\u00e9claration Universelle des Droits de l\u2019Homme de 1948 et garanti par le Pacte Civil et Politique de 1966. L\u2019Etat tunisien a ratifi\u00e9 ces intruments internationaux qui ont force de loi, et la responsabilit\u00e9 pleine et enti\u00e8re de l\u2019Administration de notre pays se trouve engag\u00e9e dans l\u2019application effective et sans exclusive de ce principe juridique. Or, de nombreux cas recens\u00e9s ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, montrent que ce droit est loin d\u2019\u00eatre effectif, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9, et garanti par les juridictions du pays. <\/div>\n
Parmi eux, nous relevons : <\/div>\n
– Le cas de Sadri Khiari<\/strong>, Artiste-Peintre, membre du Secr\u00e9tariat de RAID Attac Tunisie et membre fondateur du CNLT, est arbitrairement interdit de quitter le territoire national depuis juillet 2000. Le pr\u00e9texte invoqu\u00e9 pour justifier cette interdiction porte sur des pr\u00e9tendues poursuites judiciaires \u00e0 son encontre. Or, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour, le Doyen des Juges d\u2019Instruction refuse de communiquer \u00e0 ses avocats toute information relative \u00e0 son affaire. Par cette mesure d\u2019interdiction de voyager, Sadri Khiari se trouve ainsi emp\u00each\u00e9 de pouvoir soutenir sa Th\u00e8se de Doctorat \u00e0 Paris, dont la date initiale avait \u00e9t\u00e9 fix\u00e9e par son jury au printemps 2001. <\/div>\n
– Le pr\u00e9texte invoqu\u00e9 pour interdire au juge Mokhtar Yahyaoui<\/strong>, Pr\u00e9sident du CTIJ, de voyager est tout aussi r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur de ces pratiques admistratives abusives. On exige de lui qu\u2019il mette \u00e0 jour son passeport en indiquant une autre profession que celle de magistrat. Le but est de faire reconna\u00eetre \u00e0 Mokhtar Yahyaoui une r\u00e9vocation arbitraire dont il n\u2019a en outre re\u00e7u aucune d\u00e9cision officielle. <\/div>\n
– R\u00e9sidant en France, Kamel Jendoubi<\/strong>, pr\u00e9sident du CRLDHT, est \u00e9galement priv\u00e9 de passeport pour des raisons fallacieuses. Son passeport lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 confisqu\u00e9 par les autorit\u00e9s consulaires tunisiennes de Paris lorsqu\u2019il en a demand\u00e9 le renouvellement le 9 mars 2000. Quelques jours plus tard, le 21 mars, des poursuites judiciaires sont ouvertes contre lui pour justifier la d\u00e9cision de lui retirer son passeport. Le juge d\u2019instruction a pris cette d\u00e9cision sans m\u00eame l\u2019entendre. Ainsi, Kamel Jendoubi ne peut plus rentrer en Tunisie et n\u2019a pas pu assister aux obs\u00e8ques de son p\u00e8re. Tels sont les cas recens\u00e9s jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour ; mais nous savons qu\u2019il en existe bien d\u2019autres, et que nous nous ferons un devoir de d\u00e9fendre. Il ressort que toutes ces personnes – priv\u00e9es de voyager – le sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pour leurs activit\u00e9s publiques, associatives et politiques. Notre comit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour d\u00e9fendre le droit fondamental \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 de circulation et pour rappeler l\u2019Etat au respect de ses engagements internationaux. <\/div>\n
Le comit\u00e9 appelle les opinions publiques – tunisiennes et internationales \u2013 pour que le droit de circuler ne soit plus un moyen de chantage ou de sanction \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des citoyennes et des citoyens. De plus, les membres du comit\u00e9 demeurent fermement attach\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019une loi d\u2019amnestie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale en faveur de toutes les personnes condanmn\u00e9es pour leurs id\u00e9es ou leurs activit\u00e9s politiques, s\u2019av\u00e8re plus que n\u00e9cessaire. Nous agirons en cons\u00e9quence et nous nous associerons \u00e0 toute action men\u00e9e dans le sillage de cette revendication.\u00a0 <\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/div>\n
Voici le nom de quelques signataires: Me Bochra Belhadj Hamida, Souhayr belhassen, Larbi Chouikha…<\/strong> (la liste compl\u00e8te des mebres\u00a0sera envoy\u00e9e ult\u00e9rieurement) <\/p>\n
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(Message publi\u00e9 par M. Mokhtar Yahyaoui sur le Forum TUNeEZINEle 19-11-2002 \u00e0\u00a023:09)\u00a0\u00a0<\/font> <\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/div>\n
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\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0645\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644<\/span>www.qudspress.com<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/font>\u00a0<\/span>\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 17 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2002) <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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TUNISIA: Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002<\/font><\/h2>\n
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19 November 2002 Editor-in-chief: Willy Fautr\u00e9 Website: http:\/\/www.hrwf.net<\/a> Email: info@hrwf.net ——————————————————————————– TUNISIA Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002 Reporters sans fronti\u00e8res \/ HRWF Int (19.11.2002) – Website http:\/\/www.hrwf.net – Email info@hrwf.net – Unable to express themselves within the country, opponents of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali found an unhoped-for mouthpiece for their ideas : Al Mustakillah, an Arabic television channel based in London. But within the country itself pressure on opponents is intensifying. The authorities have not hesitated, for example, to turn on their families. Moreover, to cut Tunisians off from the world, control over all means of communication has been reinforced. Two journalists are still behind bars and a third is leaving underground. Against a background of debate about a fourth mandate (proscribed by the constitution) for Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali in the presidential elections of 2004, the year 2001 was characterised by repression. The master of Carthage, destabilised by criticism expressed publicly by several personalities of the establishment, cracked down even harder on opponents. Assisted in this task by a formidable police force (130,000 agents), he repeatedly attacked human rights activists, opposition leaders and journalists throughout the year. These opponents, unable to express themselves within the country, nevertheless found an unhoped-for mouthpiece for their ideas : Al Mustakillah. With its leading programme \\\u00a0\u00bbLe Grand Maghreb\\\u00a0\u00bb, this London-based Arabic television channel directed by a Tunisian, Mohammed Elhachmi, has managed to empty the streets every Sunday afternoon. To counteract the growing popularity of the channel, considered to be \\\u00a0\u00bbharmful\\\u00a0\u00bb to Tunisia, public sector television organised, for the first time ever, two televised debates on democracy and human rights ! The new minister in charge of human rights and communication, Slaheddine Ma\u00e2oui, has tried a number of times, in vain, to show the Tunisian authorities\\’ determination to improve freedom of _expression in the country. The media scene remains unchanged. Even if a few titles have dared to publish some criticism of the government, the majority have encouraged Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali to stand again in the 2004 presidential elections. The April reform to the press code disappointed many journalists who were hoping for \\\u00a0\u00bban end to the existing paradox of official liberal discourse and continued censorship\\\u00a0\u00bb. The same journalists also asked for the lifting of restrictions on \\\u00a0\u00bba number\\\u00a0\u00bb of their confreres \\\u00a0\u00bbbanned from practising their profession\\\u00a0\u00bb. In the past few years many journalists have had to work for the foreign press, to create on-line newspapers or even to go into exile because unable to practise in their own country. Sihem Bensedrine, managing editor of the on-line newspaper Kalima, was jailed for several weeks in the summer after being subjected to various forms of pressure. Although Taoufik Ben Brik, who went on a hunger strike in April 2000, was not directly intimidated, his family was pressurised. Two journalists with Islamist leanings have been in jail since 1992 and a third has been living underground since 1998. Control over the means of communication, including the Internet, was again stepped up in 2001. All access to sites judged \\\u00a0\u00bbdangerous\\\u00a0\u00bb, whether they are Tunisian or French and belong to newspapers or human rights organisations, are blocked by \\\u00a0\u00bbinformation police\\\u00a0\u00bb. Message services are treated likewise, telephone lines are regularly cut and post is opened. Three journalists jailed Two journalists of Islamist persuasion have been in jail since 1992. Hamadi Jebali, managing editor of the weekly Al Fajr, the unofficial organ of the Islamist movement Ennahda, was sentenced by the Tunis military court to 16 years\\’ imprisonment for \\\u00a0\u00bbagression with the intention to change the nature of the state\\\u00a0\u00bb and \\\u00a0\u00bbmembership of an illegal organisation\\\u00a0\u00bb. Shortly before that the journalist had served a one-year jail sentence for publishing an article criticising the system of military courts. Abdellah Zouari, also with Al Fajr, was arrested on 12 April 1991 and sentenced to 11 years\\’ imprisonment for \\\u00a0\u00bbmembership of an illegal organisation\\\u00a0\u00bb. The two journalists were tried on 28 August 1992 along with 277 members of the Ennahda movement, for being involved in an \\\u00a0\u00bbIslamist plot\\\u00a0\u00bb. This trial failed to meet international standards of fairness and was characterised by vague indictments, torture, arbitrary detention, limited access to lawyers, and so on. Since then Hamadi Jebali and Abdellah Zouari have been detained in difficult conditions : overcrowded cells, lack of medication, obstacles to family visits, pressure on lawyers, etc. Sihem Bensedrine, managing editor of the on-line magazine Kalima and spokesperson for the CNLT, the Council for Freedom in Tunisia, was arrested on 26 June at Carthage airport on her return from France. She was taken to the Manouba women\\’s prison in Tunis. A few days earlier the journalist had appeared on the programme \\\u00a0\u00bbLe Grand Maghreb\\\u00a0\u00bb on the London-based television channel Al Mustakillah. On that occasion she had discussed corruption, torture and the judiciary\\’s lack of independence in Tunisia. She was charged with \\\u00a0\u00bblibel\\\u00a0\u00bb and \\\u00a0\u00bbundermining the judiciary\\\u00a0\u00bb and released on parole on 11 August. On 1 January 2002 her trial had still not opened. A journalist attacked On 3 February 2001 Jalel Zoghlami, managing editor of the monthly Kaws el Karama (not recognised by the authorities), was assaulted by a man in the street who hit him on the head with an iron bar. Three days later the journalist and his friends were assaulted by plainclothes policemen outside his home. Some of them were injured. At the same time about 100 plainclothes policemen blocked the road. Due to these incidents, the journalist decided to go on a hunger strike. Kaws el Karama had been launched a few days earlier at the home of Taoufik Ben Brik, Jalel Zoghlami\\’s brother. The first issue of Kaws el Karama had run the headlines \\\u00a0\u00bbBen Ali, 13 years, that\\’s enough !\\\u00a0\u00bb. Pressure and obstruction Hamma Hammami, managing editor of El Badil and leader of the POCT (Tunisian Workers\\’ Communist Party), has been living underground since February 1998. After being sentenced, along with his editor-in-chief, to two and a half years in jail in 1992 for \\\u00a0\u00bbspreading false news\\\u00a0\u00bb, he was again convicted in August 1999 for \\\u00a0\u00bbmaintaining an inauthorized party\\\u00a0\u00bb. He was sentenced in his absence to nine years and three months in jail. In 2001 police intensified surveillance of his wife, advocate Radhia Nasraoui, his three daughters and other members of his family, who are regularly victims of intimidation. On 12 January 2001, without any explanation, the authorities seized the 198th issue of the weekly El Mawkif which contained articles on recent trials of human rights activists. El Mawkif, the organ of the legal opposition PDP, the progressive democratic party, is the only opposition newspaper deprived, because of its independent standpoint, of government subsidies and advertising allocated by the state and public-sector or para-state businesses. While four members of Reporters Without Borders were distributing copies of Kaws el Karama on 21 February in the centre of Tunis, about ten plainclothes policemen grabbed the copies of the monthly form them and confiscated the organisation\\’s video camera. General secretary Robert M\u00e9nard and another member of Reporters Without Borders were taken to the airport and expelled. In March the fortnightly Salama, published in Paris, was banned. In one of the articles a journalist had highlighted \\\u00a0\u00bbthe limits of Tunisians\\’ freedom of _expression\\\u00a0\u00bb. In the following month, the 6 April edition of the French daily Le Monde was seized. The full-page article on Tunisia, headed \\\u00a0\u00bbTunisian opposition growing slowly but surely\\\u00a0\u00bb, addressed the question of human rights. The minister in charge of human rights and communication, Slaheddine Ma\u00e2oui, said : \\\u00a0\u00bbWe have to free information from its shackles, so that it can stop being insipid. We have to open up to interviews, to different opinions, to discussions about ideas\\\u00a0\u00bb. On 30 April a law amending the press code was passed. Despite the abolition of the offence \\\u00a0\u00bblibel against public order\\\u00a0\u00bb, the offence \\\u00a0\u00bblibel against public office, the army, constituent bodies and public administrations\\\u00a0\u00bb are still liable to a jail sentence of between one and three years. The amendment simply transferred articles concerning libel to the penal code, thus extending prescription periods from six to three years. In May 2001 the inquiry into the attempted murder of Riadh ben Fadhel, former editor-in-chief of the Arabic version of Le Monde diplomatique, had still not reached a conclusion. The journalist was seriously wounded on 22 May 2000 when unidentified persons shot at him. El Mawkif was seized once again on 1 August. The issue contained the point of view of the PDP, the opposition party, on the presidential election, as well as an article on Judge Mokhtar Yahyaoui\\’s revolt against the functioning of justice in Tunisia. A border police officer at Carthage airport informed Sihem Bensedrine on 1 September that she was not allowed to leave the country, even though a magistrate had told the journalist that no interdiction to leave the territory had been served against her. The journalist was on her way to London to participate in the programme \\\u00a0\u00bbEspace Francophone\\\u00a0\u00bb on Al Mustakillah. In early October the Tunisian authorities banned the sale of Le Monde Diplomatique which featured an article by Kamel Jendoubi, president of the CRLDHT, the committee for human rights in Tunisia. In that article, headed \\\u00a0\u00bbCan fear change sides ? Race for time in Tunisia\\\u00a0\u00bb he referred to the \\\u00a0\u00bbauthoritarian abuses of the regime\\\u00a0\u00bb. Several French publications are still banned in Tunisia, including La Croix, Lib\u00e9ration and Le Canard encha\u00een\u00e9. On 27 October border police at Carthage airport confiscated a manuscript in Arabic, six disks, an audio tape and a laptop computer from Taoufik Ben Brik as he was about to board a plane for Paris. The journalist was to promote his latest book, \\\u00a0\u00bbChronicle of an Informer\\\u00a0\u00bb, banned in Tunisia along with four of his other books. He had been searched in the same circumstances on 3 March by police who had confiscated many books and his address book. The journalist\\’s family has also been pressurised. During the summer is sister Sa\u00efda Ben Brik and her husband were prosecuted for \\\u00a0\u00bbmutual violence and participation in an altercation\\\u00a0\u00bb. These accusations, made shortly after Taoufik Ben Brik had appeared on Al Mustakillah (where he had announced his candidature in the forthcoming presidential elections), concerned an entirely put-up neighbourhood affair in 1999 in which Sa\u00efda Ben Brik herself had lodged a complaint ! On 17 October the couple was sentenced to pay a fine of 450 dinars (about 450 euros). On 21 November the car of the journalist\\’s wife Azza was damaged by a plainclothes policeman. After visiting her mother with her two children at the end of the Ramadan fast, Azza Ben Brik had noticed that a window of her car had been broken and wires ripped out inside. She had noticed a \\\u00a0\u00bbsuspicious\\\u00a0\u00bb looking individual alone in the street near the place she had parked, at a time when Tunisians were at home because of the Ramadan. Due to the success of Al Mustakillah, its director Mohammed Elhachmi Hamdi, one of the government\\’s b\u00eates noires, as well as certain members of his family resident in Tunisia, have regularly been intimidated. During the summer a Tunisian judge even lodged a complaint for \\\u00a0\u00bblibel\\\u00a0\u00bb against him, with the ITC, the Independent Television Commission, the British regulatory authority for private-sector broadcasting. In October the ITC rejected the complaint. Mohammed Elhachmi Hamdi has also been the victim of a libel campaign in several Tunisian media, a method regularly used against opponents. Zouhir Latif, who hosted the programme \\\u00a0\u00bbLe Grand Maghreb\\\u00a0\u00bb on the same channel, has also been threatened and insulted. Fethia Beji, journalist with the weekly Sabah el Kheir, was dismissed in mid-November. On 11 November she had signed a story headed \\\u00a0\u00bbWhat is there between Ouled Ahmed and Ben Brik ?\\\u00a0\u00bb in which she mentioned the journalist\\’s latest book in Arabic \\\u00a0\u00bbBen Brik in the Palace\\\u00a0\u00bb. At the same time Ouled Ahmed, a great poet and journalist, was also dismissed from the weekly L\\’Observateur. He had written the preface to the book \\\u00a0\u00bbBen Brik in the Palace\\\u00a0\u00bb published in France the previous week. President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali has been denounced as a predator of press freedom by Reporters Without Borders. <\/p>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 19\/11\/2002 )<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/div>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n
<\/p>\n
\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 <\/o:p> <\/font><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 (\u0627\u0641 \u0628)- \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0627\u062f<\/span> <\/span>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a<\/span> <\/span>\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 21 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\/\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\/\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a.<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062b\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/span> <\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/span> <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> <\/span>\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646. <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 18 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2002 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 <\/font><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>13\u064825 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629) <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\n
\u00a0 <\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/p>\n
\n
\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633<\/span> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u062c\u0645<\/p>\n
<\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0640 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
<\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 (\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a 21 \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n
<\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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<\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
(\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 18\/11\/2002 )<\/font> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
\u00a0 <\/div>\n
\n
\u00a0<\/font><\/strong> <\/div>\n
\n
<\/p>\n
\n
Nokia Delivers TETRA Network Solution to Tunisian TV Broadcaster L’Office National de Telediffusion<\/font><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
HELSINKI, Finland, Nov 19, 2002 (BUSINESS WIRE) \u2013<\/font> <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Nokia is providing a nationwide TETRA professional mobile radio system with end-to-end IP data functionality network to Tunisian TV broadcaster L’Office National de Telediffusion (ONT), the country’s sole TETRA licence holder. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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The deal represents a nationwide expansion of the ONT’s existing TETRA network in Tunis, also supplied by Nokia. Deliveries have already begun and the system is expected to be operational by the end of 2002. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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ONT is the national TV broadcaster in Tunisia and diversified into the TETRA market to support the 2001 Mediteranean Games which were held in the city. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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The TETRA services have been used since then by several kinds of professional users such as transportation and utilities. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Nokia is the world’s leading supplier of TETRA networks and terminals, offering the most modern scaleable digital radio communication solutions using IP technology for public safety organizations and other professional users. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Special features include: top-class communication security, fast network-wide group calls, sophisticated emergency call functionality, prioritized calls, advanced messaging and data communication services, including IP packet data. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0The first TETRA network in North Africa was supplied to ONT by Nokia and implemented in 2001 to support the Mediteranean Games in Tunis. We are extremely pleased to continue to support ONT in developing TETRA services including IP value added applications,\u00a0\u00bb said Benoit Loth, Senior Account Manager, Nokia. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Nokia has a proven track record in delivering multiswitch TETRA networks capable of providing all TETRA services uniformly countrywide. The open interfaces of Nokia TETRA solutions enable seamless integration to command and control systems. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Nokia is the world leader in mobile communications. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Backed by its experience, innovation, user-friendliness and secure solutions, the company has become the leading supplier of mobile phones and a leading supplier of mobile, fixed broadband and IP networks. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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By adding mobility to the Internet Nokia creates new opportunities for companies and further enriches the daily lives of people. Nokia is a broadly held company with listings on six major exchanges. <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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CONTACT: Nokia Networks <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Global Communications Department, + 358 7180 38195 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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URL: http:\/\/www.businesswire.com <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
Today’s News On The Net – Business Wire’s full file on the Internet <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Tunisia’s Somocer to launch $4.1 mln IPO on Dec 9<\/font><\/h3>\n
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TUNIS, Nov 19 (Reuters) – Tunisian ceramic maker Societe Moderne de Ceramique Somocer will launch its 5.54 million dinar ($4.1 million) initial public offering on December 9 in this year’s first public issue, its lead manager said on Tuesday. \u00a0 Somocer plans to sell 336,000 shares, or 12 percent of its capital, priced at 16.5 dinars each. \u00a0 Tunisia’s largest ceramic maker, currently in private hands, has scheduled the offering to run for five days until December 13, said Mourad Ben Chaabane, a senior manager at MAC brokerage house, which is lead managing the sale. \u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0We consider this period as sufficient as the IPO is risk-free,\u00a0\u00bb he said. The company has agreed to set up a 1.8 million dinar fund to help keep the share price above 16.5 dinars for one year from the day when the stock begins trade on the Tunis bourse. \u00a0 The fund would be managed by MAC brokerage house. Tunisian law permits such a move and allows firms to intervene in the stock market to support their own stocks. \u00a0 No date has yet been set for the stock market flotation but industry sources said it could be the second half of December. The issue will be the only public offering in Tunis this year amid a market downturn, which has seen the Tunis bourse’s main index fall some 11 percent since the beginning of the year. \u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0The IPO would be the shortest share sell-off to the public in the past three years, when the average IPO period is estimated at two weeks,\u00a0\u00bb said a broker. \u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0But the timing appears to be well-weighted because the company is offering its financial backing for the share for 12 months,\u00a0\u00bb he added. Somocer’s net profit soared to 5.355 million dinars in 2001 from 1.237 million in the previous year. Turnover was 44.3 million dinars in 2001 compared with 35.3 million dinars in 2000. \u00a0 Somocer draws about 35 percent of its turnover from sales abroad to France and Libya, its main export markets. \u00a0 REUTERS <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Pr\u00e9cision<\/font><\/strong> Par MIGUEL FERRERES Directeur d’exploitation, Sol Melia, Tunisie \u00a0 Concernant votre article sur notre cha\u00eene h\u00f4teli\u00e8re Sol Melia, paru dans la section \u00ab Confidentiel \u00bb du n\u00b0 2182 : la situation critique du secteur touristique apr\u00e8s le 11 septembre 2001 et les accidents survenus en Tunisie nous ont oblig\u00e9s \u00e0 prendre des mesures urgentes afin de consolider notre position. \u00a0 Nos efforts se sont accentu\u00e9s sur l’\u00e9tude des alternatives qui nous permettent de surmonter la crise actuelle, d’honorer nos engagements, d’assurer notre continuit\u00e9 en Tunisie et, surtout, de pr\u00e9server des centaines d’emplois. \u00a0 Nous sommes d\u00e9j\u00e0 arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 des accords \u00e0 l’amiable avec la plupart des propri\u00e9taires de nos diff\u00e9rents h\u00f4tels en location. Ce qui n’est malheureusement pas le cas pour deux unit\u00e9s. Nous sommes en cours de n\u00e9gociation avec certains autres. \u00a0 (Source : L’intelligent N\u00b02184 dat\u00e9 le 18\/11\/2002)<\/font> \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/p>\n
Signature des 48 conventions collectives du secteur priv\u00e9<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong>M.Mohamed Ghannouchi, Premier ministre, a pr\u00e9sid\u00e9, jeudi, une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie de signature des conventions collectives du secteur priv\u00e9, en pr\u00e9sence de plusieurs membres du gouvernement, du secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l’Union g\u00e9n\u00e9rale tunisienne du travail (Ugtt) et du pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Union tunisienne de l\u2019industrie, du commerce et de l\u2019artisanat (Utica), ainsi que des repr\u00e9sentants des f\u00e9d\u00e9rations professionnelles du secteur priv\u00e9. \u00a0 Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 proc\u00e9d\u00e9 au cours de cette c\u00e9r\u00e9monie \u00e0 la signature des 48 conventions et avenants portant r\u00e9vision des conventions collectives du secteur priv\u00e9. \u00a0 (Source : Tunis Hebdo du 18 novembre 2002)<\/font> <\/div>\n
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L’Afrique, une cible prioritaire pour le CEPEX<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong>Le CEPEX, en collaboration avec les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de commerce international, a choisi le difficile chemin de promouvoir nos exportations sur le march\u00e9 africain. \u00a0 II ne rate aucune occasion pour r\u00e9pondre au pr\u00e9sent lors des manifestations commerciales organis\u00e9es dans les pays africains. \u00a0 Pour le prochain salon international de la construction de l’habitat et des biens d’\u00e9quipement qui se tiendra \u00e0 Dakar du 14 au 18 janvier 2003, le CEPEX y guidera une forte d\u00e9l\u00e9gation tunisienne qui sera encadr\u00e9e par une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de commerce international, la SCIT, dont l’exp\u00e9rience sur le march\u00e9 africain est plus que prouv\u00e9e. \u00a0 Le secteur cibl\u00e9 pour cette manifestation repr\u00e9sente une opportunit\u00e9 certaine pour r\u00e9aliser des affaires tant le potentiel tunisien en la mati\u00e8re est valable et performant. \u00a0 <\/font>(Source : Le Quotidien du 19 novembre 2002, d\u2019apr\u00e8s le portail babelweb)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n
Le chiffre du jour : 89<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong> Quatre vingt neuf pour cent, telle est la part moyenne de trois derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es des exportations des produits industriels dans les exportations totales de notre pays. \u00a0 Cette performance a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une politique d’ouverture pionni\u00e8re bas\u00e9e sur la recherche de la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 en se lan\u00e7ant dans le grand bain du march\u00e9 mondial et notamment europ\u00e9en. \u00a0 Ce n’est point un hasard si 2500 entreprises \u00ab\u00e9trang\u00e8res\u00bb ont choisi de s’implanter en Tunisie. \u00a0 <\/font>(Source : Le Quotidien du 19 novembre 2002, d\u2019apr\u00e8s le portail babelweb)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n
Le long p\u00e9riple du courrier<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong> On se demande pourquoi le courrier post\u00e9 de Tunis prend du temps avant de parvenir \u00e0 ses r\u00e9cipiendaires, \u00e9tablis \u00e9galement \u00e0 Tunis. Cela est \u00e9tonnant mais \u00e7a a une justification. \u00a0 En effet, le courrier fait un long p\u00e9riple avant d’atterrir dans nos boites aux lettres. Si une lettre est post\u00e9e, \u00e0 titre d’exemple, de la Place pasteur, \u00e0 destination de l’Ariana, elle doit tout d’abord aller au centre de tri puis revenir \u00e0 la Poste de la circonscription de l’Ariana puis aller \u00e0 son destinataire. \u00a0 Cela est anormal \u00e0 l’heure o\u00f9 on parle de la simplification des proc\u00e9dures administratives. \u00a0 <\/font>(Source : Le Temps du 19 novembre 2002, d\u2019apr\u00e8s le portail babelweb)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n
Cin\u00e9ma tunisien nouveau : ‘Parcours autres’ de Sonia Chamkhi, Sud \u00c9ditions<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong> L’ouvrage que vient de publier r\u00e9cemment Sonia Chamkhi, docteur Es-Lettres (cin\u00e9ma, audiovisuel et t\u00e9l\u00e9vision) et qui enseigne l’esth\u00e9tique de l’image aux universit\u00e9s de Tunis, reprend la d\u00e9cennie quatre vingt, marqu\u00e9e par un essor cin\u00e9matographique d\u00e9di\u00e9 au d\u00e9fi. \u00a0 Son essai, qui ne manque pas de description savoureuse et de critique constructive, tente de r\u00e9sumer cette p\u00e9riode qualifi\u00e9e de (l’\u00e2ge d’or) \u00e0 travers l’itin\u00e9raire de cinq productions dont la d\u00e9marche esth\u00e9tique et le th\u00e8me sont absolument in\u00e9dits. \u00a0 <\/font>(Source : Le Quotidien du 19 novembre 2002, d\u2019apr\u00e8s le portail babelweb)<\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n
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PR\u00c9PARATION DU SOMMET MONDIAL DE LA SOCI\u00c9T\u00c9 D\u2019INFORMATION<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong>\u00a0 M.Guy Olivier Segond, ambassadeur sp\u00e9cial aupr\u00e8s des Nations Unies, charg\u00e9 de la pr\u00e9paration du Sommet mondial de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019information, a effectu\u00e9 un voyage d\u2019\u00e9tude en Tunisie au d\u00e9but du mois de novembre et a particip\u00e9 au colloque international sur les nouveaux \u00e9quilibres strat\u00e9giques internationaux. \u00a0 Au cours de son s\u00e9jour, M.Segond a eu une s\u00e9rie de contacts avec les diff\u00e9rents partenaires concern\u00e9s ainsi qu\u2019une s\u00e9ance de travail avec les repr\u00e9sentants d\u2019une cinquantaine d\u2019associations tunisiennes actives dans les secteurs des technologies de l\u2019information et de la communication (TIC) ou des associations ayant le statut consultatif aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019ECOSOC (Conseil Economique et Social des Nations Unies).Le d\u00e9bat a port\u00e9 sur le r\u00f4le de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile dans la pr\u00e9paration du Sommet mondial sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019information. \u00a0 Ce sommet se d\u00e9roulera en deux phases : \u00a0 – La 1\u00e8re phase \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve en 2003 \u00a0 – La 2\u00e8me et ultime phase aura lieu \u00e0 Tunis en 2005. \u00a0 Le sommet doit traiter de la fracture num\u00e9rique, de l\u2019\u00e9conomie solidaire, du dialogue des civilisations et de l\u2019info \u00e9thique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle internationale. \u00a0 Il r\u00e9unira autour de plus de 180 chefs d\u2019Etat, les repr\u00e9sentants du secteur public et priv\u00e9, les maires de grandes villes, les repr\u00e9sentants d\u2019organisations internationales et ceux de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile.Pr\u00e8s de 5000 ONG sont attendues \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve et \u00e0 Tunis. \u00a0 M.Segond en compagnie de plusieurs internautes tunisiens (2 ans et 9 mois), lors de sa visite \u00e0 la Caravane de Sakiet Sidi Youssef, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la semaine d\u2019Internet. \u00a0 <\/font>(Source : Tunis Hebdo du 18 novembre 2002) <\/p>\n
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Des \u00e9coliers sauvageons !<\/font><\/h3>\n
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L\u2019effort consenti par les pouvoirs publics pour la protection des droits de l\u2019enfant \u00e0 travers la mise en place de tout un arsenal juridique est consid\u00e9rable. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un acquis de taille \u00e0 m\u00eame de donner \u00e0 nos titis les moyens de leur \u00e9panouissement \u00e0 tous les les niveaux. \u00a0 Cependant, il est bon de constater, h\u00e9las, une mont\u00e9e en fl\u00e8che du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de l\u2019impolitesse. \u00a0 Des sc\u00e8nes d\u00e9solantes se produisent souvent en face des \u00e9tablissements scolaires au vu et au su de tout le monde: propos d\u00e9go\u00fbtants, langage blasph\u00e9matoire et ordurier, bagarres et rixes aussi fr\u00e9quentes que regrettables. Dans l\u2019enceinte de certains \u00e9tablissements le thermom\u00e8tre de la \u201csauvegerie\u201d monte d\u2019un cran. En effet, surveillants et cadres administratifs ne sont jamais \u00e9pargn\u00e9s et sont souvent la cible de moqueries et d\u2019humiliations. \u00a0 Quant aux professeurs, ils font l\u2019objet, eux aussi, de railleries et taquineries avec des commentaires d\u00e9plaisants sur leur coiffure, leurs allures ou leurs tenues vestimentaires, le tout agr\u00e9ment\u00e9 de surnoms fantaisistes et comiques. \u00a0 La palme dans ce f\u00e2cheux registre vient d\u2019\u00eatre d\u00e9croch\u00e9e par un jeune de onze ans qui a bless\u00e9, r\u00e9cemment, avec une arme blanche, son enseignant mettant ainsi la famille \u00e9ducative sous le choc. Cet incident grave incite \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir sur la part de responsabilit\u00e9 de la famille. \u00a0 En effet, les adultes doivent assumer les erreurs de leurs enfants. Il est absolument n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 cet effet que les parents fassent preuve de plus d\u2019autorit\u00e9 et jouent convenablement leur r\u00f4le, partant de l\u2019\u00e9vidence que la famille constitue la cellule la plus importante et la pierre angulaire d\u2019une \u00e9ducation id\u00e9ale que nous voulons tous inculquer \u00e0 nos enfants. Le laisser-aller, le laisser-faire ne peuvent que creuser le lit de toutes les d\u00e9rives pr\u00e9judiciables \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi qu\u2019aux valeurs qui font notre sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9. En l\u2019absence de garde-fous, les enfants ne peuvent que laisser libre cours \u00e0 toutes leurs incartades. \u00a0 Ainsi parall\u00e8lement aux ateliers \u00e9ducatifs \u2014clubs de musique, danse… etc\u2014 au sein des \u00e9tablissements scolaires, il serait judicieux de mettre en place une cellule de veille sociale dans chaque lyc\u00e9e et coll\u00e8ge pour soutenir et encadrer les jeunes en difficult\u00e9s avec l\u2019aide d\u2019une assistante sociale qui servira de relais entre la famille et l\u2019\u00e9tablissement scolaire. \u00a0 Il est m\u00eame recommand\u00e9 pour les r\u00e9cidivistes de les faire assister en compagnie de leurs parents par des psychologues comme deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape. \u00a0 Et pour ceux qui r\u00e9sistent, il faudrait pr\u00e9voir des sanctions aussi dissuasives que persuasives en obligeant les parents \u00e0 assumer leurs responsabilit\u00e9s. \u00a0 Aux grands maux en somme les grands rem\u00e8des. Rien ne vaut une th\u00e9rapie de choc pour venir \u00e0 bout d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne coriace qui prend des dimensions tentaculaires. \u00a0 <\/font>ABDEL\u2019JELIL ALLOUCHE<\/strong><\/font> \u00a0 (Source : Tunis Hebdo du 18 novembre 2002) <\/div>\n
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Tunisie-France La confiance retrouv\u00e9e<\/font><\/h4>\n
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Depuis la r\u00e9\u00e9lection de Jacques Chirac, les relations entre les deux pays se sont nettement d\u00e9tendues. Et les \u00e9changes de visites multipli\u00e9s.<\/font> \u00a0 Par RIDHA K\u00c9FI<\/font><\/strong> correspondant \u00e0 Tunis \u00a0 Au cours d’une conf\u00e9rence de presse donn\u00e9e, le 14 novembre, \u00e0 Tunis, \u00e0 l’issue de sa premi\u00e8re visite officielle en Tunisie depuis sa nomination en mai dernier, le ministre fran\u00e7ais des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, Dominique de Villepin, a parl\u00e9 de \u00ab confiance retrouv\u00e9e \u00bb entre Paris et Tunis, faisant ainsi allusion au froid qui a caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 les relations entre les deux pays durant toute la p\u00e9riode o\u00f9 les socialistes \u00e9taient au pouvoir en France (1997-2002). \u00a0 Le chef de la diplomatie fran\u00e7aise, qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 re\u00e7u en audience, quelques heures auparavant, par le pr\u00e9sident Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, a soulign\u00e9 \u00e0 cette occasion \u00ab la qualit\u00e9 de la relation personnelle \u00bb entre ce dernier et le pr\u00e9sident Jacques Chirac. \u00a0 Le pr\u00e9sident fran\u00e7ais a d\u00e9j\u00e0 visit\u00e9 la Tunisie \u00e0 deux reprises, en 1995 et 2001. Ben Ali s’est rendu en visite officielle en France en 1997. Les deux chefs d’\u00c9tat se parlent souvent au t\u00e9l\u00e9phone. La haute commission mixte se r\u00e9unit, chaque ann\u00e9e, dans l’un des deux pays. La derni\u00e8re s’est tenue en juin, \u00e0 Paris. \u00a0 Depuis le mois de mai, les \u00e9changes de visites au niveau minist\u00e9riel se sont multipli\u00e9s. Le 2 novembre, Nicolas Sarkozy, ministre de l’Int\u00e9rieur, s’est rendu \u00e0 Tunis. Objectif : resserrer la coop\u00e9ration entre les deux pays en mati\u00e8re de lutte contre le terrorisme et l’extr\u00e9misme. Quelques jours apr\u00e8s cette visite, la police fran\u00e7aise a interpell\u00e9 \u00e0 Lyon plusieurs ressortissants tunisiens soup\u00e7onn\u00e9s d’\u00eatre impliqu\u00e9s dans l’attentat contre la synagogue de Djerba revendiqu\u00e9 par le r\u00e9seau el-Qa\u00efda (21 morts, le 11 avril dernier). \u00a0 Cette \u00ab Tunisie dynamique et ouverte, qui assume pleinement ses traditions et ses valeurs de tol\u00e9rance religieuse […] b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie du plein soutien de la France \u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le chef de la diplomatie fran\u00e7aise. Inscrite dans la zone de solidarit\u00e9 prioritaire, la Tunisie est le pays qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la plus forte aide fran\u00e7aise par habitant. La France est, par ailleurs, le premier partenaire commercial et le premier investisseur \u00e9tranger en Tunisie. \u00a0 Quelque 13 000 Fran\u00e7ais sont install\u00e9s sur le sol tunisien et pr\u00e8s de 500 000 Tunisiens vivent en France. Chaque ann\u00e9e, plus d’un million de touristes fran\u00e7ais passent leurs vacances sur les plages tunisiennes. \u00a0 La question des droits de l’homme a-t-elle \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9voqu\u00e9e au cours de cette visite ? \u00ab Cela fait partie de notre dialogue approfondi \u00bb, a r\u00e9pondu le ministre, avant d’ajouter qu’en ce domaine \u00ab l’efficacit\u00e9 commande la discr\u00e9tion \u00bb. \u00a0 Dominique de Villepin, qui a f\u00eat\u00e9 son anniversaire \u00e0 Tunis, a annonc\u00e9 la prochaine visite officielle du pr\u00e9sident Chirac en Tunisie, d\u00e9but 2003, et celle du Premier ministre fran\u00e7ais, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, dans le courant de 2004.<\/font> \u00a0 (Source : L’intelligent N\u00b02184 dat\u00e9 le 18\/11\/2002)<\/font> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Texte propos\u00e9 au Forum Constitutionnel lors de son r\u00e9union le lundi 19 Nov 2002 La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 tunisienne et la notion de souverainet\u00e9<\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n
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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 19-11-2002 21:53\u00a0 TUNeZINE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649\u00a0\u00a0 )<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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(\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 18 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2002)<\/font> <\/o:p> <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
http:\/\/80.11.130.27:1347\/article\/articleview\/204\/1\/10\/<\/a><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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Les heures de gloire de la civilisation musulmane<\/font><\/h4>\n
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Mouna Na\u00efm<\/strong> <\/font>\u00a0 \u00a0 Les sciences physiques et humaines ont connu un \u00ab\u00a0\u00e2ge d’or\u00a0\u00bb sous le califat de Bagdad, qui s’\u00e9tendait sur tout le Proche-Orient, rappellent opportun\u00e9ment \u00ab\u00a0Les Cahiers de Science & Vie\u00a0\u00bb(*). \u00a0 \u00c0 l’heure o\u00f9, dans beaucoup d’esprits, presque tout ce qui est musulman et\/ou arabe est globalement assimil\u00e9, au mieux \u00e0 l’irrationalit\u00e9, au pis \u00e0 l’extr\u00e9misme religieux, le mensuel Les Cahiers de Science & Vie a eu la bonne id\u00e9e de consacrer sa derni\u00e8re livraison \u00e0 cet \u00ab\u00a0\u00e2ge d’or\u00a0\u00bb que connut la civilisation arabo-musulmane entre les VIIIe et XIIIe si\u00e8cles. \u00a0 Bagdad, dont la seule \u00e9vocation se confond souvent aujourd’hui avec la brutalit\u00e9 del’homme qui la gouverne, et les souffrances de son peuple, y appara\u00eet pour ce qu’elle fut : la capitale prosp\u00e8re de la dynastie abbasside qui, comme le souligne l’\u00e9ditorial du r\u00e9dacteur en chef, Pierre Icikovics, \u00ab\u00a0sera associ\u00e9e aux plus grandes r\u00e9alisations culturelles et techniques de cet \u00e2ge d’or\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0 Qui sont les Abbassides ? Une introduction allant droit \u00e0 l’essentiel permet au lecteur de remonter dans le temps jusqu’\u00e0 la mort de Mahomet, en 632, et aux probl\u00e8mes pos\u00e9s par sa succession en l’absence d’un h\u00e9ritier d\u00e9sign\u00e9. \u00a0 Pour aller au plus court, il suffit de rappeler qu’en 750, apr\u00e8s de sanglantes luttes intestines \u2013 dont l’\u00e9pisode le plus marquant fut l’\u00e9limination d’Ali, le gendre du proph\u00e8te \u2013, la dynastie des Abbassides, du nom de son fondateur, Al Abbas, oncle du proph\u00e8te, triomphait de celle des Omeyyades. Elle h\u00e9ritait d’un immense empire s’\u00e9tendant de l’Atlantique \u00e0 l’Indus, dont elle transf\u00e9ra la capitale de Damas \u00e0 Bagdad. \u00a0 Bien que son emprise se r\u00e9tr\u00e9c\u00eet au fil des ann\u00e9es par des mouvements centrifuges et malgr\u00e9 la concurrence d’une autre dynastie, chiite celle-l\u00e0, celle des Fatimides, son r\u00e8gne s’\u00e9tendit jusqu’en 1258. C’est avec l’\u00e9mergence de ce califat que se d\u00e9velopp\u00e8rent toutes sortes de sciences. La cl\u00e9 de ce foisonnement est sans conteste l’enrichissement qu’apporte la diversit\u00e9 des peuples, des langues et des cultures embrass\u00e9s dans l’empire. \u00a0 De fait, souligne Flor\u00e9al Sanagustin, directeur de l’Institut fran\u00e7ais d’\u00e9tudes arabes de Damas, les sciences s’appuient alors \u00ab\u00a0sur un substrat ancien de plusieurs types : grec (…), indien (…), m\u00e9sopotamien, mais aussi sur le vieux fonds de connaissances empiriques arabiques, et c’est l\u00e0, sans doute, la principale caract\u00e9ristique de la science arabe : avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 r\u00e9unir en son sein une tradition scientifique tr\u00e8s diverse\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0TOUTES CONFESSIONS\u00a0\u00bb \u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0De toutes les cultures et de toutes les confessions. Musulmans, chr\u00e9tiens, juifs, sab\u00e9ens, travaillent ensemble dans un foisonnement d’id\u00e9es sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent depuis des si\u00e8cles\u00a0\u00bb, compl\u00e8te Emmanuel Monnier dans un article sur \u00ab\u00a0L’apog\u00e9e des sciences arabes\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0 Il a choisi deux figures, symboles de cet esprit universel qui caract\u00e9risait les savants de l’\u00e9poque : le math\u00e9maticien, historien et g\u00e9ographe Al Khwarizmi, auteur du grand livre des Tables astronomiques, de nombreux ouvrages sur l’astrolabe et l’astrologie et, surtout, de cette nouvelle discipline, al-jabr (l’alg\u00e8bre), qu’il d\u00e9veloppe dans son Kitab al-jabr wa al muqabala. Et Abdel Rayhan Mohammad Al Biruni, auquel aucune discipline n’\u00e9chappe, \u00e0 la fois astronome, historien, g\u00e9ographe et physicien. \u00a0 Fond\u00e9e par le calife Al Ma’mun, la Maison de la sagesse (Beit Al Hikma), comme son nom l’indique, tient lieu de centre de recherches et de traductions pour toute sorte de travaux, dont la m\u00e9decine et la pharmacologie ne furent pas en reste. \u00a0 La premi\u00e8re profita de l’essor g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des sciences pour se d\u00e9velopper de mani\u00e8re remarquable, permettant \u00e0 des m\u00e9decins tels qu’Avicenne \u00ab\u00a0d’\u00e9laborer un syst\u00e8me conceptuel que l’on d\u00e9signa sous le nom de m\u00e9decine arabe\u00a0\u00bb, qui, \u00ab\u00a0bien que largement impr\u00e9gn\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine grecque, pr\u00e9sentait plusieurs aspects originaux, et notamment l’\u00e9mergence d’une science ophtalmologique\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0 L’\u00e9ventail des sujets trait\u00e9s est suffisamment \u00e9loquent et \u00e9l\u00e9gamment illustr\u00e9 pour autoriser le titre de couverture : \u00ab\u00a0Le Monde des Mille et Une Nuits\u00a0\u00bb: le g\u00e9nie arabe. \u00a0 Des \u00ab\u00a0mille et une villes d’un empire\u00a0\u00bb et des \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e8gles de l’exquise urbanit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, th\u00e8mes trait\u00e9s par Andr\u00e9 Miquel, titulaire de la chaire de langue et litt\u00e9rature arabes du Coll\u00e8ge de France, \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0l’art culinaire\u00a0\u00bb et aux \u00ab\u00a0mille et une portes sur d’autres mondes\u00a0\u00bb, en passant par \u00ab\u00a0la magie, l’autre face de l’univers\u00a0\u00bb ou encore \u00ab\u00a0les techniques de l’eau, Damas, les sources du paradis\u00a0\u00bb, le lecteur pourra d\u00e9couvrir certaines des mille et une facettes de cet \u00ab\u00a0\u00e2ge d’or\u00a0\u00bb. Et peut-\u00eatre avoir envie d’en savoir plus sur une civilisation souvent ignor\u00e9e. \u00a0 (*) No 71, octobre 2002, 5 \u20ac. \u00a0 (CET ARTICLE A ETE PUBLIE DANS L’EDITION PAPIER DU JOURNAL \u00ab LE MONDE \u00bb DATE LE 20.11.02)<\/font> <\/div>\n
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Les islamistes turcs et les milieux d’affaires<\/font><\/h4>\n
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Le parti AK, qui vient de remporter les l\u00e9gislatives, compte parmi ses nouveaux \u00e9lus beaucoup d’industriels, de banquiers et de commer\u00e7ants, et quelques femmes. \u00a0 La victoire des islamistes aux \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives du 3 novembre, qui ont vu le Parti de la justice et du d\u00e9veloppement, religieux conservateur (AK), remporter la majorit\u00e9 des si\u00e8ges (363) au Parlement, a fait abondamment gloser la presse turque. Elle s’est aussi pench\u00e9e sur le profil socioprofessionnel, le parcours ou les pr\u00e9noms des 550 d\u00e9put\u00e9s de la nouvelle l\u00e9gislature. \u00a0 Premi\u00e8re constatation, s’est r\u00e9joui H\u00fcrriyet : \u00ab\u00a0Ils sont tous \u00e9duqu\u00e9s !\u00a0\u00bbSelon le quotidien, 89,6 % des \u00e9lus sont d\u00e9tenteurs d’un dipl\u00f4me universitaire, avec une proportion plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e chez ceux de l’AK (92,8 %) que les 84,8 % des sociaux-d\u00e9mocrates du CHP (Parti r\u00e9publicain du peuple, formation fond\u00e9e par Ataturk). Si la nouvelle Assembl\u00e9e est moins morcel\u00e9e que la pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente \u2013 avec deux partis (l’AK et le CHP), contre neuf auparavant \u2013 les cat\u00e9gories socioprofessionnelles r\u00e9pertori\u00e9es par H\u00fcrriyetsont en revanche vari\u00e9es. \u00a0 Outre 76 avocats, 69 ing\u00e9nieurs, 26 m\u00e9decins et 31 hommes d’affaires, le Parlement turc compte 7 dentistes, 9 pharmaciens, 4 ambassadeurs \u00e0 la retraite, 3 v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires, 2 artistes, 1 joaillier, 1 juge, 1 philosophe, 1 ouvrier et 1 interpr\u00e8te simultan\u00e9 ! Ce dernier, Egemen Bagis, qui officiait jusqu’alors \u00e0 la Maison Blanche, envisage de se r\u00e9installer en Turquie depuis qu’il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu sur les listes de l’AK. \u00a0 Quant \u00e0 Inci Gulser \u00d6zdemir, ancienne h\u00f4tesse d’accueil de l’a\u00e9roport d’Istanbul qui, depuis son d\u00e9part \u00e0 la retraite, s’est engag\u00e9e dans les rangs de l’AK, elle est l’une des 24 femmes d\u00e9put\u00e9es et elle repr\u00e9sentera sa circonscription d’Istanbul. \u00a0 PR\u00c9NOM FAVORI, MEHMET \u00a0 Toujours selon cette \u00e9tude, le parti AK est bien repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 parmi les hommes d’affaires (27 sur 31), les industriels (8 sur 12), les commer\u00e7ants (13 sur 15) et aussi chez les banquiers, tous deux islamo-conservateurs. Quant au CHP (178 si\u00e8ges), il peut se consoler, car il compte dans ses rangs quelques valeurs s\u00fbres de l’agroalimentaire, dont Orhan Diren, producteur de vin de la r\u00e9gion de Tokat (\u00e0 l’est d’Ankara), ou Muharrem Eskiyapan, le \u00ab\u00a0roi du macaroni\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e9lu en Anatolie centrale. \u00a0 Fort heureusement, l’escroc Mehmet Fadil Akg\u00fcnd\u00fcz n’appartient \u00e0 aucune des deux formations politiques puisqu’il est l’un des 9 \u00e9lus \u00ab\u00a0ind\u00e9pendants\u00a0\u00bb. Recherch\u00e9 par Interpol, ce banquier v\u00e9reux l’a emport\u00e9 dans sa r\u00e9gion natale de Siirt au terme d’une campagne men\u00e9e par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone et \u00e0 coups de millions. Pl\u00e9biscit\u00e9, il s’est empress\u00e9 de remercier ses \u00e9lecteurs, par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone bien s\u00fbr, pour cette immunit\u00e9 fort opportune. \u00a0 Oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 cette vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d’horizons, le conformisme des pr\u00e9noms \u00e9tonne. Huit se partagent pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de l’h\u00e9micycle : Mehmet est num\u00e9ro un avec 72 titulaires, devant Ali (31), Mustafa (23), lequel renforc\u00e9 par Kemal (18) pourrait, en quelque sorte, pr\u00e9tendre \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me place. Quoi de plus normal, puisque ces deux pr\u00e9noms sont ceux d’Atat\u00fcrk, le fondateur de la r\u00e9publique la\u00efque, dont le poster est offert chaque 10 novembre par H\u00fcrriyet \u00e0 ses lecteurs \u00e0 l’occasion de l’anniversaire de sa mort. \u00a0 C’est justement l’h\u00e9ritage de Mustafa Kemal d’une r\u00e9publique la\u00efque, r\u00e9formatrice et \u00e9tatique, que certains craignent, en Turquie, voir malmen\u00e9 par l’av\u00e8nement d’un parti religieux. L’AK rejette ce label, mais son chef charismatique, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que sa formation allait \u0153uvrer pour \u00e9largir le port du foulard aux sph\u00e8res de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’o\u00f9 il est, pour l’heure, banni. \u00a0 Qu’\u00e0 cela ne tienne, selon l’autre grand quotidien, Milliyet, le choix du premier ministre se ferait \u2013 au sein m\u00eame du parti AK \u2013 au vu des photographies des \u00e9pouses des imp\u00e9trants, celles qui ne sont pas \u00ab\u00a0v\u00eatues \u00e0 l’europ\u00e9enne\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9tant automatiquement \u00e9limin\u00e9es, ruinant, du m\u00eame coup, l’acc\u00e8s de leur \u00e9poux \u00e0 la fonction supr\u00eame. \u00a0 Marie J\u00e9go \u00a0 www.hurriyet.com.tr \u00a0 (ARTICLE PARU DANS L’EDITION PAPIER DU \u00ab MONDE \u00bb DATEE LE\u00a0 14.11.02)<\/font> \u00a0 <\/div>\n
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CETTE TURQUIE QUI NOUS RESSEMBLE<\/font><\/h4>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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\u00a0Par Omar Mestiri<\/font><\/strong> La victoire du parti du parti de la justice et du d\u00e9veloppement en Turquie interpelle tous les pays musulmans. Est-ce que islamisme ne se conjugue qu\u2019avec extr\u00e9misme ? L’int\u00e9gration d\u2019un\u00a0 islam mod\u00e9r\u00e9 dans le jeu d\u00e9mocratique n\u2019est-il pas un gage de stabilit\u00e9 pour ces soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u00e9chir\u00e9es entre modernit\u00e9 et replis identitaires ?\u00a0 La presse tunisienne, si prolixe sur le Br\u00e9sil,\u00a0 n’a pas souffl\u00e9 un mot de ces \u00e9lections turques. Et pour cause. C\u2019est le contre exemple du choix \u00e9radicateur op\u00e9r\u00e9 par le r\u00e9gime de Ben Ali. \u00a0 \u00a0Les \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives organis\u00e9es le 3 novembre 2002 en Turquie sonnent le glas du mod\u00e8le turc. Enfant ch\u00e9ri de toutes les administrations am\u00e9ricaines depuis la deuxi\u00e8me guerre mondiale, pi\u00e8ce ma\u00eetresse de l\u2019OTAN durant la guerre froide, pouss\u00e9e depuis \u00e0 constituer un axe militaire contre nature avec israel (o\u00f9 il pallie la d\u00e9fection de l\u2019Iran) mena\u00e7ant les pays arabes, la Turquie risque de faire cruellement d\u00e9faut \u00e0 la veille de l\u2019aventure militaire programm\u00e9e par les USA dans la plus importante zone p\u00e9troli\u00e8re de la plan\u00e8te. Le co\u00fbt des sacro-saints \u00ab int\u00e9r\u00eats vitaux \u00bb des Etats-Unis \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant constamment \u00e0 une la\u00efcit\u00e9 aussi dogmatique que brutale, les g\u00e9n\u00e9raux turcs, au pouvoir depuis plus de trois-quarts de si\u00e8cle, ont toujours su obtenir la caution bienveillante de leur puissant protecteur pour mener toutes sortes d\u2019exactions contre leur population : Tortures d\u2019opposants, emprisonnement de d\u00e9fenseurs de droits humains, assassinats de journalistes, r\u00e9pression de syndicalistes, destructions de centaines de villages kurdes avec un exode massif des populations\u2026 Les coups d\u2019Etat et magouilles \u00e9lectorales qui ont jalonn\u00e9 la vie de ce pays, membre du NATO et situ\u00e9 aux confins de l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne, n\u2019ont pas davantage \u00e9mu Washington qui a m\u00eame ferm\u00e9 les yeux sur les exp\u00e9ditions militaires punitives men\u00e9es sur les territoires des pays voisins. Les Etats-Unis ont m\u00eame us\u00e9 de tout leur poids dans les instances du IMF pour amener cette institution, traditionnellement si tatillonne, \u00e0 consentir des facilit\u00e9s financi\u00e8res d\u2019une largesse sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent \u00e0 la Turquie (l\u2019Argentine, moins docile a \u00e9t\u00e9 priv\u00e9e de telles faveurs avec les cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9sastreuses que l\u2019on conna\u00eet). Etrangement tol\u00e9rante envers le laxisme financier, l\u2019opacit\u00e9 de secteurs importants de l\u2019\u00e9conomie nationale, elle ferme les yeux sur la masse consid\u00e9rable d\u2019argent sale qui circule dans le pays. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les militaires turcs se sont longtemps appuy\u00e9s sur une classe politique aussi divis\u00e9e qu\u2019incomp\u00e9tente et corrompue. Ces politiciens, aux assises \u00e9lectorales \u00e9triqu\u00e9es, se tenaient aux lignes rouges que leur imposaient des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux et manipulaient le jeu institutionnel \u00e0 leur guise, tout en reprenant \u00e0 leur compte le discours nationaliste intransigeant pour mieux couvrir leur incurie. L\u2019autre visage de l\u2019islam politique \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 turque a fait preuve d\u2019une opini\u00e2tret\u00e9 remarquable pour mettre en avant ses aspirations \u00e0 une vie politique plus \u00e9volu\u00e9e et sortir le pays du retard \u00e9conomique. Incontestablement ce sont les mouvements de la gauche radicale et les ind\u00e9pendantistes kurdes qui ont pay\u00e9 le plus lourd tribut \u00e0 la contestation du joug des militaires : les dizaines de milliers de prisonniers politiques ont fait du syst\u00e8me carc\u00e9ral turc un outil r\u00e9pressif unanimement d\u00e9savou\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le monde. \u00a0 Le combat pour une presse libre a valu l\u2019emprisonnement \u00e0 des centaines de journalistes. De m\u00eame, les mouvements turcs de droits de l\u2019homme, ont constitu\u00e9 la b\u00eate noire du r\u00e9gime, valant de nombreux emprisonnements \u00e0 leur leader Akin Birdal qui a aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019objet d\u2019attentat par balles au cours des derniers mois. Cependant cette r\u00e9sistance n\u2019est pas parvenue \u00e0 constituer une alternative d\u00e9mocratique aux assises populaires profondes.\u00a0 Syst\u00e8me politique bloqu\u00e9, faillite \u00e9conomique, contestation populaire\u2026 les militaires turcs ne pouvaient plus \u00e0 la suite du renoncement du PKK \u00e0 la lutte arm\u00e9e, continuer \u00e0 repousser ind\u00e9finiment des r\u00e9formes consistantes, surtout celles exig\u00e9es par la demande d\u2019adh\u00e9sion l\u2019Union Europ\u00e9enne ; c\u2019est ainsi que l\u2019abolition de la peine de mort et la reconnaissance des droits culturels de la forte minorit\u00e9 kurde co\u00efncid\u00e8rent avec l\u2019\u00e9clatement de la coalition gouvernementale de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 2002. Il faudrait tout de m\u00eame ajouter que l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9cisif de cette \u00e9volution a \u00e9t\u00e9 l’encouragement des protecteurs am\u00e9ricains – qui ont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 un intense lobbying en ce sens aupr\u00e8s des quinze – avec l\u2019objectif de placer l\u2019un de leurs alli\u00e9s les plus s\u00fbrs au c\u0153ur de la future initiative europ\u00e9enne de d\u00e9fense \u00a0 \u00a0 L\u2019\u00e9crasante victoire \u00e9lectorale du parti de la justice et du d\u00e9veloppement paracheva l\u2019implosion du syst\u00e8me des partis en place depuis plusieurs d\u00e9cennies. En \u00e9lisant une majorit\u00e9 dot\u00e9e d\u2019une coh\u00e9sion et d\u2019une assise populaire sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, les \u00e9lecteurs turcs ont pour la premi\u00e8re fois dot\u00e9 des civils de moyens leur permettant d\u2019\u00e9quilibrer en leur faveur le jeu institutionnel. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ils faut aussi reconna\u00eetre aux islamistes turcs d\u2019avoir su entamer intelligemment et pragmatiquement les mutations n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9ussir \u00e0 s\u2019imposer. Coll\u00e9s aux pr\u00e9occupations populaires, investis dans les collectivit\u00e9s locales, ils ont r\u00e9ussi, malgr\u00e9 les pers\u00e9cutions des militaires, \u00e0 rejeter toute tentation de recours \u00e0 la violence comme alternative au noyautage institutionnel. \u00a0 Pourtant, les alibis n\u2019ont pas manqu\u00e9 : dissolution en 1997, sous la pression des am\u00e9ricains, de leur premier gouvernement de coalition de Nejmeddin Erbakan \u00e0 la suite d\u2019initiatives de rapprochement diplomatique avec l\u2019Iran et la Libye et la signature d\u2018accords d\u2019\u00e9change \u00e9conomique assez juteux. Interdiction par deux fois de leur formation politique, condamnation de cadres et dirigeants frapp\u00e9s aussi d\u2019in\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9\u2026 \u00a0 Ils se sont r\u00e9solument inscrits dans la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 en menant avec acharnement une lutte contre son d\u00e9voiement ; ils ont su tout autant se d\u00e9marquer de la rh\u00e9torique traditionnelle, refuser le fondamentalisme, rassurer les investisseurs, se faire les champion des r\u00e9formes – en particulier l\u2019adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 l\u2019UE – et surtout gagner un cr\u00e9dit populaire imposant gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur combat contre la corruption et \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rassembler les comp\u00e9tences et \u00e0 r\u00e9incarner l\u2019espoir de toute une soci\u00e9t\u00e9.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ils constituent d\u00e9sormais \u2013 au m\u00eame titre que les r\u00e9formateurs iraniens – une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence indiscutable pour l\u2019ensemble du monde musulman. Ils ont apport\u00e9 la preuve qu\u2019une int\u00e9gration r\u00e9ussie des courants islamistes au jeu institutionnel donnait plus d\u2019assise populaire \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie qui gagne ainsi en force et en stabilit\u00e9. <\/div>\n
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(Source : www.kalimatunisie.com N\u00b08, Novembre 2002)<\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n
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<\/o:p> <\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n
<\/o:p> <\/font><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n
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\u00a0 <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 18 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2002) <\/o:p> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Preparing for Democracy State Dept. Connects Arab Women, Political Consultants<\/font><\/p>\n
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By Peter Slevin Washington Post Staff Writer Monday, November 4, 2002; Page A03 The Arab women, more than 50 of them, sat at round tables in a downtown Washington conference room, rising one by one to tell of their frustrations with politics in their home countries. Avenues to power are traditionally closed to them, they said, and the rare openings seem so small. Amid questions about waging underdog political campaigns and stories about being the lone woman on a town council, a Tunisian professor asked her American host whether it would be better for women from non-democratic countries simply to stay home. \u00ab\u00a0No, no!\u00a0\u00bb Elizabeth Cheney replied in Arabic, smiling. She added in English, \u00ab\u00a0You, the women yourselves, are the only way to begin a process that will change that.\u00a0\u00bb The Bush administration believes the time is ripe for democratic progress in the Arab world, and the State Department’s invitation to Arab women from a dozen countries and the Palestinian territories is the first of a series of initiatives designed to smooth the way. In two weeks, the women have collected advice from political consultants — including the Republican-Democrat, wife-husband team of Mary Matalin and James Carville — and visited political campaigns in five states. They have talked politics with women who have won, and with women who helped those women win. A program that began with the session with Cheney, who runs the Arab reform program at the State Department, ends with an election-night party Tuesday and a session the next day with Secretary of State Colin L. Powell. The administration aims to nurture the fledgling program as part of its broader ambitions for openings in the region. The obstacles are formidable, particularly in the Middle East monarchies and autocracies. Women came to the project from Saudi Arabia and Syria, but also from countries where change is underway. \u00ab\u00a0It’s important to look at the countries where there are impressive gains being made. Bahrain. Morocco. Qatar,\u00a0\u00bb Cheney said Saturday. \u00ab\u00a0You see places where the leadership is grasping hold of the reality that political freedom and economic freedom are the key ingredients for joining the 21st century.\u00a0\u00bb The administration faces difficulties, however, not only in setting its agenda but also in announcing it. Powell twice has postponed delivery of a speech intended to define U.S. plans to increase political, economic and educational opportunity in the Arab world. In September, Powell and his staff concluded that the message would be drowned out by President Bush’s anti-Iraq speech at the United Nations. After rescheduling the address for last week, officials postponed it again, fearing it would again be lost, or seen in the Middle East as a weak palliative at a moment when the administration is pursuing aggressive policies toward Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. U.S. officials said a focus on democracy-building projects and a redirection of aid money to grass-roots efforts can accomplish two things. One is to build a desire and ability to reform authoritarian governments great and small. The other is to soften the image in Arab streets of the United States as a malign power that cares about little in the region apart from defending Israel and preserving access to cheap oil. \u00ab\u00a0People in my country said you will go and come back and nothing will change,\u00a0\u00bb said Ghada El Yafi, a Lebanese doctor and onetime parliamentary candidate. The women also wanted to deliver their own views to the American government, which many of them believe does not understand the political dynamics of the Arab world. At a session with national security adviser Condoleezza Rice, several women challenged Rice on the perceived lack of U.S. evenhandedness in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and said they do not want war in Iraq. The women’s project was hatched after Cheney, who is the vice president’s daughter, and her colleagues saw their excitement over women in Bahrain running for office for the first time muted by the fact that every woman lost. As Cheney explained to the group in Washington, the Americans asked themselves why. One reason, they reckoned, was cultural — many men would be slow to vote for a woman. But they also learned that the Bahrain candidates had minimal organizations and lacked the skills and resources to run an effective campaign. A light bulb went off. This was expertise the State Department could help provide. Cheney told the women that the U.S. system is not a perfect model for other societies, but she cited elements essential to winning an American election that would be useful elsewhere: communication skills, message development and, yes, money. That’s how Cathy Allen came to be standing in an M Street conference room, soliciting teaching session requests from 30 women from Jordan, Yemen and beyond. In response, she called out to an assistant, who was writing in Arabic at an easel, \u00ab\u00a0Put down ‘targeting.’ Put down ‘shadow government.’ \u00a0\u00bb \u00ab\u00a0As a woman, you need to have one message,\u00a0\u00bb Allen told them as they took notes. \u00ab\u00a0Most people waste money. They campaign to everyone. Stupid, stupid.\u00a0\u00bb She advised them to perfect the right message for the right target audience, then reach that many times in a variety of ways. \u00ab\u00a0That’s it,\u00a0\u00bb she said. \u00a0\u00bb That’s how you win.\u00a0\u00bb Allen, a Democratic consultant who has recently worked with women in Morocco on a U.S. grant, said she was struck by the strength and focus of the women who attended the seminar. \u00ab\u00a0They want to know how to be powerful in their own parties. They want the fundamentals of how you do a campaign plan. They want political consulting as opposed to a classroom exercise.\u00a0\u00bb Indeed, the very first question to Cheney on the very first day came from Feyza Attia, an Egyptian legislator who won her seat by defeating 14 men. She spent her own money to get elected, she explained, but said she understood that American politicians were proficient at raising cash. How, she wanted to know, is this done? \u00a9 2002 The Washington Post Company\u00a0\u00bb <\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
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Accueil \u00a0 TUNISNEWS 3\u00e8me ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a0914 du 19.11.2002 \u00a0archives : http:\/\/site.voila.fr\/archivtn LES TITRES DE CE JOUR: \u00a0 Cr\u00e9ation\u00a0du \u00a0Comit\u00e9 Article 13 pour la d\u00e9fense du droit des citoyens \u00e0 circuler librement hors des fronti\u00e8res de leur pays. TUNISIA: Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002 J. A. L\u00b4Intelligent: Tunisie-France, La confiance retrouv\u00e9e Tunis hebdo: Des \u00e9coliers […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22040,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[63,33,30,29],"class_list":["post-20587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-63","tag-33","tag-ar","tag-fr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20587","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20587"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20587\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20587"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20587"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20587"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}