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TUNISNEWS<\/strong><\/span> <\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n
6\u00a0\u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a02015 du 26.11.2005<\/span><\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/div>\n
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\u00a0archives : <\/font> www.tunisnews.net<\/font><\/a><\/blink><\/span><\/b> <\/font> <\/font><\/span><\/font><\/div>\n
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El Maoukif: Abdelkarim Harouni en gr\u00e8ve de la faim<\/font><\/strong><\/a><\/font><\/h2>\n <\/font><\/a> <\/p>\n
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Imad :Nouvelles de Moncef Marzouki<\/a><\/font> <\/a> L\u2019Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone de Belgique renouvelle son soutien \u00e0 ses confr\u00e8res tunisiens<\/font><\/a><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
Congr\u00e8s fantoche de l’Association des Magistrats Tunisiens\u2026Communiqu\u00e9 et requ\u00eate en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/font><\/div>\n
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The OpenNet Initiative Internet Filtering in Tunisia in 2005: A Country Study<\/font><\/a> Dr Shbi Amri: En Tunisie, Vous \u00eates libres, mais, vous n’avez pas de place parmi nous.\u00a0(Suite)<\/a><\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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La Libert\u00e9 (Suisse): Durant l’ann\u00e9e 2005 tr\u00e8s agit\u00e9e, le pr\u00e9sident Samuel Schmid a rassur\u00e9 <\/font><\/a> Le Figaro: La coop\u00e9ration euro m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne en panne<\/a><\/font> <\/a> Le Monde :Dix ans apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u00a0Barcelone\u00a0\u00bb, la coop\u00e9ration euro m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne se r\u00e9oriente vers la lutte antiterroriste<\/font><\/a> Liberation: Kabylie : le FFS remporte les \u00e9lections<\/a><\/font> Liberation: Finkielkraut: \u00abJe pr\u00e9sente des excuses\u00bb<\/font><\/a><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Haaretz: What sort of Frenchmen are they?<\/a><\/font><\/strong><\/font><\/font><\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Abdelkarim Harouni en gr\u00e8ve de la faim<\/a><\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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La famille du prisonnier politique Abdelkarim Harouni a contact\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0El Maoukif\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: leur fils est victime d\u2019une injustice qui dure depuis quinze ans. Le p\u00e8re d\u2019A. Harouni a affirm\u00e9 que les conditions d\u2019incarc\u00e9ration de son fils, qu\u2019il conna\u00eet \u00e0 travers les visites qu\u2019il lui rend \u00e0 la prison de Sfax, sont tr\u00e8s dures, insupportables pour tout \u00eatre humain. Il est en isolement total et en butte \u00e0 des tracasseries et provocations incessantes. Il est priv\u00e9 de tous les droits garantis par les conventions internationales. La famille d\u2019A. Harouni a dit qu\u2019il \u00e9tait en gr\u00e8ve de la faim depuis cinquante jours. Sa sant\u00e9 s\u2019est gravement d\u00e9t\u00e9rior\u00e9e et sa vie est en jeu. (Source\u00a0: El Maoukif n\u00b0336 du 25 Novembre 2005)<\/font><\/font><\/span><\/div>\n
(traduction ni revue ni corrig\u00e9e par les auteurs de la version en arabe, LT)<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Nouvelles de Moncef Marzouki<\/a><\/font><\/h3>\n
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Par\u00a0: imad\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Joint par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, Moncef Marzouki affirme subir un suivi policier tr\u00e8s rapproch\u00e9 depuis son retour en Tunisie, ce qui n’a pas emp\u00each\u00e9 beaucoup de personnes de lui rendre visite chez lui. Une voiture est stationn\u00e9e devant son domicile \u00e0 Sousse 24\/24 et des agents de la police politique l’accompagnent dans tous ses d\u00e9placements.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Il a racont\u00e9 une anecdote assez choquante sur les pressions faites sur les propri\u00e9taires des publinet. Il a dit avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 dans un publinet \u00e0 Elkantaoui en d\u00e9but de semaine. Le r\u00e9seau a aussit\u00f4t \u00e9t\u00e9 coup\u00e9 sur tous les utilisateurs. Le lendemain, MM est retourn\u00e9 au m\u00eame publinet, le propri\u00e9taire lui a refus\u00e9 l’acc\u00e8s en pr\u00e9tendant qu’il s’agissait d’un club priv\u00e9 r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux abonn\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Mais devant l’insistance de Docteur Marzouki et ses affirmations qu’il s’agissait bien d’un harc\u00e8lement dict\u00e9 par la police politique, le pauvre type a craqu\u00e9 et d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir re\u00e7u des consignes de la police pour ne pas \u00ab\u00a0ACCEPTER DES ARABES DANS SON PUBLINET\u00a0\u00bb!!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: Forum Tunezine, le Date:\u00a0 26-11-2005 \u00e0 11h56) <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n
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L\u2019Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone de Belgique<\/a><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
renouvelle son soutien \u00e0 ses confr\u00e8res tunisiens<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone de Belgique<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Communiqu\u00e9 de presse du 15 novembre 2005 <\/span><\/u><\/i><\/p>\n
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L\u2019Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone de Belgique renouvelle son soutien \u00e0 ses confr\u00e8res tunisiens<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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A la veille de l\u2019ouverture \u00e0 Tunis du sommet mondial sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019information, et de la remise \u00e0 l\u2019avocate tunisienne Radhia Nasraoui d\u2019un doctorat honoris causa par l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles pour sa lutte en faveur des droits de l\u2019homme, l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone d\u00e9nonce \u00e0 nouveau dans une r\u00e9solution les atteintes graves \u00e0 l\u2019exercice du m\u00e9tier d\u2019avocat en Tunisie.<\/span><\/p>\n
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L\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019O.B.F.G., r\u00e9unie sous la pr\u00e9sidence de Ma\u00eetre Pierre Corvilain, a une nouvelle fois \u00e9voqu\u00e9, en sa s\u00e9ance du 7 novembre 2005, la situation critique des avocats tunisiens et de l\u2019Ordre national des avocats de Tunisie.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Suite aux d\u00e9clarations du b\u00e2tonnier de Tunisie lors de la convention des avocats de France r\u00e9unis \u00e0 Marseille les 20 et 21 octobre 2005, et suite \u00e0 la gr\u00e8ve entam\u00e9e le 18 octobre 2005 par huit repr\u00e9sentants de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile tunisienne, dont cinq avocats du barreau de Tunisie, pour protester contre la r\u00e9pression men\u00e9e contre toutes les composantes de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile par le gouvernement tunisien, l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019O.B.F.G. entend faire part \u00e0 nouveau, apr\u00e8s ses r\u00e9solutions des 11 avril et 16 septembre 2005, sa profonde inqui\u00e9tude devant la multiplication des actes de r\u00e9pression \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des avocats tunisiens dans l\u2019exercice de leurs fonctions et \u00e0 l\u2019encontre du b\u00e2tonnier Abdessattar Ben Moussa lui-m\u00eame.<\/span><\/p>\n
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A la veille de l\u2019ouverture \u00e0 Tunis du sommet mondial consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019information, et de la remise \u00e0 l\u2019avocate tunisienne Radhia Nasraoui d\u2019un doctorat honoris causa par l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles pour sa lutte en faveur des droits de l\u2019homme, l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019O.B.F.G. juge indispensable de rappeler aux autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes leurs engagements internationaux concernant le respect des libert\u00e9s des droits fondamentaux des prisonniers politiques et en particulier de leur confr\u00e8re, Mohammed Abbou.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Au vu de cette situation, l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale a adopt\u00e9 la r\u00e9solution suivante :<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00ab L\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone de Belgique :<\/span><\/p>\n
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– renouvelle sa ferme condamnation de toutes les atteintes \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 d\u2019expression des avocats et \u00e0 l\u2019exercice de leurs fonctions ;<\/span><\/p>\n
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– confirme son entier soutien au barreau tunisien dans sa lutte pour son ind\u00e9pendance et le respect des droits de la d\u00e9fense ;<\/span><\/p>\n
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– renouvelle sa demande solennelle aux autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes de veiller \u00e0 ce que cesse tout acte de violence ou d\u2019intimidation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des avocats tunisiens, et en particulier \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de leur confr\u00e8re, Ma\u00eetre Mohammed Abbou, d\u00e9tenu depuis le 1er mars 2005. \u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n
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Contacts presse :<\/span><\/u><\/i><\/p>\n
Ordre fran\u00e7ais du barreau de Bruxelles : Me Robert De Baerdemaeker : <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n
T\u00e9l. 02 508 66 59 O.B.F.G. : T\u00e9l. 02 533 21 07<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: Tunezine.com, le 26 novembre 2005) <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
URL\u00a0: <\/span> http:\/\/www.tunezine.com\/breve.php3?id_breve=2921<\/span><\/u><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n
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Congr\u00e8s fantoche de l’Association des Magistrats Tunisiens\u2026<\/a><\/font><\/h3>\n
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Communiqu\u00e9 et requ\u00eate en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/font><\/span><\/h4>\n
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COMMUNIQUE<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
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L’Association des Magistrats Tunisiens repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par son Pr\u00e9sident Mr. <\/span> Ahmed RAHMOUNI, a introduit une action en justice demandant l’annulation de la convocation de l’assembl\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00e9lective du bureau\u00a0 ex\u00e9cutif de l’association pr\u00e9vue pour le 4 d\u00e9cembre 2005 \u00e0 l’appel de trois adh\u00e9rents de l’association .<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n
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Une action en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite\u00a0 devant le tribunal de premi\u00e8re instance de Tunis tendant \u00e0 suspendre les pr\u00e9paratifs de L’ A.G effectu\u00e9s par ces membres, \u00e9rig\u00e9s en \u00ab\u00a0Comit\u00e9 Provisoire\u00a0\u00bb selon les communiqu\u00e9s sign\u00e9s par Mr Khaled ABBES.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Ce comit\u00e9 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie du soutien et de l’appui du Ministre de la Justice et des Droits de l’Homme, Mr B\u00e9chir TAKKARI, qui, tout en pr\u00e9sentant\u00a0 \u00e0 la presse l’affaire comme \u00e9tant un diff\u00e9rend interne au sein de l’association, a ordonn\u00e9 le changement de la serrure du si\u00e8ge de l’association situ\u00e9 au Palais de Justice pour emp\u00eacher le bureau ex\u00e9cutif \u00e9lu d\u00e9mocratiquement et pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par Mr Rahmouni d’y acc\u00e9der et a remis quatre jours apr\u00e8s le si\u00e8ge de l’association au \u00ab\u00a0Comit\u00e9 provisoire\u00a0\u00bb dirig\u00e9 par Mr Khaled ABBES.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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A l’audience de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 fix\u00e9e le 24\/11\/2005, un d\u00e9ploiement policier a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9 aussi bien \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur qu’au sein et autour du Palais de Justice.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Des dizaines d’avocats se sont constitu\u00e9s pour d\u00e9fendre la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 du\u00a0 Bureau \u00e9lu de l’association.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
L’affaire est renvoy\u00e9e \u00e0 l’audience du 28\/11\/2005 suite \u00e0 la demande des avocats de l’association.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
Les avocats de l\u2019AMT<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Voici la requ\u00eate en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e au tribunal de premi\u00e8re instance de Tunis par les avocats de l\u2019AMT.<\/font><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0649<\/span><\/span><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 18\/10\/2005 \u0645\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 04\/12\/2005 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 18\/10\/2005 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 12\/11\/2005 \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 04\/12\/2005 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647. <\/span><\/p>\n
I<\/span>\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/span><\/u> :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a 17\/06\/2005 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 : <\/span> <\/p>\n
1) \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n
2) \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n
3) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n
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\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0637 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n
II<\/span>\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/u> :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n
1\/ \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 03\/07\/2005 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n
2\/ \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a : <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/font> <\/strong><\/span>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637.<\/font><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 <\/span> dalloz<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/span> Martine Behar-Touchais<\/span> \u0635 18 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 179 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 1993 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a :<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Seul l’organe statutairement habilit\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9signer les dirigeants de l’association peut proc\u00e9der \u00e0 leur changement<\/strong>, sous r\u00e9serve de respecter les formalit\u00e9s l\u00e9gales en cas de changement dans la composition des organes directeurs et de modification des statuts\u00a0\u00bb.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 <\/span> Martine Behar-Touchais<\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631 : <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Il a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9 que la destitution du pr\u00e9sident et des membres du conseil et leur remplacement effectu\u00e9s d’autorit\u00e9 par un tiers constituent une voie de fait portant atteinte \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 d’association\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a : <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 16). <\/span><\/p>\n
–<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span> \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 15 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 23 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 24 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a). <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/span> principe de subordination<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0627 :<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tous les membres de l’association sont sur un pied d’\u00e9galit\u00e9. Toute subordination juridique entre eux exclut le caract\u00e8re associatif\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 23 \u064824 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span> \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u00ab\u00a0\u0628\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u00a0\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00b7<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span> \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u00a0\u0628\u063a\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u00a0\u00bb <\/span> voie de fait<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 <\/span> l’inexistence<\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a + \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a).<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u00a0\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u00a0\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647. <\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 3\/07\/2005 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/span>\u2026<\/span> \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0628<\/strong><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
(P.S\u00a0: courrier envoy\u00e9 par ma\u00eetre Anouar Kousri\u00a0: kousri@yahoo.fr\u00a0 )<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n
<\/font>\u00a0<\/div>\n
\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Le 17 Novembre 2005, \u00ab\u00a0The OpenNet Initiative\u00a0\u00bb (*) a publi\u00e9 un rapport d\u00e9taill\u00e9 sur les m\u00e9thodes <\/a>tunisiennes\u00a0 pour controler l\u2019information sur l\u2019Internet.<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n
The OpenNet Initiative (*) today (17.11.05, NDLR) released Internet Filtering in Tunisia in 2005, a country study that documents Tunisia’s attempts to control Internet information, including the filtering of Web sites, blogs, and anonymizer services. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
Drawing on open sources and a detailed year-long technical investigation, ONI research describes Tunisia\u2019s aggressive targeting and blocking of on-line content, including political opposition Web sites, human rights groups, and sites that provide access to privacy-enhancing technologies. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
ONI research reveals that Tunisia\u2019s government Internet agency, ATI, uses SmartFilter — filtering software produced by Secure Computing, a US-based company — as the basis of its filtering regime. Since all of Tunisia\u2019s ISPs operate through ATI, the system is difficult to circumvent. <\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
Moreover, Tunisia\u2019s public policy on filtering is opaque at best. The state falsifies the information provided to users who try to reach filtered sites; the error page received claims the site is not accessible for technical reasons. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
In sum, Tunisia\u2019s control over its citizens\u2019 access to Internet content places it at odds with the goals of the World Summit on the Information Society.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/font><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n
<\/p>\nInternet Filtering in Tunisia in 2005: A Country Study<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/h3>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
The Tunisian Republic implements an Internet filtering regime that aggressively targets and blocks substantial on-line material on political opposition, human rights, methods of bypassing filtering, and pornography. Tunisia\u2019s position as host of the United Nations (UN) World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in November 2005 has cast a spotlight on the state\u2019s information technology and media policies. In preparations for the WSIS meeting, human rights and media organizations have increased their criticism of Tunisia\u2019s widespread censorship practices and Internet controls. For example, the International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX) formed the Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of 13 organizations, to challenge the state\u2019s practices and to urge the UN to pressure Tunisia to make immediate reforms or forfeit the summit. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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To document the extent of Tunisia\u2019s Internet content controls, the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) tested 1923 sites from within the state, and found 187 (10%) blocked. Tunisia\u2019s filtering efforts are focused and effective. The state employs the SmartFilter software, produced by the U.S. company Secure Computing, to target and prevent access to four types of material in particular: political opposition to the ruling government, sites on human rights in Tunisia, tools that enable users to circumvent these controls, and pages containing pornography or other sexually explicit content. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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The Tunisian state clearly views the Internet as a powerful social and economic force and has invested in telecommunications infrastructure and passed modern telecommunications legislation. Tunisia has deployed the Internet in a way that implements a multi-layered architecture of control. All of the state\u2019s Internet Service Providers (ISPs) purchase access from Tunisia\u2019s Internet Agency, which performs filtering at the network backbone. This ensures greater consistency of control. In addition, the primary means of going on-line for Tunisians are the \u201cPublinets\u201d \u2013 Internet caf\u00e9s that are required by the state to monitor users\u2019 access to prevent them from obtaining prohibited materials. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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Moreover, Tunisia\u2019s approach to the Internet comports with the strong limitations the state imposes on other media. Laws criminalizing defamation of public officials or spreading false news push journalists to censor their reporting, and the imprisonment of critics of the government makes plain that these laws have bite. The state also employs a mixture of economic controls, such as directing subsidies and advertising to friendly outlets, and informal pressures, such as violence against critics, to ensure that media stay within prescribed boundaries. <\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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The World Summit on the Information Society is committed to a vision where \u201ceveryone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge,\u201d where each person has the right \u201cto seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media.\u201d To have the Summit hosted in Tunisia, a state where information is controlled through a mixture of legal, technical, and economic means, belies these goals and highlights the growing contradiction between lofty principles of free expression and communication often associated with the Internet by policymakers and industry, and the reality of censorship and surveillance practices worldwide. As with several other countries the ONI has studied, Tunisia is part of a growing trend whereby software developed by Western corporations is used by repressive regimes to restrict access to information and curb freedom of speech.<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n
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POUR LIRE LE RAPPORT, aller sur:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.opennetinitiative.net\/studies\/tunisia\/index.htm<\/strong><\/span><\/u><\/a><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n
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(*) About the OpenNet Initiative<\/span><\/strong><\/i><\/p>\n
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The OpenNet Initiative is a collaborative partnership between three leading academic institutions: the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, and the Advanced Network Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge. <\/font><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n
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Our aim is to excavate, expose and analyze filtering and surveillance practices in a credible and non-partisan fashion. We intend to uncover the potential pitfalls and unintended consequences of these practices, and thus help to inform better public policy and advocacy work in this area. To achieve these aims, the ONI employs a unique multi-disciplinary approach that includes: Advanced Technical Means — using a suite of sophisticated network interrogation tools and metrics; and Local Knowledge Expertise — through a global network of regionally based researchers and experts. OpenNet Initiative research will be published on this website in a series of national and regional case studies, occasional papers, and bulletins. <\/font><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n
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As part of its work, the OpenNet Initiative also operates a \u00ab\u00a0clearinghouse\u00a0\u00bb for circumvention technologies that assess and evaluate systems intended to let users bypass filtering and surveillance. We also actively develop circumvention technologies in-house as a means to explore the limitations of filtration and counter-filtration practices. <\/font><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n
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En Tunisie, Vous \u00eates libres, mais,<\/a><\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
vous n’avez pas de place parmi nous.<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n
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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Si une quelconque hostilit\u00e9 citoyenne se manifeste autour de la gravitation politico-polici\u00e8re en Tunisie , l’\u00e9tat a le plein droit d’appliquer sa loi promulgu\u00e9e par un parlement confectionn\u00e9 aux besoins des transactions du Palais de Carthage.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Au pays du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Ben Ali , tout va \u00e0 merveille , \u00a0\u00bb bien s\u00fbr jusqu’au dernier quart-d’heure \u00a0\u00bb .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le sourire n’y est que de circonstances et de fa\u00e7ades .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’arbitraire n’y est qu’une monnaie courante .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le banditisme d’\u00e9tat g\u00e8re les \u00e9quilibres de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Tunisienne en dehors de la loi qui n’est que virtuelle dans les discours officiels et la l\u00e9gislation de maquillage .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pour les six millions de touristes par ann\u00e9e , circuler-consommer et partir chez-soi sans rien voir de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 Tunisienne est devenu une mise en sc\u00e8ne orchestr\u00e9e sous l’oeil de la police .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les \u00e9trangers , qui poussent leurs indiscr\u00e9tions aux sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s des m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9gulation de la morosit\u00e9 l\u00e9tale de la population , ne devraient plus remettre les pieds en Tunisie .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tant de journalistes et de d\u00e9fendeurs des droits de l’homme \u00e9trangers sont interdits d’acc\u00e8s en Tunisie sans jugement ni condamnation. Le respect de la loi est devenu un moyen de pression pour l’application de l’arbitraire aux violations pass\u00e9es sous silence et par la complicit\u00e9 de certains \u00e9tats Occidentaux. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Etre militant au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile Tunisienne n’est ni sans risque ni sans cons\u00e9quence.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les plaintes judiciaires contre les pratiques aberrantes et abusives de l’\u00e9tat-bandit n’aboutissent\u00a0 jamais . Les magistrats craignent pour leur pain si l’un parmi eux oserait d\u00e9fier les humeurs maladives d’un \u00e9tat enrag\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Avoir des relations avec des personnages m\u00e9diatiques des organismes politiques et humanitaires \u00e9trangers est qualifi\u00e9 de trahison et d’opposants vendus \u00e0 l’Occident.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les rapports trop critiques des institutions internationales sur les libert\u00e9s en Tunisie n’ont permis de franchir le seuil trop bas des lignes rouges impos\u00e9s par l’autorit\u00e9 polici\u00e8re .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Une semi-libert\u00e9 d\u00e9guis\u00e9e en \u00e9change d’une g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 calcul\u00e9e de l’\u00e9tat permet de robotiser un peuple \u00e0 l’esclavagisme num\u00e9rique.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les charg\u00e9s de missions des officines polici\u00e8res de propagandes ont toujours servi , dans les tribunes officielles , les justifications mensong\u00e8res l\u00e9galis\u00e9es \u00e0 la criminalit\u00e9 politique et aux d\u00e9rives financi\u00e8res de la classe dirigeante .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’\u00e9tat-parall\u00e8le est en perp\u00e9tuelle comp\u00e9tition concomitante \u00e0 l’enrichissement ill\u00e9gal des familles dirigeantes avec les figurants officiels de la fa\u00e7ade de la d\u00e9mocratie polici\u00e8re.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Une mafia politico-financi\u00e8re et polici\u00e8re absorbe la sueur et les efforts du pays pour instaurer la d\u00e9pendance de la population du parti au pouvoir et de l’autorit\u00e9 polici\u00e8re .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le coupe-ressource r\u00e9serv\u00e9s aux opposants politiques Tunisiens et aux d\u00e9fendeurs des droits de l’homme est une forme de torture et de pers\u00e9cutions dont les r\u00e9percussions atteignent les foyers et les familles innocentes des militants.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La filature polici\u00e8re chronique , accord\u00e9e aux rebelles \u00e0 la dictature polici\u00e8re du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Ben Ali , terrorise les enfants et le voisinage des opposants et des d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l’homme \u00e0 leurs domiciles d’habitation pour exiger leur rejet socio-familial et montrer \u00e0 leurs entourages les praiques polici\u00e8res r\u00e9serv\u00e9es \u00e0 tous ceux qui ne s’alignent pas au rang de la domption et de l’esclavagisme .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’humiliation et l’intimidation polici\u00e8res sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 sem\u00e9s dans la population .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les Tunisiens devraient \u00eatre decerebr\u00e9s .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ils ne doivent plus penser .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C’est le G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Ben Ali et sa mafia qui pensent pour eux.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La sph\u00e8re des affaires de la Tunisie est comprim\u00e9e entre les griffes des bras longs du Palais de Carthage sous la g\u00e9rance de la police et du parti RCD.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le secteur informel constitue plus des deux tiers des mouvements financiers quotidiens du pays . Il parasite l’organisation de la vie \u00e9conomique et fausse toutes les pr\u00e9visions et statistiques pour garder la faille de la fraude , le faux usage de faux et la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la contrebande des produits prohib\u00e9s .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le pouvoir d’achat des citoyens est gangren\u00e9 par l’inflation croissante dont profite la nouvelle bourgeoisie de la classe dirigeante.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La vie devient de plus en plus difficile pour les Tunisiens en Tunisie.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’aventure \u00e0 l’immigration clandestine chatouille les esprits de toutes les classes socio-\u00e9conomiques . Elle pr\u00e9occupe surtout la jeunesse .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’asphyxie devient de plus en plus suffocante en l’absence d’espaces de libres expressions pour d\u00e9gager une tension de souffrance chronique profonde.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les complices Occidentaux \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation de la situation des libert\u00e9s et de la crise \u00e9volutive en Tunisie surveillent leurs int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e0 distance \u00e0 partir du barom\u00e8tre de la r\u00e9sistance et de la qualit\u00e9 de la tranquillit\u00e9 apparente et fragile dans un pays au bout de l’\u00e9tincelle .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A cet effet , faudrait-il esp\u00e9rer des reformes de relance ? un coup d’\u00e9tat politique ? un coup d’\u00e9tat \u00e9conomique ? ou continuer le parcours des crises hyst\u00e9riques contre une dictature polici\u00e8re born\u00e9e ? .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le dernier coup m\u00e9diatique au Congr\u00e8s SMSI 2005 a secou\u00e9 le d\u00e9mon de Carthage pour faire recours \u00e0 Mr. s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les infra-intentions des parties intervenantes ne sont que mauvaises .<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le peuple Tunisien n’est en mesure de payer les frais des humeurs \u00e0 la pourchasse des uns et des autres.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Des compromis de comp\u00e9titions pourraient fausser des initiatives pour complicit\u00e9 et l\u00e2chet\u00e9 sinon par \u00e9go\u00efsme.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La grossesse molaire n’a jamais ramen\u00e9 de foetus.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L’apr\u00e8s-Ben Ali est d\u00e9j\u00e0 amorc\u00e9 .<\/span><\/p>\n
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Dr.SAHBI AMRI<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
M\u00e9decin priv\u00e9 de sa M\u00e9decine.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Cit\u00e9 El-Wouroud. Sidi Bouzid 9100.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
Tel.00.216.98.22.27.51<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Durant l’ann\u00e9e 2005 tr\u00e8s agit\u00e9e, le pr\u00e9sident Samuel Schmid a rassur\u00e9<\/a><\/font><\/h3>\n
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Premier Bilan \u00b7 Le style tout en rondeurs du magistrat UDC bernois a fait merveille en Suisse et dans le monde, mais un peu moins au Conseil f\u00e9d\u00e9ral. <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
Erik Reumann <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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Pr\u00e9sident de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration pour 364 jours. Ce chiffre r\u00e9sume la difficult\u00e9 lorsqu’il s’agit de faire un bilan. Le chef de l’Etat suisse, simple primus inter pares, a \u00e0 peine le temps de s’installer dans son r\u00f4le qu’il doit d\u00e9j\u00e0 le repasser au suivant, en l’occurrence \u00e0 Moritz Leuenberger. Et la difficult\u00e9 est encore accrue par le fait que le chef de l’Etat suisse n’a quasiment aucun pouvoir. Alors, le bilan ne peut porter que sur le travail de repr\u00e9sentation du titulaire. Petite revue en 4 points pour le sortant Samuel Schmid. <\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n
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1. Tsunami: le papa de la nation<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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Le visage grave sied \u00e0 Samuel Schmid. Il a juste ce qu’il faut pour que les citoyens en d\u00e9tresse se sentent compris et r\u00e9confort\u00e9s. Papa est l\u00e0, tout ira bien. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
Une qualit\u00e9 qui a fait merveille. En particulier apr\u00e8s le tsunami du 26 d\u00e9cembre en Asie du Sud-Est qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 dans la mort 22 000 personnes parmi lesquelles une centaine de touristes suisses. Le visage grave, il a fait sa d\u00e9claration t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9e. Le visage tout aussi grave, il a assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie comm\u00e9morative au M\u00fcnster de Berne. Et ce visage grave, il a d\u00fb l’arborer une nouvelle fois quand il est venu visiter la Suisse centrale boulevers\u00e9e par les inondations en ao\u00fbt. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
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2. Le parquet international <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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Le temps o\u00f9 le pr\u00e9sident de la Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration ne devait pas quitter la terre helv\u00e9tique est loin. D\u00e9sormais, il arpente la plan\u00e8te. Au point que cela suscite – c’est devenu tradition – des tiraillements avec le titulaire du DFAE. Mais le r\u00f4le de chef d’Etat permet \u00e9videmment des rencontres au plus haut niveau. La rencontre de Samuel Schmid avec le premier ministre isra\u00e9lien Ariel Sharon avait retenu l’attention. Sa coll\u00e8gue Micheline Calmy-Rey qui l’avait pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion n’avait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 re\u00e7ue. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
S’il n’a pas provoqu\u00e9 la poign\u00e9e de main historique du pr\u00e9sident isra\u00e9lien Moshe Katzav et de son homologue syrien Bashar al-Assad lors des obs\u00e8ques du pape Jean-Paul II, il \u00e9tait l\u00e0 et en reste m\u00eame un peu aur\u00e9ol\u00e9. <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n
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Mais son v\u00e9ritable coup de ma\u00eetre sur le parquet international, c’est son discours \u00e0 Tunis lors de l’ouverture du Sommet sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’information. En critiquant directement la politique de censure du Gouvernement tunisien alors que le pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali se trouvait \u00e0 quelques m\u00e8tres de lui sur le podium, il a d’un seul coup effac\u00e9 l’image de politicien timor\u00e9 qui lui colle habituellement aux basques. <\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/p>\n
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3. A la rencontre de la Suisse<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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Samuel Schmid s’est fix\u00e9 pour objectif de visiter les 26 cantons durant sa pr\u00e9sidence. Les visites, parfois surprises, se sont donc succ\u00e9d\u00e9. Le jour de l’An, il a d\u00e9barqu\u00e9 \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve pour visiter des professionnels \u00e0 leur poste durant les f\u00eates: les pompiers ou les soldats gardant les organisations internationales. La visite au p\u00e9nitencier de Bellechasse, o\u00f9 il s’est entretenu \u00e0 b\u00e2tons rompus avec les d\u00e9tenus, n’est pas pass\u00e9e inaper\u00e7ue. Ministre des Sports, Samuel Schmid a aussi eu l’occasion de faire rejaillir la gloire des champions sur l’office pr\u00e9sidentiel, par exemple lorsqu’il est all\u00e9 f\u00e9liciter Tom L\u00fcthi pour son titre mondial de moto. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
Les rencontres n’ont toutefois pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 agr\u00e9ables. Les quolibets de plusieurs centaines d’extr\u00e9mistes de droite r\u00e9unis sur la pelouse du Gr\u00fctli lors de son discours du 1er Ao\u00fbt ont d\u00e9fray\u00e9 la chronique durant la pause estivale. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
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4. Primus inter pares: pr\u00e9sider<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00abIls causent, ils causent\u00bb, lance un Pascal Couchepin exasp\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 l’issue d’une s\u00e9ance du Conseil f\u00e9d\u00e9ral. Logique, les fronts se sont durcis et les accords tacites sont devenus plus rares: il faut discuter. D\u00e8s le d\u00e9but de l’ann\u00e9e, Samuel Schmid affiche sa volont\u00e9 de vider les querelles au sein du coll\u00e8ge plut\u00f4t que par m\u00e9dias interpos\u00e9s. Les tours de table sur les sujets les plus divers se multiplient et les s\u00e9ances s’allongent. L’ambiance reste toutefois difficile et la m\u00e9sentente au sein du Conseil f\u00e9d\u00e9ral reste patente. L<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
(Source\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0La Libert\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb (Suisse), le 26 novembre 2005)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Un pays comme la Tunisie a pu tirer son \u00e9pingle du jeu<\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant des fonds europ\u00e9ens sans lib\u00e9raliser son r\u00e9gime.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
La coop\u00e9ration euro m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne en panne<\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/span><\/h3>\n
Alain Barluet <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
L’ID\u00c9E \u00e9tait bonne mais les r\u00e9sultats sont d\u00e9cevants. R\u00e9unis pour la premi\u00e8re fois \u00e0 Barcelone, dimanche et lundi, les chefs d’\u00c9tat et de gouvernement de l’Union europ\u00e9enne et de dix pays du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en dresseront un bilan en demi-teinte du partenariat qu’ils ont scell\u00e9 il y a tout juste dix ans dans la capitale catalane.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
A l’issue du sommet, ils s’engageront \u00e0 relancer le \u00abprocessus de Barcelone\u00bb, adopteront un \u00abcode de conduite\u00bb contre le terrorisme et, face au d\u00e9fi de l’immigration, valideront une approche globale associant le renforcement des contr\u00f4les et l’aide au d\u00e9veloppement. La t\u00e2che s’annonce rude. Pourtant, si le projet Euromed manque aujourd’hui de visibilit\u00e9 et de consistance, il n’\u00e9tait pas d\u00e9nu\u00e9 d’ambitions initiales. Le 28 novembre 1995, la d\u00e9claration de Barcelone jetait les bases d’un partenariat global \u2013 politique, \u00e9conomique, culturel \u2013, entre les deux rives de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. Il visait \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper le dialogue politique, de promouvoir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la stabilit\u00e9, de cr\u00e9er un espace de \u00abprosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 partag\u00e9e\u00bb et de libre-\u00e9change et de favoriser un rapprochement entre les cultures.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Des accords conclus mais non appliqu\u00e9s<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
L’\u00e9poque \u00e9tait \u00e0 l’optimisme : apr\u00e8s la chute du Mur de Berlin et les accords d’Oslo, l’Europe souhaitait \u00abassurer\u00bb ses marges m\u00e9ridionales et \u00e9quilibrer vers le Sud des relations qui s’engageaient enfin avec l’Est. Dix ans plus tard, les espoirs n’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 combl\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Certes, sur le volet \u00e9conomique, des accords d’association (9 au total), ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conclus. Mais tous ne sont pas encore ratifi\u00e9s ni appliqu\u00e9s. Un projet d’accord, paraph\u00e9 l’an dernier avec la Syrie, est en panne depuis la crise ouverte au printemps dernier avec Damas. Le pr\u00e9sident Bachar al-Assad n’a d’ailleurs pas \u00e9t\u00e9 invit\u00e9. Entre les deux rives de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, les inerties et les d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres persistants ont hypoth\u00e9qu\u00e9 la perspective d’un espace de libre-\u00e9change \u00e0 l’horizon 2010, notamment parce qu’entre les pays du Sud, les \u00e9changes restent peu d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s. Euromed reste \u00e0 \u00abmultilat\u00e9raliser\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Au total, l’\u00e9cart \u00e9conomique et social entre les deux groupes de partenaires s’est \u00e9largi. A Barcelone, l’UE s’attachera \u00e0 rassurer le Sud qui s’estime n\u00e9glig\u00e9 au profit des \u00abnouveaux voisins\u00bb de l’Est. Les financements n’ont pas manqu\u00e9 (8,8 milliards d’euros de dons Meda ; environ 10 milliards de pr\u00eats de la BEI depuis 1995). Mais ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 peu ou mal employ\u00e9s quand ils n’ont pas carr\u00e9ment \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s. Faible initialement, l’utilisation effective de ces financements a progress\u00e9 (de 29% \u00e0 81% entre 1995 et 2003). Mais cela a surtout \u00e9t\u00e9 le fait de gouvernements qui ont sollicit\u00e9 cette manne qui a pu \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e \u00e0 d’autres fins que les projets pr\u00e9vus.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Au plan politique, le bilan est encore plus sombre.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Euromed d\u00e9gageait pourtant un forum sans \u00e9quivalent en r\u00e9unissant Europ\u00e9ens, Arabes, Turcs et Isra\u00e9liens.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Des contacts r\u00e9guliers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place de m\u00eame qu’une assembl\u00e9e parlementaire (240 membres: 120 du Sud, 120 du Nord). Mais le retour de flammes au Proche-Orient a enray\u00e9 la m\u00e9canique. Les projets r\u00e9alis\u00e9s avec l’Autorit\u00e9 palestinienne (1,5 Mds\u20ac) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duits \u00e0 n\u00e9ant. Par ailleurs, Euromed n’a pas favoris\u00e9 la d\u00e9mocratisation du Sud, contrairement \u00e0 son objectif initial. Un pays comme la Tunisie a pu tirer son \u00e9pingle du jeu en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant des fonds europ\u00e9ens sans lib\u00e9raliser son r\u00e9gime. Le 11 Septembre, en donnant la priorit\u00e9 de la lutte antiterroriste, a marqu\u00e9 un autre tournant. Nombre d’\u00c9tats m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens ont jou\u00e9 le jeu pour tenter de peser davantage dans un paysage strat\u00e9gique domin\u00e9 par les Am\u00e9ricains et leur projet parall\u00e8le de \u00abGrand Moyen-Orient\u00bb. Au sein d’Euromed en panne, le volet s\u00e9curitaire et les questions migratoires s’affirment.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
(Source\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le Figaro\u00a0\u00bb, le 26 novembre 2005) <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
URL: <\/span><\/b> http:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/cgi\/edition\/genimprime?cle=20051126.FIG0102<\/span><\/u><\/a><\/span><\/u><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
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<\/font><\/span> <\/p>\n
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Dix ans apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u00a0Barcelone\u00a0\u00bb, la coop\u00e9ration euro m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne se r\u00e9oriente vers la<\/span><\/font><\/h3>\n
<\/strong><\/a>lutte antiterroriste<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/font> <\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
Thomas Ferenczi<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
BRUXELLES BUREAU EUROP\u00c9EN<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Il y a dix ans \u00e9tait lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 Barcelone un partenariat eurom\u00e9diterran\u00e9en destin\u00e9 \u00e0 favoriser la modernisation \u00e9conomique et politique des pays du sud de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. De part et d’autre, on reconna\u00eet aujourd’hui que le bilan est pour le moins mitig\u00e9. Sur le plan \u00e9conomique, l’aide europ\u00e9enne n’a pas permis le d\u00e9collage attendu. Sur le plan politique, la d\u00e9mocratie n’a pas connu les avanc\u00e9es esp\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Il est vrai que l’initiative a pris naissance au moment o\u00f9 le processus de paix semblait bien engag\u00e9 au Proche-Orient. Son \u00e9chec a port\u00e9 un coup aux ambitions qui s’\u00e9taient exprim\u00e9es \u00e0 Barcelone. Dix ans apr\u00e8s, les vingt-cinq chefs d’Etat ou de gouvernement de l’Union europ\u00e9enne et leurs homologues de dix pays de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e (Alg\u00e9rie, Maroc, Tunisie, Egypte, Isra\u00ebl, Jordanie, Autorit\u00e9 palestinienne, Liban, Syrie, Turquie) devaient se r\u00e9unir dans la m\u00e9tropole catalane les 27 et 28 novembre pour tenter de relancer leur coop\u00e9ration.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Le sommet doit se conclure par l’adoption d’un programme de travail de cinq ans, accompagn\u00e9 d’une d\u00e9claration sur une vision commune et d’un code de conduite contre le terrorisme. L’objectif \u00e9conomique est de mettre en place d’ici \u00e0 2010 une zone de libre-\u00e9change, incluant l’agriculture et les services. \u00ab\u00a0Les partenaires eurom\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens doivent moderniser leur \u00e9conomie pour pouvoir tirer parti des possibilit\u00e9s qu’offrent la mondialisation et le libre-\u00e9change avec l’Europe\u00a0\u00bb, souligne la Commission, qui note que \u00ab\u00a0la fragmentation persistante des march\u00e9s du sud de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e entrave les investissements importants tant nationaux qu’\u00e9trangers\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Pour Jos\u00e9 Manuel Barroso, pr\u00e9sident de la Commission, la priorit\u00e9 est de donner du travail aux peuples de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. \u00ab\u00a0Cette r\u00e9gion doit cr\u00e9er 40 millions d’emplois au cours des quinze prochaines ann\u00e9es, estime-t-il, cela ne peut se faire sans r\u00e9formes \u00e9conomiques et politiques.\u00a0\u00bb Ces r\u00e9formes devront, sur le plan \u00e9conomique, favoriser, avec l’aide de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, les \u00e9changes et les investissements. Elles devront faciliter la mise en place d’un r\u00e9seau r\u00e9gional d’infrastructures de transport et celle d’un march\u00e9 eurom\u00e9diterran\u00e9en de l’\u00e9nergie.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Des mesures seront aussi envisag\u00e9es pour une d\u00e9pollution de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e \u00e0 l’horizon 2020, pour le plus grand b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de l’industrie touristique.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Sur le plan politique, M. Barroso insiste sur la n\u00e9cessaire promotion de la d\u00e9mocratie et des droits de l’homme par le dialogue et la coop\u00e9ration. Une assistance financi\u00e8re suppl\u00e9mentaire, dite \u00ab\u00a0facilit\u00e9 de gouvernance\u00a0\u00bb, permettra d’encourager et de soutenir les pays qui, selon la Commission, \u00ab\u00a0montrent clairement leur adh\u00e9sion aux valeurs communes\u00a0\u00bb. A l’occasion de ce sommet, Amnesty International demande que les droits de l’homme constituent enfin \u00ab\u00a0une vraie priorit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb du partenariat eurom\u00e9diterran\u00e9en.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Deux nouveaux volets sont venus s’ajouter \u00e0 l’agenda, ceux de l’immigration et de la lutte contre le terrorisme. Sur l’immigration, deux mois apr\u00e8s les graves incidents qui se sont produits aux grilles des enclaves espagnoles de Ceuta et Melilla, au Maroc, l’Union europ\u00e9enne veut associer plus \u00e9troitement les pays m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens, anciennes zones d’\u00e9migration devenues zones de transit pour les immigr\u00e9s venus de l’Afrique subsaharienne, \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise des flux. L’UE entend les aider \u00e0 assurer le contr\u00f4le des fronti\u00e8res, la protection des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, la gestion de l’immigration clandestine, notamment pour \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9viter les trag\u00e9dies humaines\u00a0\u00bb qui surviennent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Sur la lutte contre le terrorisme, Bruxelles veut obtenir de ses partenaires de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e un engagement commun. Un engagement par lequel ils promettent de transposer toutes les conventions des Nations unies et surtout de coop\u00e9rer activement en \u00e9changeant des informations sur les groupes et leurs r\u00e9seaux, en traduisant devant les tribunaux les personnes suspect\u00e9es de terrorisme, en refusant que leurs pays deviennent des refuges pour les terroristes. <\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: Article paru dans l’\u00e9dition du journal \u00ab\u00a0Le Monde\u00a0\u00bb (France) dat\u00e9e le 27.11.05) <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n
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<\/p>\n Kabylie : le FFS remporte les \u00e9lections<\/a><\/font><\/h4>\n
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Le Front des forces socialistes devance les partis membres de la coalition gouvernementale aux \u00e9lections locales partielles, et confirme sa forte implantation dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Par J.G<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Le Front des forces socialistes (FFS, opposition) est arriv\u00e9 en t\u00eate aux \u00e9lections locales partielles de jeudi en Kabylie. Il confirme ainsi sa forte implantation dans cette r\u00e9gion, en d\u00e9pit d’un taux de participation de 34,59% dans le d\u00e9partement de Bejaia et de 31,35% dans celui de Tizi Ouzou. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Selon les chiffres annonc\u00e9s vendredi soir par le minist\u00e8re de l’Int\u00e9rieur, cette formation obtient \u00e0 Tizi Ouzou, 188 des 609 si\u00e8ges en lice au sein des assembl\u00e9es populaires communales (APC), devan\u00e7ant le Rassemblement pour la Culture et la D\u00e9mocratie (RCD-opposition 139 si\u00e8ges), le FLN (125) et le Rassemblement national d\u00e9mocratique (RND), membres de la coalition gouvernementale. Dans le d\u00e9partement de B\u00e9jaia, il obtient 139 si\u00e8ges sur 460 aux municipales, devant le FLN (ex-parti unique) 80 si\u00e8ges, le RCD, 72 si\u00e8ges et le RND, 44.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Aux d\u00e9partementales, le FFS remporte 18 si\u00e8ges sur les 43 \u00e0 B\u00e9ja\u00efa, contre 10 pour le RCD, et 7 pour le FLN. Il obtient en outre 15 des 47 si\u00e8ges de l’APW de Tizi Ouzou, suivi du RCD et du FLN qui obtiennent 11 si\u00e8ges chacun.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Le FFS et le RCD ont tous deux d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 des \u00abirr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s\u00bb et des \u00abtentatives de fraudes\u00bb. Dans plusieurs bureaux de vote, des militants du FLN auraient fait irruption pour orienter le choix des \u00e9lecteurs et les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 auraient laiss\u00e9 faire. Les bulletins de vote, tous de la m\u00eame couleur, ne comportaient en outre ni photos de leaders des partis politiques, ni num\u00e9ro, ni sigles, rendant tr\u00e8s difficile, voire impossible le choix des \u00e9lecteurs illettr\u00e9s. <\/span><\/p>\n
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Elues lors d’un scrutin controvers\u00e9 en octobre 2002, les assembl\u00e9es locales soumises \u00e0 renouvellement avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 dissoutes en juillet par les autorit\u00e9s, \u00e0 la suite d’un accord sign\u00e9 en janvier entre le gouvernement et les \u00e2archs (tribus kabyles). Des municipalit\u00e9s avaient alors \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lues avec moins de 1% de participation.<\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: Liberation.fr, le 25 novembre 2005 \u00e0 20h35) <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n Finkielkraut: \u00abJe pr\u00e9sente des excuses\u00bb<\/a><\/font><\/h4>\n
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Le philosophe, contre lequel le Mrap a port\u00e9 plainte pour incitation et provocation \u00e0 la haine raciale suite \u00e0 des propos publi\u00e9s dans le quotidien isra\u00e9lien \u00abHaaretz\u00bb (*), a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 vendredi avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00abvictime d’amalgames\u00bb.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Le philosophe Alain Finkielkraut contre lequel le Mrap a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de porter plainte pour incitation et provocation \u00e0 la haine raciale apr\u00e8s des propos publi\u00e9s dans le quotidien isra\u00e9lien \u00abHaaretz\u00bb, a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 ses \u00abexcuses\u00bb vendredi, d\u00e9clarant avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00abvictime d’amalgames\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00abJe pr\u00e9sente des excuses \u00e0 ceux que ce personnage que je ne suis pas a bless\u00e9 (…). La le\u00e7on, c’est qu’en effet je ne dois plus donner d’interview, notamment \u00e0 des journaux dont je ne contr\u00f4le pas ou je ne peux pas contr\u00f4ler le destin ou la traduction\u00bb, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 Alain Finkielkraut sur Europe 1.<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u00abJe n’ai en moi aucun m\u00e9pris ou de haine \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard de quelque collectivit\u00e9 que ce soit. Je me sens solidaire par vocation des nouveaux immigr\u00e9s en France et notamment des immigr\u00e9s de la deuxi\u00e8me ou troisi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration\u00bb, a-t-il ajout\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Le secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du Mrap, Mouloud Aounit, avait annonc\u00e9 mercredi son intention de porter plainte contre le philosophe.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Selon Mouloud Aounit, l’entretien publi\u00e9 le 18 novembre par \u00abHaaretz\u00bb est \u00abun texte d’une violence raciste inou\u00efe, qui se fait le porte-voix des clich\u00e9s du Front national et participe \u00e0 mettre sur le terrain ethnique et religieux cette insurrection sociale de Fran\u00e7ais qu’il nomme noirs ou arabes\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Dans cet entretien, Finkielkraut avait estim\u00e9 que la crise des banlieues \u00e9tait \u00abune r\u00e9volte \u00e0 caract\u00e8re ethnico-religieux\u00bb. \u00abUn arabe qui incendie une \u00e9cole, c’est une r\u00e9volte ; un blanc, c’est du fascisme\u00bb, ajoutait-il. \u00abBien s\u00fbr qu’il y a une discrimination, et il y a certainement des Fran\u00e7ais racistes, des Fran\u00e7ais qui n’aiment pas les arabes et les noirs et ils les aimeront encore moins maintenant quand ils prendront conscience de la haine qu’ils leur vouent (…) L’id\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9reuse de guerre contre le racisme se transforme petit \u00e0 petit monstrueusement en une id\u00e9ologie mensong\u00e8re. L’antiracisme sera au 21e si\u00e8cle ce qu’a \u00e9t\u00e9 le communisme au 20e\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n
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(Source\u00a0: LIBERATION.FR, le 25 novembre 2005 \u00e0 18h17)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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(*) Texte int\u00e9gral de l’interview en anglais<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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Alain Finkielkraut. <\/span> \u00ab\u00a0When an Arab torches a school, it’s rebellion. When a white guy does it, it’s fascism. I’m ‘color blind.’ Evil is evil, no matter what color it is. And this evil, for the Jew that I am, is completely intolerable.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><\/b> <\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/a><\/font>What sort of Frenchmen are they?<\/a><\/font><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\n
\u00a0By Dror Mishani and Aurelia Smotriez <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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PARIS – The first thing the French-Jewish philosopher Alain Finkielkraut said to us when we met one evening at Paris’ elegant Le Rostand cafe, where the interior is decorated with Oriental-style pictures and the terrace faces the Luxembourg Gardens, was \u00ab\u00a0I heard that even Haaretz published an article identifying with the riots.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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This remark, uttered with some vehemence, pretty much sums up the feelings of Finkielkraut – one of the most prominent philosophers in France in the past 30 years – ever since the violent riots began on October 27 in the impoverished neighborhoods that surround Paris and spread with surprising speed to similar suburbs throughout the country. He has been following the events through the media, keeping up with all the news reports and commentary, and has been appalled at every article that shows understanding for or identification with \u00ab\u00a0the rebels\u00a0\u00bb (and in the French press, there are plenty). He has a lot to say, but it appears that France isn’t ready to listen – that his France has already surrendered to a blinding, \u00ab\u00a0false discourse\u00a0\u00bb that conceals the stark truth of its situation. The things he is saying to us in the course of our conversation, he repeatedly emphasizes, are not things he can say in France anymore. It’s impossible, perhaps even dangerous, to say these things in France now.<\/p>\n
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Indeed, in the lively intellectual debate that has been taking place on the pages of the French newspapers ever since the rioting started, a debate in which France’s most illustrious minds are taking part, Finkielkraut’s is a deviant, even very deviant, voice. Primarily because it is not emanating from the throat of a member of Jean Marie Le Pen’s National Front, but from that of a philosopher formerly considered to be one of the most eminent spokesmen of the French left – one of the generation of philosophers who emerged at the time of the May 1968 student revolt.<\/p>\n
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In the French press, the riots in the suburbs are perceived mainly as an economic problem, as a violent reaction to severe economic hardship and discrimination. In Israel, by comparison, there is sometimes a tendency to view them as violence whose origins are religious or at least ethnic – that is, to see them as part of an Islamic struggle. Where would you situate yourself in respect to these positions?<\/p>\n
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Finkielkraut: \u00ab\u00a0In France, they would like very much to reduce these riots to their social dimension, to see them as a revolt of youths from the suburbs against their situation, against the discrimination they suffer from, against the unemployment. The problem is that most of these youths are blacks or Arabs, with a Muslim identity. Look, in France there are also other immigrants whose situation is difficult – Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese – and they’re not taking part in the riots. Therefore, it is clear that this is a revolt with an ethno-religious character.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0What is its origin? Is this the response of the Arabs and blacks to the racism of which they are victims? I don’t believe so, because this violence had very troubling precursors, which cannot be reduced to an unalloyed reaction to French racism. <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Let’s take, for example, the incidents at the soccer match between France and Algeria that was held a few years ago. The match took place in Paris, at the Stade de France. People say the French national team is admired by all because it is black-blanc-beur [\u00ab\u00a0black-white-Arab\u00a0\u00bb – a reference to the colors on France’s tricolor flag and a symbol of the multiculturalism of French society – D.M.]. Actually, the national team today is black-black-black, which arouses ridicule throughout Europe. If you point this out in France, they’ll put you in jail, but it’s interesting nevertheless that the French national soccer team is composed almost exclusively of black players.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Anyway, this team is perceived as a symbol of an open, multiethnic society and so on. The crowd in the stadium, young people of Algerian descent, booed this team throughout the whole game! They also booed during the playing of the national anthem, the `Marseillaise,’ and the match was halted when the youths broke onto the field with Algerian flags.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0And then there are the lyrics of the rap songs. Very troubling lyrics. A real call to revolt. There’s one called Dr. R., I think, who sings: `I piss on France, I piss on De Gaulle’ and so on. These are very violent declarations of hatred for France. All of this hatred and violence is now coming out in the riots. To see them as a response to French racism is to be blind to a broader hatred: the hatred for the West, which is deemed guilty of all crimes. France is being exposed to this now.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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In other words, as you see it, the riots aren’t directed at France, but at the entire West?<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0No, they are directed against France as a former colonial power, against France as a European country. Against France, with its Christian or Judeo-Christian tradition.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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`Anti-republicanpogrom’<\/p>\n
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Alain Finkielkraut, 56, has come a long way from the events of May 1968 to the riots of October 2005. A graduate of one of the chief breeding grounds for French intellectuals, the Ecole Normal Superieure, in the early 1970s, Finkielkraut was identified with a group known as \u00ab\u00a0the new philosophers\u00a0\u00bb (Bernard Henri-Levy, Andre Glucksman, Pascal Bruckner and others) – young philosophers, many of them Jewish, who made a critical break with the Marxist ideology of May 1968 and with the French Communist Party, and denounced its impact on French culture and society. <\/p>\n
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In 1987, he published his book \u00ab\u00a0The Defeat of the Mind,\u00a0\u00bb in which he outlined his opposition to post- modernist philosophy, with its erasure of the boundaries between high and low culture and its cultural relativism. And thus he began to earn a name as a \u00ab\u00a0conservative\u00a0\u00bb philosopher and scathing critic of the multicultural and post-colonial intellectual currents, as someone who preached a return to France’s republican values. Finkielkraut was one of the staunchest defenders of the controversial law prohibiting head-coverings in schools, which has roiled France in recent years. <\/p>\n
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Over time, he also became a symbol of the \u00ab\u00a0involved intellectual,\u00a0\u00bb as exemplified by the postwar Jean-Paul Sartre – a philosopher who doesn’t abstain from participation in political life, but instead writes in the newspapers, gives interviews and devotes himself to humanitarian causes such as halting the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia or the slaughter in Rwanda. The danger he wishes to stand up to today, in light of the riots, is the growing hatred for the West and its penetration into the French education system.<\/p>\n
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Do you think that the source of the hatred for the West among the French who are taking part in the riots lies in religion, in Islam?<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0We need to be clear on this. This is a very difficult question and we must strive to maintain the language of truth. We tend to fear the language of truth, for `noble’ reasons. We prefer to say the `youths’ instead of `blacks’ or `Arabs.’ But the truth cannot be sacrificed, no matter how noble the reasons. And, of course, we also must avoid generalizations: This isn’t about blacks and Arabs as a whole, but about some blacks and Arabs. And, of course, religion – not as religion, but as an anchor of identity, if you will – plays a part. Religion as it appears on the Internet, on the Arab television stations, serves as an anchor of identity for some of these youths.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Unlike others, I have not spoken about an `intifada’ of the suburbs, and I don’t think this lexicon ought to be used. But I have found that they are also sending the youngest people to the front lines of the struggle. You’ve seen this in Israel – they send the youngest ones to the front because it’s impossible to put them in jail when they’re arrested. But still, here there are no bombings and we’re in a different stage: I think it’s the stage of the anti-republican pogrom. There are people in France who hate France as a republic.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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But why? For what reason?<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Why have parts of the Muslim-Arab world declared war on the West? The republic is the French version of Europe. They, and those who justify them, say that it derives from the colonial breakdown. Okay, but one mustn’t forget that the integration of the Arab workers in France during the time of colonial rule was much easier. In other words, this is belated hatred. Retrospective hatred.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0We are witness to an Islamic radicalization that must be explained in its entirety before we get to the French case, to a culture that, instead of dealing with its problems, searches for an external guilty party. It’s easier to find an external guilty party. It’s tempting to tell yourself that in France you’re neglected, and to say, `Gimme, gimme.’ It hasn’t worked like that for anyone. It can’t work.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Post-colonialmindset<\/p>\n
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But what appears to disturb Finkielkraut even more than this \u00ab\u00a0hatred for the West,\u00a0\u00bb is what he sees as its internalization in the French education system, and the identification with it by French intellectuals. In his view, this identification and internalization – which are expressed in shows of understanding for the sources of the violence and in the post-colonial mindset that is permeating the education system – are threatening not only France as a whole, but the country’s Jews, too, because they are creating an infrastructure for the new anti-Semitism. <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0In the United States, too, we’re witnessing an Islamization of the blacks. It was Louis Farrakhan, in America, who asserted for the first time that the Jews played a central role in creating slavery. And the main spokesman for this theology in France today is Dieudonne [a black stand-up artist, who caused an uproar with his anti-Semitic statements – D.M.]. Today he is the true patron of anti-Semitism in France, and not Le Pen’s National Front.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0But in France, instead of fighting his kind of talk, they’re actually doing what he asks: changing the teaching of colonial history and the history of slavery in the schools. Now they teach colonial history as an exclusively negative history. We don’t teach anymore that the colonial project also sought to educate, to bring civilization to the savages. They only talk about it as an attempt at exploitation, domination and plunder.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0But what does Dieudonne really want? He wants a `Holocaust’ for Arabs and blacks, too. But if you want to put the Holocaust and slavery on the same plane, then you have to lie. Because [slavery] wasn’t a Holocaust. And [the Holocaust] wasn’t `a crime against humanity,’ because it wasn’t just a crime. It was something ambivalent. The same is true of slavery. It began long before the West. In fact, what sets the West apart when it comes to slavery is that it was the one to eliminate it. The elimination of slavery is a European and American thing. But this truth about slavery cannot be taught in schools.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0That’s why these events sadden me so greatly; not so much because they happened. After all, you’d have to be deaf and blind not to see that they would happen. But because of the interpretations that have accompanied them. These dealt a decisive blow to the France I loved. And I’ve always said that life will become impossible for Jews in France when Francophobia triumphs. And that’s what will happen. The Jews understand what I’ve said just now. Suddenly, they look around, and they see all the `bobo’ (French slang for bourgeois-bohemians) singing songs of praise to the new `wretched of the earth’ [Finkielkraut is alluding here to the book by the Martinique-born, anti-colonialist philosopher Franz Fanon – D.M.] and asking themselves: What is this country? What’s happened to it?\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Since you view this as an Islamic assault, how do you explain the fact that Jews have not been attacked in the recent events? <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0First of all, they say that one synagogue has been attacked. But I think that what we’ve experienced is an anti-republican pogrom. They tell us that these neighborhoods are neglected and the people are in distress. What connection is there between poverty and despair, and wreaking destruction and setting fire to schools? I don’t think any Jew would ever do a thing like this.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Horrifyingacts<\/p>\n
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Finkielkraut continues: \u00ab\u00a0What unites the Jews – the secular, the religious, the Peace Now crowd, the Greater Land of Israel crowd – is one word: shul (synagogue; used here as religious study hall). That’s what holds us all together as Jews. And I have been just horrified by these acts, which kept repeating themselves, and horrified even more by the understanding with which they were received in France. These people were treated like rebels, like revolutionaries. This is the worst thing that could happen to my country. And I’m very miserable because of it. Why? Because the only way to overcome it is to make them feel ashamed. Shame is the starting point of ethics. But instead of making them feel ashamed, we gave them legitimacy. They’re `interesting.’ They’re `the wretched of the earth.’ <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Imagine for a moment that they were whites, like in Rostock in Germany. Right away, everyone would have said: `Fascism won’t be tolerated.’ When an Arab torches a school, it’s rebellion. When a white guy does it, it’s fascism. I’m `color blind.’ Evil is evil, no matter what color it is. And this evil, for the Jew that I am, is completely intolerable.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Moreover, there’s a contradiction here. Because if these suburbs were truly in a state of total neglect, there wouldn’t be any gymnasiums to torch, there wouldn’t be schools and buses. If there are gymnasiums and schools and buses, it’s because someone made an effort. Maybe not enough of one, but an effort.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Still, the unemployment rate in the suburbs is very extreme: Almost 40 percent of young people aged 15-25 have no chance of finding a job. <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Let’s return to the shul for a moment. When parents send you to school, is it in order for you to find a job? I was sent to school in order to learn. Culture and education have a justification per se. You go to school to learn. That is the purpose of school. And these people who are destroying schools – what are they really saying? Their message is not a cry for help or a demand for more schools or better schools. It’s a desire to eliminate the intermediaries that stand between them and their objects of desire. And what are their objects of desire? Simple: money, designer labels, sometimes girls. And this is something for which our society surely bears responsibility. Because they want everything immediately, and what they want is only the consumer-society ideal. It’s what they see on television.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Declarationofwar<\/p>\n
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Finkielkraut, as his name indicates, is himself the child of an immigrant family: His parents came to France from Poland; their parents perished at Auschwitz. In recent years, his Judaism has become a central theme in his writing, too, especially since the start of the second intifada and the rise in anti-Semitism in France. He is one of the leaders of the struggle against anti-Semitism in France, and also one of the most prominent supporters of Israel and its policies, in the face of Israel’s many critics in France.<\/p>\n
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His standing as a key spokesperson within the Jewish community in France has grown, particularly since he began hosting a weekly talk show on the JCR Jewish radio station, one of four Jewish stations in the country. On this program, Finkielkraut discusses current events; for the past two weeks, the riots in the suburbs were naturally the main topic. Because of his standing as one of the most widely heard Jewish intellectuals within France’s Jewish community, his perspective on the events will certainly have an influence on the way in which they are perceived and understood among French Jewry – and perhaps also on the future of the relationship between the Jewish and Muslim communities. But this Jewish philosopher and tenacious fighter of anti-Semitism is using these latest events to declare war – on the \u00ab\u00a0war on racism.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0I was born in Paris, but I’m the son of Polish immigrants. My father was deported from France. His parents were deported and murdered in Auschwitz. My father returned from Auschwitz to France. This country deserves our hatred: What it did to my parents was much more violent than what it did to Africans. What did it do to Africans? It did only good. It put my father in hell for five years. And I was never brought up to hate. And today, this hatred that the blacks have is even greater than that of the Arabs.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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But do you, of all people, who fight against anti-Jewish racism, maintain that the discrimination and racism these youths are talking about doesn’t actually exist? <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Of course discrimination exists. And certainly there are French racists. French people who don’t like Arabs and blacks. And they’ll like them even less now, when they know how much they’re hated by them. So this discrimination will only increase, in terms of housing and work, too.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0But imagine that you’re running a restaurant, and you’re anti-racist, and you think that all people are equal, and you’re also Jewish. In other words, talking about inequality between the races is a problem for you. And let’s say that a young man from the suburbs comes in who wants to be a waiter. He talks the talk of the suburbs. You won’t hire him for the job. It’s very simple. You won’t hire him because it’s impossible. He has to represent you and that requires discipline and manners, and a certain way of speaking. And I can tell you that French whites who are imitating the code of behavior of the suburbs – and there is such a thing – will run into the same exact problem. The only way to fight discrimination is to restore the requirements, the educational seriousness. This is the only way. But you’re not allowed to say that, either. I can’t. It’s common sense, but they prefer to propound the myth of `French racism.’ It’s not right.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0We live today in an environment of a `perpetual war on racism’ and the nature of this anti-racism also needs to be examined. Earlier, I heard someone on the radio who was opposed to Interior Minister Sarkozy’s decision to expel anyone who doesn’t have French citizenship and takes part in the riots and is arrested. And what did he say? That this was `ethnic cleansing.’ During the war in Yugoslavia I fought against the ethnic cleansing of Muslims in Bosnia. Not a single French Muslim organization stood by our side. They bestirred themselves solely to support the Palestinians. And to talk about `ethnic cleansing’ now? There was a single person killed in the riots. Actually, there were two [more], but it was an accident. They weren’t being chased, but they fled to an electrical transformer even though the warning signs on it were huge.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0But I think that the lofty idea of `the war on racism’ is gradually turning into a hideously false ideology. And this anti-racism will be for the 21st century what communism was for the 20th century. A source of violence. Today, Jews are attacked in the name of anti-racist discourse: the separation fence, `Zionism is racism.’<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0It’s the same thing in France. One must be wary of the `anti-racist’ ideology. Of course, there is a problem of discrimination. There’s a xenophobic reflex, that’s true, but the portrayal of events as a response to French racism is totally false. Totally false.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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And what do you think about the steps the French government has taken to quell the violence? The state of emergency, the curfew?<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0This is so normal. What we have experienced is terrible. You have to understand that the ones who have the least power in a society are the authorities, the rulers. Yes, they are responsible for maintaining order. And this is important because without them, some sort of self-defense would be organized and people would shoot. So they’re maintaining order, and doing it with extraordinary caution. They should be saluted.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0In May 1968 there was a totally innocent movement compared to the one we’re seeing now, and there was violence on the part of the police. Here they’re tossing Molotov cocktails, firing live bullets. And there hasn’t been a single incident of police violence. [Since this interview, several police officers have been arrested on suspicion of using violence – D.M.] There’s no precedent for this. How to impose order? By using `common sense’ methods, which by the way, according to a poll by La Parisienne newspaper, 73 percent of the French support.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0But apparently it’s already too late to make them feel ashamed, since on the radio, on television and in the newspapers, or in most of them, they’re holding a prettifying mirror up to the rioters. They’re `interesting’ people, they’re nurturing their suffering and they understand their despair. In addition, there’s the great perversion of the spectacle: They’re burning cars in order to see it on television. It makes them feel `important’ – that they live in an `important neighborhood.’ The pursuit of this spectacle ought to be analyzed. It’s creating totally perverted effects. And the perversion of the spectacle is accompanied by totally perverted analyses.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Failedmodels<\/p>\n
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Since the start of the riots in the suburbs, the press throughout Europe has been addressing the issue of multiculturalism, its possibilities and its costs. Finkielkraut expressed his opinion on this question, which is also occupying the minds of many writers in Israel, many years ago when he came to the defense of the republican model and its symbol, the republican school, against the intellectual currents that sought to open French society and its education system to the cultural variety brought in by the immigrants. While many intellectuals perceive the latest events as deriving from insufficient openness to the \u00ab\u00a0other,\u00a0\u00bb Finkielkraut actually sees them as proof that cultural openness is doomed to end in disaster.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0They’re saying that the republican model has collapsed in these riots. But the multicultural model isn’t in any better shape. Not in Holland or in England. In Bradford and Birmingham there were riots with an ethnic background, too. And, secondly, the republican school, the symbol of the republican model, hasn’t existed for a long time already. I know the republican school; I studied in it. It was an institution with strict demands, a bleak, unpleasant place that built high walls to keep out the noise from outside. Thirty years of foolish reforms have altered our landscape. The republican school has been replaced by an `educational community’ that is horizontal rather than vertical. The curricula have been made easier, the noise from outside has come in, society has come inside the school.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0This means that what we’re seeing today is actually the failure of the `nice’ post-republican model. But the problem with this model is that it is fueled by its own failures: Every fiasco is a reason to become even more extreme. The school will become even `nicer.’ When really, given what we’re seeing, greater strictness and more exacting standards are the minimum that we need to ask for. If not, before long we’ll have `courses in crime.’ <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0This is an evolution that characterizes democracy. Democracy, as a process, and Tocqueville showed this, does not abide selfishness. Within democracy, it’s hard to tolerate non-democratic spaces. Everything has to be done democratically in a democracy, but school cannot be this way. It just can’t. The asymmetry is glaring: between he who knows and he who doesn’t know, between he who brings a world with him and he who is new in this world.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0The democratic process delegitimizes this asymmetry. It’s a general process in the Western world, but in France it takes a more pathetic form, because one of the things that characterizes France is its strict education. France was built around its schools.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Many of the youths say the problem is that they don’t feel French, that France doesn’t really regard them as French.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0The problem is that they need to regard themselves as French. If the immigrants say `the French’ when they’re referring to the whites, then we’re lost. If their identity is located somewhere else and they’re only in France for utilitarian reasons, then we’re lost. I have to admit that the Jews are also starting to use this phrase. I hear them saying `the French’ and I can’t stand it. I say to them, `If for you France is a utilitarian matter, but your identity is Judaism, then be honest with yourselves: You have Israel.’ This is really a bigger problem: We’re living in a post-national society in which for everyone the state is just utilitarian, a big insurance company. This is an extremely serious development.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0But if they have a French identity card, then they’re French. And if not, they have the right to go. They say, `I’m not French. I live in France and I’m also in a bad economic state.’ No one’s holding them here. And this is precisely where the lie begins. Because if it were the neglect and poverty, then they would go somewhere else. But they know very well that anywhere else, and especially in the countries from whence they came, their situation would be worse, as far as rights and opportunities go.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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But the problem today is the integration into French society of young men and women who are from the third generation. This isn’t a wave of new immigrants. They were born in France. They have nowhere to go.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0This feeling, that they are not French, isn’t something they get from school. In France, as you perhaps know, even children who are in the country illegally are still registered for school. There’s something surprising, something paradoxical, here: The school could call the police, since the child is in France illegally. Yet the illegality isn’t taken into account by the school. So there are schools and computers everywhere, too. But then the moment comes when an effort must be made. And the people that are fomenting the riots aren’t prepared to make this effort. Ever.<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0Take the language, for example. You say they are third generation. So why do they speak French the way they do? It’s butchered French – the accent, the words, the syntax. Is it the school’s fault? The teachers’ fault?\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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Since the Arabs and blacks apparently have no intention of leaving France, how do you suggest that the problem be dealt with?<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0This problem is the problem of all the countries of Europe. In Holland, they’ve been confronting it since the murder of Theo van Gogh. The question isn’t what is the best model of integration, but just what sort of integration can be achieved with people who hate you.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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And what will happen in France?<\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0I don’t know. I’m despairing. Because of the riots and because of their accompaniment by the media. The riots will subside, but what does this mean? There won’t be a return to quiet. It will be a return to regular violence. So they’ll stop because there is a curfew now, and the foreigners are afraid and the drug dealers also want the usual order restored. But they’ll gain support and encouragement for their anti-republican violence from the repulsive discourse of self-criticism over their slavery and colonization. So that’s it: There won’t be a return to quiet, but a return to routine violence.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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So your worldview doesn’t stand a chance anymore? <\/p>\n
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\u00ab\u00a0No, I’ve lost. As far as anything relating to the struggle over school is concerned, I’ve lost. It’s interesting, because when I speak the way I’m speaking now, a lot of people agree with me. Very many. But there’s something in France – a kind of denial whose origin lies in the bobo, in the sociologists and social workers – and no one dares say anything else. This struggle is lost. I’ve been left behind.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n
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(Source: Haaretz, le 25 novembre 2005)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n
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\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a:<\/a><\/span><\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
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\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u00a0\u00a0<\/a> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Home – Accueil – \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 TUNISNEWS 6\u00a0\u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a02015 du 26.11.2005 \u00a0archives : www.tunisnews.net El Maoukif: Abdelkarim Harouni en gr\u00e8ve de la faim Imad :Nouvelles de Moncef Marzouki L\u2019Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone de Belgique renouvelle son soutien \u00e0 ses confr\u00e8res tunisiens Congr\u00e8s fantoche de l’Association des Magistrats Tunisiens\u2026Communiqu\u00e9 et requ\u00eate en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 The OpenNet […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22040,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[63,36,29],"class_list":["post-19059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-63","tag-36","tag-fr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19059"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19059\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19059"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}