{"id":18769,"date":"2009-08-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-08-13T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/13-aout-2009\/"},"modified":"2009-08-13T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2009-08-13T00:00:00","slug":"13-aout-2009","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/13-aout-2009\/","title":{"rendered":"13 ao\u00fbt 2009"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><html><head><meta content=\"text\/html\" description=\"Following his forcible return from Italy on 2 August, Ali Ben Sassi \t\t\tToumi was arrested on arrival at the airport in the capital, Tunis. \t\t\tHe was then taken to the State Security Department of the Ministry \t\t\tof Interior and kept in pre-arraignment police custody (garde \u00e0 vue) \t\t\tuntil 7 August.\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\"\/><\/head><body><body><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/\"><span>Home<\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> &#8211; Accuei<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"FR-CH\">l<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<div>\u00a0<meta content=\"Microsoft SafeHTML\"\/><\/p>\n<style>.ExternalClass .EC_hmmessage P{padding:0px;}.ExternalClass body.EC_hmmessage{font-size:10pt;font-family:Verdana;}<\/style>\n<div><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<div align=\"center\"><font size=\"7\"><strong>TUNISNEWS <\/strong><\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"><font><\/p>\n<div><strong>9\u00a0\u00e8me ann\u00e9e, <span lang=\"FR\">N\u00b0\u00a03369 du 13.08.2009<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><span><font><strong><font>\u00a0archives<\/font> : <\/strong><\/font><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><strong>www.tunisnews.net<\/strong><\/font><\/a><\/span><font>\u00a0<\/font>\u00a0 <\/div>\n<div><font><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<p><strong><\/p>\n<p><font>Amnesty International: Tunisian national released on bail after forcible return from Italy <font>AFP: Proche-Orient\/Maghreb : les internautes restent la cible des censeurs (\u00e9tude)<\/font> D\u00e9bat Tunisie: Baissez vos culottes les marabouts nous pilotent (3) <font>Aien Aristeuein: Le mythe de la classe moyenne en Tunisie <\/font>Guardian.co.uk: Hillary Clinton misses the Maghreb <font>JeuneAfrique.com: Rien ne va plus pour les Chinois d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie <\/font>Liberatioon: Luis Martinez : \u00abEn Libye, il n\u2019y a pas de tradition rurale\u00bb <\/font><\/p>\n<p><font>AFP: Condamnation de Mme Suu Kyi: la commissaire des droits de l&rsquo;homme \u00ab\u00a0troubl\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><strong><font>Amnesty International: <\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">Tunisian national released on bail after forcible return from Italy<\/font><\/h2>\n<p><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"> \u00a013 August 2009  A Tunisian national, forcibly returned to his home country from Italy, was released on bail late on Monday, after having spent eight days in detention.  Ali Ben Sassi Toumi, 44, has been accused of \u00ab\u00a0membership of a terrorist organization\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0providing expertise and logistical support to a terrorist organization\u00a0\u00bb and fraud.   Following his forcible return from Italy on 2 August, Ali Ben Sassi Toumi was arrested on arrival at the airport in the capital, Tunis. He was then taken to the State Security Department of the Ministry of Interior and kept in pre-arraignment police custody (garde \u00e0 vue) until 7 August.  On the same day, he was brought before an investigating judge at the Court of First Instance in Tunis who remanded him in detention at Mornaguia Prison.  On Monday, he was brought before the investigating judge and questioned in the presence of a lawyer assigned to him by the court. The lawyer engaged by his relatives to represent him had sought the investigating judge\u2019s permission to visit Ali Ben Sassi Toumi in prison only minutes earlier, but without success. Ali Ben Sassi Toumi was then released on bail.  Ali Ben Sassi Toumi left his house on Tuesday, but was recalled by a phone call from his uncle, acting on police instructions. Police were waiting for him when he returned. They told him that he is not permitted to go out or meet other people without first informing the police and obtaining their authorization. Consequently, he is effectively restricted to his home.  Investigations into the terrorism-related charges levelled against Ali Ben Sassi Toumi are still ongoing. However, he is expected to appear in court on Friday to be tried in connection with the fraud charges.  Ali Ben Sassi Toumi was released from prison in Benevento, Italy, on 18 May, after serving four years of a six-year sentence on charges of belonging to a terrorist cell in Italy and recruiting fighters for the insurgency in Iraq. He applied for asylum in Italy, but his claim was rejected on the basis that he had been convicted of committing a \u201cserious crime\u201d.  He had been held in an immigration detention centre known as an Identification and Expulsion Centre (Centro di identificazione ed espulsione) in Isola di Capo Rizzuto in the Province of Crotone, south-east Italy, since his release from prison.  He was forcibly returned despite the European Court of Human Rights calling three times on the Italian authorities to stay the deportation, on the grounds that he was at risk of torture and other ill-treatment in Tunisia.  Earlier this month, Amnesty International campaigned on Ali Ben Sassi Toumi&rsquo;s behalf. The organization urged the Tunisian authorities to release him immediately and unconditionally, unless he was promptly charged with a recognizably criminal offence and brought to trial in proceedings that meet international standards for fair trial.  Amnesty International spoke to Ali Ben Sassi Toumi following his release. He has expressed his gratitude to all those who sent appeals on his behalf.  The Italian authorities have previously forcibly returned two Tunisian nationals back to Tunisia despite similar calls from the European Court of Human Rights. Sami Ben Khemais Essid was returned in June 2008 and Mourad Trabelsi in December 2008. Both are currently serving prison sentences imposed by a military court.  \u00a0 Lien: http:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/news-and-updates\/news\/tunisian-national-released-bail-after-forcible-return-from-italy-20090813<\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/font><\/div>\n<p align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Le contentieux du SNJT<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Demain, le verdict<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Le verdict en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;affaire du Syndicat National\u00a0 des Journalistes Tunisiens\u00a0 (SNJT) sera prononc\u00e9 demain (vendredi 14 aout) par le tribunal de premi\u00e8re instance de Tunis<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"AR-SA\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Hier,\u00a0 l&rsquo;audience\u00a0 a \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9e aux plaidoiries. Une\u00a0 dizaine d&rsquo;avocats\u00a0 ont appel\u00e9 le tribunal \u00e0 annuler la\u00a0 tenue du congr\u00e8s extraordinaire du syndicat le 15 ao\u00fbt. Ils ont\u00a0 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 en s&rsquo;appuyant sur les articles\u00a0 du r\u00e8glement int\u00e9rieur\u00a0\u00a0 du SNJT que la tenue\u00a0 du congr\u00e8s \u00e0 cette\u00a0 date\u00a0 est ill\u00e9gale et que les membres du bureau ex\u00e9cutif \u00e9largi\u00a0 qui ont pris cette d\u00e9cision n&rsquo;ont pas respect\u00e9 le r\u00e8glement int\u00e9rieur. Mais l&rsquo;avocat de la d\u00e9fense a r\u00e9torqu\u00e9 que\u00a0 la d\u00e9cision est l\u00e9gale puisqu&rsquo;elle \u00e9mane de la majorit\u00e9 des membres du bureau ex\u00e9cutif \u00e9largi<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"AR-SA\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">N.S<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">(Source\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le Temps\u00a0\u00bb (Quotidien \u2013 Tunis), le 13 ao\u00fbt 2009)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<p> \u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font size=\"3\">Proche-Orient\/Maghreb : les internautes restent la cible des censeurs (\u00e9tude)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0<em><u>AFP, 12 ao\u00fbt 2009 \u00e0 22h30<\/u><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SAN FRANCISCO (Etats-Unis), 12 ao\u00fbt 2009 (AFP) &#8211; Les internautes du Maghreb et du Proche-Orient sont soumis \u00e0 une forte censure gouvernementale, alors que ces m\u00eames gouvernements tentent de faire entrer leur pays dans l&rsquo;\u00e8re num\u00e9rique, r\u00e9v\u00e8le mercredi une \u00e9tude commune de quatre universit\u00e9s anglo-saxonnes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0La censure sur internet s&rsquo;est accentu\u00e9e dans les pays de la r\u00e9gion tant par son \u00e9tendue que par sa profondeur. Les censeurs ont pour d\u00e9nominateur commun la chasse aux contenus politiques\u00a0\u00bb, indique Helmi Noman, le coordinateur de l&rsquo;\u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par OpenNet Initiative (ONI), un projet commun aux universit\u00e9s de Toronto (Canada), Harvard (Etats-Unis), Cambridge et Oxford (Grande-Bretagne).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Les chercheurs ont pass\u00e9 18 pays de la r\u00e9gion au crible. Ils en ont conclu que dans 14 d&rsquo;entre eux, les autorit\u00e9s filtrent l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Les gouvernements (de ces pays du Maghreb et du Proche-Orient) continuent \u00e0 dissimuler le filtrage de contenus qu&rsquo;ils consid\u00e8rent comme politiquement sensibles. En revanche, ils ne font pas myst\u00e8re du blocage syst\u00e9matique qu&rsquo;ils pratiquent contre les sites de socialisation\u00a0\u00bb, ajoute M. Noman, chercheur \u00e0 l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 Harvard (Massachusetts, nord-est).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dans leur chasse aux sorci\u00e8res, les censeurs ont d&rsquo;ailleurs recours \u00e0 des logiciels de filtrage d&rsquo;origine am\u00e9ricaine, souligne l&rsquo;\u00e9tude.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Dans les m\u00e9dias du Proche-Orient et d&rsquo;Afrique du Nord, la surveillance cibl\u00e9e, l&rsquo;autocensure et l&rsquo;intimidation le disputent aux m\u00e9thodes avanc\u00e9es de censure\u00a0\u00bb, analyse Ron Deibert, un des chercheurs associ\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude d&rsquo;ONI et bas\u00e9 \u00e0 Toronto, au Canada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dans le rapport est cit\u00e9 l&rsquo;exemple du Qatar, dont les autorit\u00e9s bloquent l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des sites ayant trait \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation \u00e0 la sant\u00e9. Toujours selon l&rsquo;\u00e9tude, la Syrie s&rsquo;en prend au site de socialisation Facebook &#8211; qui revendique 250 millions d&rsquo;utilisateurs \u00e0 travers le monde. Et les Emirats Arabes Unis censurent, quant \u00e0 eux, les sites isra\u00e9liens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Au Maghreb et au Proche-Orient la r\u00e8gle c&rsquo;est le filtrage accru, l&rsquo;exception c&rsquo;est le d\u00e9blocage\u00a0\u00bb, conclut M. Norman.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">AFP <\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">L\u2019\u00e9tude peut \u00eatre consult\u00e9e sur le lien suivant\u00a0:<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/opennet.net\/research\/regions\/mena<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Le chapitre consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tunisie (publi\u00e9 le 7 ao\u00fbt 2009)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Although Tunisia has actively sought to develop its information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure, the government continues to pervasively block a range of Web content and has used nontechnical means to impede journalists and human rights activists from doing their work. The filtering of political content and restrictions on online activity has prompted frequent criticism from foreign governments and human rights organizations, and online protest campaigns from Tunisian Internet users.  <strong><span>Note: a previous version of this profile is available at <a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>Tunisia, 2006-2007<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Results At A Glance<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"30%\">\n<p><b><span>FILTERING<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>No evidence of filtering<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Suspected filtering<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Selective filtering<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Substantial filtering<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Pervasive filtering<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Political<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"http:\/\/opennet.net\/sites\/dev.opennet.net\/themes\/oni\/img\/icon_bullet.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"9\" src=\"http:\/\/\/\" width=\"9\"\/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Social<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"http:\/\/opennet.net\/sites\/dev.opennet.net\/themes\/oni\/img\/icon_bullet.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"9\" src=\"http:\/\/\/\" width=\"9\"\/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Conflict\/Security<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"http:\/\/opennet.net\/sites\/dev.opennet.net\/themes\/oni\/img\/icon_bullet.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"9\" src=\"http:\/\/\/\" width=\"9\"\/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Internet tools<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"http:\/\/opennet.net\/sites\/dev.opennet.net\/themes\/oni\/img\/icon_bullet.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"9\" src=\"http:\/\/\/\" width=\"9\"\/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\">\n<p><b><span>OTHER FACTORS<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Not Applicable<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Low<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>Medium<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>High<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Transparency<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"http:\/\/opennet.net\/sites\/dev.opennet.net\/themes\/oni\/img\/icon_bullet.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"9\" src=\"http:\/\/\/\" width=\"9\"\/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Consistency<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"http:\/\/opennet.net\/sites\/dev.opennet.net\/themes\/oni\/img\/icon_bullet.gif\" border=\"0\" height=\"9\" src=\"http:\/\/\/\" width=\"9\"\/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Key Indicators<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"50%\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"8%\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span>worst<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>best<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span lang=\"IT\">GNI per capita (PPP US$)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>8371\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Life expectancy at birth (years)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>73.5\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Literacy rate (% of people age 15+)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>74.3\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Human development index (out of 177 countries)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>91\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Rule of law (percentile)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>60\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Voice and accountability (percentile)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>13\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Digital Opportunity Index (out of 181 countries)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>87\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span>Internet users (% of population)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p align=\"right\"><span>26.8\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Background<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">The Tunisian constitution guarantees freedom of the press under \u201cconditions laid down by law,\u201d but the government closely controls the media. Additionally, the Press Law criminalizes defamation, and those who violate it can be imprisoned and fined.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/template.cfm?page=251&amp;country=7290&amp;year=2007. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>1<\/font><\/a> Tunisia is considered by media watchdog Reporters Without Borders to be \u201cthe region\u2019s most authoritarian regime\u201d in regard to civil liberties. Journalists and human rights activists have been banned from leaving the country, and subject to arrest and imprisonment. Most of the country\u2019s newspapers are supportive of the government, and opposition newspapers have been seized.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=29208. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>2<\/font><\/a> The Internet is also heavily regulated and perceived as a potential threat to stability and security of the country.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>3<\/font><\/a> There are also instances of banning foreign publications for publishing content that is deemed prejudicial to Islam.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.menassat.com\/?q=en\/alerts\/5053-morocco-french-magazine-lexpre.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>4<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Internet in Tunisia<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Tunisia has one of the most developed telecommunications infrastructures in North Africa with high mobile penetration rate and one of the lowest broadband prices in Africa.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/research\/b46cf3\/tunisia%5ftelecoms. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>5<\/font><\/a> As of October 2008, the number of GSM subscribers had reached 9 million, while the number of Internet users was 1.7 million, 114,000 of whom have broadband subscriptions.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.tunisiaonlinenews.com\/2008\/10\/03\/tunisia-has-9-million-gsm-su.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>6<\/font><\/a> Out of a population of 10.2 million inhabitants, nine out of ten Tunisians own a cell phone. 84% of these users access the Internet at home, 75.8% use Internet at work, and 24% use public Internet caf\u00e9s.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.arabadvisors.com\/Pressers\/presser-082708.htm. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>7<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">The Tunisian Ministry of Communications established the Tunisian Internet Agency (ATI) to regulate the country\u2019s Internet and domain name system (DNS) services, which had formerly fallen under the Regional Institute for Computer Sciences and Telecommunications (IRSIT)\u2019s purview.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.tunisiaonline.com\/internet\/history.html. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>8<\/font><\/a> The ATI is also the gateway from which all of Tunisia\u2019s eleven Internet service providers (ISPs) lease their bandwidth.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.ati.tn\/. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>9<\/font><\/a> Six of these ISPs are public (ATI, INBMI, CCK, CIMSP, IRESA and Defense&rsquo;s ISP); the other five \u2014 Planet Tunisie, 3S Global Net, HEXABYTE, TopNet, and TUNET \u2014 are private.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>10<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">The government has energetically sought to spread Internet access. The ATI reports connectivity of 100 percent for the education section (universities, research laboratories, secondary schools, and primary schools).<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>11<\/font><\/a> Government-brokered \u201cfree Internet\u201d programs that provide Web access for the price of a local telephone call and increased competition among ISPs have significantly reduced the economic barriers to Internet access. Those Tunisians for whom personal computers remain prohibitively expensive may also access the Internet from more than 300 cybercaf\u00e9s set up by the authorities.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=25442&amp;Valider=OK. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>12<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Legal and regulatory frameworks<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">In addition to filtering Web content, the government of Tunisia utilizes laws, regulations, and surveillance to achieve strict control over the Internet. For example, journalists have been prosecuted by Tunisia\u2019s press code, which bans offending the president, disturbing order, and publishing what the government perceives as false news.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/cpj.org\/reports\/2008\/09\/tunisia-oppression.php. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>13<\/font><\/a> The government also restricts the media by controlling the registration of print media and licensing of broadcasters, refusing permission to critical outlets, and controlling the distribution public sector advertisement.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>14<\/font><\/a> Journalists are also charged in courts with vague violations of the penal code.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/inc\/content\/pubs\/fiw\/inc_country_detail.cfm?.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>15<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Online dissidents face severe punishment. For example, human rights lawyer Mohamed Abbou was sentenced to three and a half years in prison in 2005 publishing on a banned Web site a report in which he accusing the government of torturing Tunisian prisoners.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/template.cfm?page=251&amp;country=7290&amp;year=2007. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>16<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">In a landmark legal case that challenged the Web filtering regime in the country, journalist and blogger Ziad El Hendi filed a legal suit against the Tunisian Internet Agency (ATI) for censoring social networking site Facebook.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.magharebia.com\/cocoon\/awi\/xhtml1\/en_GB\/features\/awi\/features\/.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>17<\/font><\/a> The Tunisian Union of Free Radio Stations and the Unionist Freedoms and Rights Observatory joined El Heni in the lawsuit and called Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to testify.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>18<\/font><\/a> Facebook was blocked on August 18, 2008, then unblocked on September 2 at the Tunisian President\u2019s request.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>19<\/font><\/a> The Third District Court of Tunisia, however, dismissed the case, in November 2008 without providing any explanation.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/11\/29\/as-usual-the-tunisian-legal-sys.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>20<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">In addition to being blocked in Tunisia, many opposition and dissident Web sites and blogs have been victims of hacking attempts and in some cases, successful content removal and shutting down of servers.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/08\/20\/silencing-online-speec.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>21<\/font><\/a> Even though it is not clear who is behind these cyber attacks, many Tunisian opposition leaders believe it to be the government.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Ibid. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>22<\/font><\/a> For example, the independent news sites Kalima was hacked into and shut down in October 2008. The eight-year Arabic and French archives were completely destroyed. The site has been blocked since it was launched in 2000. The administrator of the site accused the government of being under the attack because, as she told the Committee to Protect Journalists, \u00ab\u00a0The only ones who benefit from this attack are the authorities.\u00a0\u00bb<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/cpj.org\/2008\/10\/independent-news-site-destroyed.php. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>23<\/font><\/a> She also said, \u201cI would not rule out the possibility that this act was committed by the secret services, with the aid of hackers or pirates based in Tunisia or abroad.\u00a0\u00bb The Web-based newsletter Tunis News (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.tunisnews.net\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.tunisnews.net<\/font><\/a>) and a blog run by a judge (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/tunisiawatch.rsfblog.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/tunisiawatch.rsfblog.org<\/font><\/a>) have been subject to similar attacks.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.ifex.org\/en\/content\/view\/full\/97628\/. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>24<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Tunisia does not have specific laws that regulate online broadcasting. As a result, a group of journalists exploited the lack of legal obstacles to broadcast on the Internet and launched in 2007 Tunisia\u2019s first Internet radio station, Radio 6, which was launch in December 10th to mark the 59th anniversary of the World Declaration of Human Rights. The radio exploited the lack of legal obstacles to broadcasting on the Internet.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.magharebia.com\/cocoon\/awi\/xhtml1\/en_GB\/features\/awi\/features\/.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>25<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Web filtering in Tunisia is achieved through the use of a commercial software program, SmartFilter, sold by U.S.-based company Secure Computing. Because all fixed-line Internet traffic passes through facilities controlled by ATI, the government is able to load the software onto its servers and filter content consistently across Tunisia\u2019s eleven ISPs. Tunisia purposefully hides its filtering from Internet users. SmartFilter is designed to display a 403 \u201cForbidden\u201d error message when a user attempts to access a blocked site; the Tunisian government has replaced this message with a standard 404 \u201cFile Not Found\u201d error message, which gives no hint that the requested site is actively blocked.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/ice.citizenlab.org\/?p=115. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>26<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Surveillance<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">The Tunisian authorities practice different sorts of Internet surveillance and request that service providers such as Internet caf\u00e9s be partners in controlling Internet use. For example, the authorities monitor Internet caf\u00e9s, request that Internet users show ID before they can use the Internet in some regions, and hold Internet caf\u00e9s operators responsible by law for their clients\u2019 online activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">There is also technical surveillance whereby downloading or adding attachment to an email must go through a central server. Under the pretext of protecting public order and national security, a 1998 post and telecommunications law enables the authorities to intercept and check the content of email messages<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=24264. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>27<\/font><\/a> and in fact electronic surveillance such as filtering of email messages of government opponents have been reported.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=29208. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>28<\/font><\/a> Global Voices Advocacy Director and Tunisia Activist Sami Ben Gharbia conducted a test from the Netherlands with two Tunisia-based activists and confirmed by logging to their email accounts from the Netherland that what he sees is not what they receive when they login from Tunisia, and that they cannot access some of the messages they receive.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/08\/20\/silencing-online-speec.... \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>29<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">ONI testing results<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">ONI carried out tests in Tunisia using the ISPs Planet Tunisie and TopNet. Similar to 2006-2007 test results, 2008-2009 testing revealed pervasive filtering of Web sites of political opposition groups such as the Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberty (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.fdtl.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.fdtl.org<\/font><\/a>), Al-Nadha Movement (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.nahdha.info\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.nahdha.info<\/font><\/a>) and Tunisian Workers&rsquo; Communist Party (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.albadil.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.albadil.org<\/font><\/a>), and the Democratic Progressive Party (pdpinfo.org).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Also blocked were Web sites run by opposition figures such as activist Moncef Marzouki (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.moncefmarzouki.net\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.moncefmarzouki.net<\/font><\/a>) and Web sites that contain oppositional news and politics such as<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.nawaat.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.nawaat.org<\/font><\/a>,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.perspectivestunisiennes.net\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.perspectivestunisiennes.net<\/font><\/a>,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.tunisnews.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.tunisnews.net<\/font><\/a>, and<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.tunezine.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.tunezine.com<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Web sites that publish oppositional articles by Tunisian journalists were also blocked. For example, ONI verified the blocking of the French daily Lib\u00e9ration Web site in February 2007 because articles by Tunisian journalist Taoufik Ben Brik critical of President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali appeared on the site.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=26158. \" rel=\"noopener\"><font>30<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Also blocked are Web sites that criticize Tunisia&rsquo;s human rights records. These include the Web sites of Amnesty International (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.amnesty.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.amnesty.org<\/font><\/a>), Freedom House (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.freedomhouse.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.freedomhouse.org<\/font><\/a>), Reporters Without Borders (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.rsf.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.rsf.org<\/font><\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.rsf.fr\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.rsf.fr<\/font><\/a>), the International Freedom of Expression eXchange (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.ifex.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.ifex.org<\/font><\/a>), the Islamic Human Rights Commission (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.ihrc.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.ihrc.org\/<\/font><\/a>), and the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.hrinfo.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.hrinfo.org<\/font><\/a>). Although the home page of Human Rights Watch (HRW) was accessible, the Arabic and French-language versions of an HRW report on Internet repression in Tunisia were blocked.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">The prominent video sharing Web sites youtube.com and<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.dailymotion.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.dailymotion.com<\/font><\/a> were found blocked, apparently because Tunisian activists used them to disseminate content critical of the regime\u2019s human rights practices. Interestingly, the Web site of the OpenNet Initiative (opennet.net), which researches and documents state filtering and censorship practices, was blocked. Also blocked was the Web site of Global Voices (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.globalvoicesonline.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.globalvoicesonline.org<\/font><\/a>), a non-profit global citizens\u2019 media project. Most of the tested sites in the anonymizers and circumvention tools category were blocked. These include Psiphon (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/psiphon.civisec.org\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/psiphon.civisec.org<\/font><\/a>), TOR (tor.eff.org) Anonymizer (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.anonymizer.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.anonymizer.com<\/font><\/a>), email privacy service provider Steal the Message (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.stealthmessage.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.stealthmessage.com<\/font><\/a>), Guardster (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"www.guardster.com\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>www.guardster.com\/<\/font><\/a>), and JAP (anon.inf.tu-dresden.de). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">The filtering regime pervasively filters pornographic content, several gay and lesbian information or dating pages, provocative attire, and several online translation services. Also blocked were a few Web sites that criticize the Quran (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.thequran.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.thequran.com<\/font><\/a>) and Islam (<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.islameyat.com\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.islameyat.com<\/font><\/a>), though their small number points to limited filtering of religious content in Tunisia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Conclusion<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Tunisia\u2019s government continues to suppress critical speech and oppositional activity, both in real space and in cyberspace. Unlike other states that employ filtering software, Tunisia endeavors to conceal instances of filtering by supplying a fake error page when a blocked site is requested. This makes filtering more opaque and clouds users\u2019 understanding of the boundaries of permissible content. Tunisia maintains a focused, effective system of Internet control that blends content filtering with harsh laws to censor objectionable and politically threatening information.<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">1.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">1.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Freedom House, \u201cMap of Press Freedom 2007,\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/template.cfm?page=251&amp;country=7290&amp;year=2007\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/template.cfm?page=251&amp;country=7290&amp;year=2007<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">2.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">2.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cRepression continues as Ben Ali marks 21st anniversary as president,\u201d Reporters Without Borders, November 7, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=29208\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=29208<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">3.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">3.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">4.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">4.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cMorocco: French Magazine L\u2019Express Banned Over Religious Issue,\u201d Menassat, November 3, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.menassat.com\/?q=en\/alerts\/5053-morocco-french-magazine-lexpress-banned-over-religion-issue\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.menassat.com\/?q=en\/alerts\/5053-morocco-french-magazine-lexpre&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">5.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">5.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cTunisia &#8211; Telecoms Market Overview &amp; Statistics,\u201d Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd., March 2009,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/research\/b46cf3\/tunisia%5ftelecoms\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/research\/b46cf3\/tunisia%5ftelecoms<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">6.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">6.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cTunisia has 9 million GSM subscribers, and 1.7 million internet users,\u201d Tunisia Online News, October 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.tunisiaonlinenews.com\/2008\/10\/03\/tunisia-has-9-million-gsm-subscribers-and-17-million-internet-users\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.tunisiaonlinenews.com\/2008\/10\/03\/tunisia-has-9-million-gsm-su&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">7.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">7.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cTunisia\u2019s Internet users spent over US$ 132.7 million in B2C e-commerce during the past 12 months,\u201d Arab Advisors Group, August 27, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.arabadvisors.com\/Pressers\/presser-082708.htm\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.arabadvisors.com\/Pressers\/presser-082708.htm<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">8.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">8.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cInternet in Tunisia: History,\u201d Tunisia Online, June 25, 2002,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.tunisiaonline.com\/internet\/history.html\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.tunisiaonline.com\/internet\/history.html<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">9.<span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">9.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Tunisian Internet Agency: The National Internet Service Provider in Tunisia, <a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.ati.tn\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.ati.tn\/<\/font><\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">10.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">10.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">11.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">11.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">12.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">12.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Reporters Without Borders, \u201cTunisia: Annual Report 2008,\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=25442&amp;Valider=OK\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=25442&amp;Valider=OK<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">13.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">13.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Committee to Protect Journalists, Tunisia Report: The Smiling Oppressor, September 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/cpj.org\/reports\/2008\/09\/tunisia-oppression.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/cpj.org\/reports\/2008\/09\/tunisia-oppression.php<\/font><\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">14.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">14.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">15.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">15.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Freedom House, \u201cFreedom in the World &#8211; Tunisia (2008),\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/inc\/content\/pubs\/fiw\/inc_country_detail.cfm?year=2008&amp;country=7507&amp;pf\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/inc\/content\/pubs\/fiw\/inc_country_detail.cfm?&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">16.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">16.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Freedom House, \u201cMap of Press Freedom 2007,\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/template.cfm?page=251&amp;country=7290&amp;year=2007\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/template.cfm?page=251&amp;country=7290&amp;year=2007<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">17.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">17.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cSurprises force delay in lawsuit against Tunisian Internet,\u201d Magharebia, November 5, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.magharebia.com\/cocoon\/awi\/xhtml1\/en_GB\/features\/awi\/features\/2008\/11\/05\/feature-01\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.magharebia.com\/cocoon\/awi\/xhtml1\/en_GB\/features\/awi\/features\/&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">18.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">18.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">19.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">19.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">20.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">20.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Lina Ben Mhenni, \u201cTunisia: Facebook Case Thrown Out of Court,\u201d Global Voices Online, November 29, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/11\/29\/as-usual-the-tunisian-legal-system-has-been-faithful-to-the-values-of-fair-trial\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/11\/29\/as-usual-the-tunisian-legal-sys&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">21.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">21.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Sami Ben Gharbia, \u201cSilencing online speech in Tunisia,\u201d Global Voices Advocacy, August 20, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/08\/20\/silencing-online-speech-in-tunisia\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/08\/20\/silencing-online-speec&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">22.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">22.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Ibid. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">23.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">23.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cIndependent news site destroyed,\u201d Committee to Protect Journalists, October 14, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/cpj.org\/2008\/10\/independent-news-site-destroyed.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/cpj.org\/2008\/10\/independent-news-site-destroyed.php<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">24.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">24.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cIFEX Member Websites in Tunisia and Burma under attack,\u201d IFEX, October 15, 2008.<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.ifex.org\/en\/content\/view\/full\/97628\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.ifex.org\/en\/content\/view\/full\/97628\/<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">25.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">25.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cTunisia welcomes first internet radio station,\u201d Magharebia, December 17, 2007,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.magharebia.com\/cocoon\/awi\/xhtml1\/en_GB\/features\/awi\/features\/2007\/12\/17\/feature-01\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.magharebia.com\/cocoon\/awi\/xhtml1\/en_GB\/features\/awi\/features\/&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">26.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">26.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cTunisia: Internet filtering,\u201d Internet Censorship Explorer, June 2005,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/ice.citizenlab.org\/?p=115\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/ice.citizenlab.org\/?p=115<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">27.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">27.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cA textbook case in press censorship for the past 20 years,\u201d Reporters Without Borders, November 5, 2007,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=24264\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=24264<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">28.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">28.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cRepression continues as Ben Ali marks 21st anniversary as president,\u201d Reporters Without Borders, November 7, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=29208\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=29208<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">29.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">29.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> Sami Ben Gharbia, \u201cSilencing online speech in Tunisia,\u201d Global Voices Advocacy, August 20, 2008,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/08\/20\/silencing-online-speech-in-tunisia\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org\/2008\/08\/20\/silencing-online-speec&#8230;<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN\">30.<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font><span lang=\"EN\">30.<\/span><\/font><\/a><span lang=\"EN\"> \u201cInternet Enemies 2008: Tunisia,\u00a0\u00bb Reporters Without Borders,<a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=26158\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.rsf.org\/article.php3?id_article=26158<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><b><span dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"FR-CH\"><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p> \u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font size=\"3\"><font size=\"2\">D\u00e9bat Tunisie: <\/font>Baissez vos culottes les marabouts nous pilotent (3)<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Post\u00e9 par __z__ <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Il est difficile de se dorer la pilule et de profiter paisiblement de ses vacances lorsque des m\u00e9dia \u00e9trangers \u00e9voquent \u00e0 notre place les frasques de nos marabouts. Je ne pouvais pas laisser ces m\u00e9cr\u00e9ants d&rsquo;occidentaux profaner notre patrimoine national sans toucher mot. En plus, comme on ne peut pas compter sur le secours de notre presse nationale, il me devenait insupportable de ne pas user de ma plume ensabl\u00e9e pour sauver ce qui reste de l&rsquo;image \u00e9corn\u00e9e de notre belle Tunisie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Sidi Imed &amp; Sidi Moez<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">En effet, plusieurs m\u00e9dias fran\u00e7ais dont <\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>Rue89<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> et le <\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>JDD<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> nous rapportent que le juge fran\u00e7ais qui avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu l&rsquo;outrecuidance en 2006 d&rsquo;accuser Sidi Imed et son fr\u00e8res Sidi Moez du vol de 3 yachts vient de ressortir le dossier et de demander le renvoi en correctionnel de nos deux jeunes marabouts, beaux-fr\u00e8res de notre cher pr\u00e9sident. Dans les couloirs de La Presse certains chuchotent qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit l\u00e0 d&rsquo;un complot colonialiste visant \u00e0 d\u00e9stabiliser notre gentil r\u00e9gime avant l&rsquo;\u00e9ch\u00e9ance \u00e9lectorale d&rsquo;octobre 2009. Ces minables petits journalistes n&rsquo;\u00e9taient pas capables de comprendre que c&rsquo;est notre r\u00e9gime qui d\u00e9stabilise l&rsquo;occident et qui d\u00e9fie ses paradigmes et que ce sont nos marabouts qui se jouent de la justice fran\u00e7aise et non le contraire. Comme toujours, ils ont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 taire cette information et donner ainsi raison aux m\u00e9dias fran\u00e7ais faisant passer nos deux marabouts pour de vulgaires voleurs de yachts alors qu&rsquo;il en \u00e9tait autrement:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Sidi Imed n&rsquo;avait pas vol\u00e9 n&rsquo;importe quel yacht, mais celui du banquier Bruno Roger! C&rsquo;est tout un symbole. Par ce geste Sidi Imed aid\u00e9 de son fr\u00e8re annonce une lutte sans merci contre le lib\u00e9ralisme plan\u00e9taire et les grands patrons responsables de la pauvret\u00e9 et de l&rsquo;exploitation des masses. Sidi Imed n&rsquo;\u00e9tait d&rsquo;ailleurs pas \u00e0 sa premi\u00e8re bataille contre le capitalisme. Selon Lib\u00e9ration (<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>ici<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\">), avant l&rsquo;affaire des yachts,\u00a0 Sidi Imed avait fait disparaitre la voiture du PDG de BMW. Moins spectaculaire certes que la prise en otage du patron de Mercedes par la RAF (Fraction Arm\u00e9e Rouge, 1977), il n&rsquo;en reste pas moins que Sidi Imed r\u00e9v\u00e8le par ses actions pacifistes son amour pour la Justice sociale et l&rsquo;Humanit\u00e9 toute enti\u00e8re, chose que nos idiots de la Presse n&rsquo;ont pas su d\u00e9crypter. honte \u00e0 eux!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Mais heureusement que nos marabouts n&rsquo;ont pas besoin de ces incapables pour se d\u00e9fendre comme des grands. N&rsquo;ayant rien \u00e0 se reprocher Sidi Imed vient de r\u00e9pondre au juge Risson avec toute l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9gance qu&rsquo;on lui connait:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Sidi El Materi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Je regrette d&rsquo;avoir, dans un de mes derniers articles (<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>ici<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\">), malmen\u00e9 ce jeune marabout surtout que celui-ci semble \u00eatre un de mes fid\u00e8les lecteurs. A toi Sakhr, si tu me lis, toutes mes plates excuses pour avoir \u00e9voqu\u00e9 ta vie conjuguale et surtout pour avoir cru \u00e0 tort que les astres \u00e9taient de ton c\u00f4t\u00e9 et que tu allais nous remporter l&rsquo;appel d&rsquo;offre de la troisi\u00e8me licence de t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie (<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>ici<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\">). Moi qui pensais que tu \u00e9tais le gendre pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 de notre cher pr\u00e9sident, je d\u00e9couvre pantois que Sidi Mabrouk, autre gendre pr\u00e9sidentiel, avait re\u00e7u plus que toi les faveurs du ciel pour d\u00e9crocher ce fructueux march\u00e9(<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>ici<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Et puis il y a cette f\u00e2cheuse histoire de l&rsquo;interview fictive avec Aznavour que ton journal Le temps a os\u00e9 publier (<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>ici<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\">). Toi qui te bats pour une presse libre et ind\u00e9pendante, tu t&rsquo;es trouv\u00e9 humili\u00e9 par un de tes journalistes et tu l&rsquo;as imm\u00e9diatement limog\u00e9 pour sauver l&rsquo;honneur du journalisme tunisien (<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>ici<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\">). Peut-\u00eatre que tu le savais d\u00e9j\u00e0, mais ce pauvre monsieur que tu as licenci\u00e9 \u00e9tait en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 victime d&rsquo;une m\u00e9prisable manipulation. Il semblerait selon les dires de personnes bien avis\u00e9es, que dans le clan des marabouts tripolitains, certains seraient jaloux de tes prouesses de patrons de presse et auraient cherch\u00e9 par un Aznavour fictif \u00e0 pi\u00e9ger ton journaliste et d\u00e9cr\u00e9dibiliser par cela ton journal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">En tout cas sache que pour de nombreux tunisiens moi compris, si l&rsquo;on devait choisir entre toi ou les tripolitains, y a pas photo, c&rsquo;est toujours toi et ta Zitouna qui aura notre soutien! \u00e7a reste moins constipant que le cactus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Conclusion<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Mes chers amis, les aventures de nos marabouts ne doivent pas \u00eatre prises au-del\u00e0 de ce qu&rsquo;elles sont: des sympt\u00f4mes, des \u00e9piph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes. Leurs frasques ne m\u00e9ritent pas une ligne dans un blog comme le mien qui pr\u00e9tend \u00eatre \u00e0 la poursuite d&rsquo;objectifs citoyens. N\u00e9anmoins, leurs histoires et leurs scandales qui nous arrivent par la presse \u00e9trang\u00e8re nous donnent une preuve suppl\u00e9mentaire, si besoin est, de la faillite morale de notre organisation politique actuelle. C&rsquo;est en cela qu&rsquo;il est tout aussi citoyen de relever ces dysfonctionnements et de refuser que dans notre pays des marabouts puissent jouir d&rsquo;impunit\u00e9 et de monopoles du fait de leur liens de parent\u00e9 avec le pouvoir! Il est citoyen de d\u00e9noncer cela m\u00eame si cela ne changera rien \u00ab\u00a0au changement\u00a0\u00bb. Nos enfants sauront au moins que nous nous en foutions pas!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">(Source\u00a0: le blog \u00ab\u00a0D\u00e9bat Tunisie\u00a0\u00bb, le 11 ao\u00fbt 2009)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Lien\u00a0:<\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>http:\/\/debatunisie.canalblog.com\/archives\/2009\/08\/11\/14706127.html<\/font><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Et si vous avez loupe le d\u00e9but\u2026<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><u><span lang=\"FR-CH\">1<sup>er<\/sup> \u00e9pisode, le 9 mai 2009<\/span><\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Lien\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/debatunisie.canalblog.com\/archives\/maraboutages_\/index.html<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><u><i><span lang=\"FR-CH\">2\u00e9me \u00e9pisode, le 24 mai 2009<\/span><\/i><\/u><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Lien\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/debatunisie.canalblog.com\/archives\/2009\/05\/18\/13763996.html<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><font><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/font> \u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font size=\"3\"><strong>Le mythe de la classe moyenne en Tunisie<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><font size=\"2\">par: coeos<\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">j\u2019ai lu sur le site Businessnews.com.tn \u00a0un article sur\u00a0 \u201cla classe moyenne: cette richesse tunisienne\u201d \u00e9crit \u00e0 l\u2019occasion d\u2019un d\u00e9bat de l\u2019universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 du parti ( je ne le nomme pas parce que en Tunisie, il n\u2019 y a que lui; bien qu\u2019on veuille nous faire gober qu\u2019il \u00a0y a dans ce pays je ne sais quelle pluralit\u00e9!!!); et cela m\u2019a fait r\u00e9agir! je partage donc avec vous cette r\u00e9flexion \u00e0 propos de cette classe moyenne.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">*******<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Ils ne sont pas peu fiers de nous radoter les oreilles, (matin, soir et les dimanches aussi), avec cette sacr\u00e9e litane de la classe moyenne: notre plus grande richesse, disent-ils!<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">le seul hic est que la classe moyenne est une chim\u00e8re; et m\u00eame si elle peut conjoncturellement exister, il reste que\u00a0 fondamentalement, dans le concept et dans la pratique, la classe moyenne ne peut pas avoir un avenir; elle ne peut mener que vers un horizon bouch\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Je m\u2019explique:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, la formation de la classe moyenne est l\u2019expression d\u2019un mouvement ascendant d\u2019am\u00e9lioration des conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de vie (capital social, cultrel et mat\u00e9riel) qui permet \u00e0 chacun de croire dans la possibilit\u00e9 de s\u2019assurer un avenir meilleur pour lui et pour ses enfants. Historiquement, le m\u00eame ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de d\u00e9veloppment de la classe moyenne s\u2019est produit en angleterre au tournant du XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle ,aux Etats Unis dans les ann\u00e9es 20-30, dans les pays d\u2019Europe occidentale apr\u00e8s la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre mondiale puis dans certains pays du Sud apr\u00e8s les d\u00e9colonisations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">La classe moyenne est le st\u00e9r\u00e9otype \u201cd\u2019un id\u00e9al social raisonnable\u201d\u00a0 qui permet de s\u2019apparenter \u00e0 un statut soci\u00e9tal caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 dans ses grands traits par un habitat citadin, une profession intellectuelle et l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la consommation de masse. Elle est en outre d\u00e9finie, dans l\u2019\u00e9crasante majorit\u00e9 des cas, par une condition salari\u00e9e, un niveau de revenus moyen et un surtout par une capacit\u00e9 d\u2019endettement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">La r\u00e9volution informationnelle de notre \u00e9poque post-industrielle,\u00a0 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la massification de l\u2019enseignement, la bureaucratisation de l\u2019administration et la tertiarisation de l\u2019\u00e9conomie,\u00a0 a ainsi permis \u00e0 beacoup de personnes d\u2019\u00e9viter des travaux p\u00e9nibles et d\u2019\u00e9chapper \u00e0 des conditions sociales jug\u00e9es d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es telles que que paysanne ou\u00a0 ouvri\u00e8re. Ces personnes sont venues au fur et \u00e0 mesure grossir les rangs des effectifs des professions \u00e0 col blanc : fonctionnaires, enseignants, professions de la sant\u00e9, employ\u00e9s de bureaux, de commerce et de service, ing\u00e9nieurs et techniciens divers, etc\u2026 Ainsi seuls une petite \u00e9lite en haut et quelques exclus en bas, ne font plus partie de la classe moyenne. Tout le monde vit plus ou moins pareillement et c\u2019est tant mieux comme \u00e7a!<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Dans le m\u00eame temps, la classe moyenne est un id\u00e9al politique puisque elle donne la possibilit\u00e9 aux gouvernants de \u201cvendre\u201d \u00e0 leurs populations l\u2019id\u00e9e que la coh\u00e9sion et la paix sociale sont assur\u00e9es, que la lutte des classes est termin\u00e9e et que le bien-\u00eatre collectif est garanti. Cette id\u00e9e leur permet\u00a0 d\u2019asseoir leur l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de gouvernants en tant que garants de cette stabilit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Jusque l\u00e0 que du bon! mais les choses vont commencer \u00e0 se g\u00e2ter!<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est une dynamique, elle ne peut fonctionner que dans un mouvement de composition et de recomposition de r\u00e9alit\u00e9s sociales et \u00e9conomiques suivant les principes d\u2019un programme politique ( souvent transform\u00e9e en syst\u00e8me pour ne pas dire id\u00e9ologie) et selon les contingences du moments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Il ne vous a certainement pas \u00e9chapp\u00e9 que le monde dans le quel nous vivons aujourd\u2019hui a amen\u00e9 son lot de nouvelles r\u00e9alit\u00e9s: la domination d\u2019un doctrine capitaliste lib\u00e9rale et productiviste ( d\u00e9guis\u00e9e en culture manag\u00e9riale de la performance et de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9), la pr\u00e9carisation la raret\u00e9 et la difficult\u00e9 des emplois et du logement, les nouvelles situations familiales, le travail f\u00e9minin, l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration des d\u00e9veloppments technologiques, le creusement des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s des revenus et la diff\u00e9renciation des profils de consommation culturelle,\u00a0 etc\u2026Tous ces param\u00e8tres ont un effet direct sur le maintien ou la disparition de la classe moyenne. Et tous vont plut\u00f4t dans le sens de son \u00e9miettement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">pourquoi?<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">La logique qui a conduit \u00e0 la formation de la classe moyenne ( telle que je l\u2019ai pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au d\u00e9but) porte en elle les germes de sa disparition: Un Homme voudra toujous am\u00e9liorer sa situation, il aspirera toujours \u00e0 acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tage sup\u00e9rieur. La dynamique sociale exige qu\u2019il veuille faire partie des hautes classes en se distanciant au maximum du bas de l\u2019\u00e9chelle. c\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs comme \u00e7a qu\u2019il pu maintenant faire partie de la classe moyenne. Mais en fin de compte, nous retrouverons toujours un haut et un bas qui finiront par se faire face t\u00f4t ou tard. Le haut ne sera pas bourgeois et le bas ne sera pas ouvrier, je suis d\u2019accord; mais la logique de confrontation entre gagants et perdants du syst\u00e8me pr\u00e9vaudra quoi qu\u2019il en soit!<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Nous voyons d\u00e9j\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui les pr\u00e9misses d\u2019un d\u00e9classement g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel important puisque ce qui a valu pour nos parents dans la Tunisie des ann\u00e9es 60\/70 (N\u2019oublions pas que la classe moyenne tunisienne d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui est celle de ces jeunes l\u00e0) ne peut plus fonctionner pour nous (jeunes des ann\u00e9es 80\/90) maintenant! Les exemples de ce que je dis sont tr\u00e8s nombreux et je pense ne pas avoir besoin de les citer! Le comble c\u2019est que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 essaie de culpabiliser ces jeunes en les d\u00e9sigant comme les seuls responsables de leur situation: vous n\u2019\u00eates que des assist\u00e9s qui ne prennent pas de risques!!!\u00a0 La logique de la classe moyenne ne fonctionne plus, l\u2019ascenseur social est en panne et\u00a0 la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 des uns fait de plus en plus face \u00e0 la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u2019autres\u00a0 (situations qui d\u2019ailleurs n\u2019ont pas ob\u00e9i aux suppos\u00e9es r\u00e8gles de fonctionnement de la classe moyenne:\u00a0 investissement \u00e9ducatif\u00a0 et m\u00e9ritocratie du travail).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Par ailleurs, nous voiler la face en s\u2019illusionnat que la classe moyenne est \u00e9ternelle et que, plus ou moins, on y reste toute sa vie, en ne tenant pas compte des divers r\u00e9alit\u00e9s que viens de citer, est une erreur monumentale. Il sera tr\u00e8s facile tr\u00e8s bient\u00f4t de tomber dans la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9, le ch\u00f4mage et la difficult\u00e9 \u00e9conomique si une personne ne maintient pas intact le d\u00e9sir d\u2019ascencion sociale, et donc de le d\u00e9sir de faire partie des gagnants; surtout dans ce monde actuel domin\u00e9 comme je l\u2019ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit par la culture capitaliste du gain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Les politiques qui voudraient maintenir, coute que coute, une classe moyenne, comme cela se passe en Tunisie actuellement, feront entrer ( ou l\u2019ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait) la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son ensemble dans une stagnation d\u00e9sastreuse puisque une telle ambition exige le maintien de la docilit\u00e9 politique, de la frustration \u00e9conomique\u00a0 et de la paralysie sociale d\u2019une population \u00e0 qui on a vendu par ailleurs les illusions de la m\u00e9ritocratie scolaire, de la maturit\u00e9 politique et de la prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 mat\u00e9rielle. La cl\u00e9 de ces politiques, c\u2019est la croissance, mais la croissance ce n\u2019est qu\u2019une fuite en avant, une dette envers l\u2019avenir! si la croissance est toujours l\u00e0 pour payer le prix de la paix sociale, ok! mais d\u2019une, nous serons toujours en proie \u00e0 la conjoncture et\u00a0 de deux, ce ne sera jamais une v\u00e9ritable paix, car la v\u00e9ritable paix sociale est celle d\u2019un peuple de citoyens unis pour un projet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Voil\u00e0 pourquoi, je suis pessimiste pour l\u2019avenir de la classe moyenne tunisienne car je n\u2019y vois qu\u2019une conjoncture favorable qu\u2019on essaie de sacraliser, donc de mythifier! Et comme avait dit Cioran \u201cUne civilisation d\u00e9bute par le mythe et finit par le doute\u201d, je pense la classe moyenne tunisienne commence dans le mythe\u00a0 et finira dans le doute!<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">(Source\u00a0: le blog tunisien \u00abAien Aristeuein\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0 le 7 ao\u00fbt 2009)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Lien\u00a0:<\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/coeos.wordpress.com\/2009\/08\/07\/le-mythe-de-la-classe-moyenne-en-tunisie\/<\/font><\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<div><font><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><span lang=\"EN\"><font size=\"3\">Hillary Clinton misses the Maghreb<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">By visiting northwest Africa, Clinton could have reached out to the Muslim world and assisted efforts to combat al-Qaida<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><span lang=\"EN\">Laura Conley<\/span><\/b><\/a><b><span lang=\"EN\"><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN\">Tuesday 11 August 2009<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">As<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>Hillary Clinton<\/font><\/a> tours Africa, one region of the continent is noticeably absent from her<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>itinerary<\/font><\/a>: northwest Africa, often known as the Maghreb, which stretches from Mauritania and Morocco across Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. Clinton&rsquo;s 11-day, seven-nation trip to Africa is a marathon of diplomacy by any measure, and the US secretary of state <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>cannot be faulted<\/font><\/a> for not visiting every state that would receive her. Yet at least one of the Maghreb nations should have made the cut.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Why? For one, visiting the Maghreb would reinforce the Obama administration&rsquo;s commitment to an improved relationship with Muslim communities. In Cairo, the president called for \u00ab\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world<\/font><\/a>, one based on mutual interest and mutual respect.\u00a0\u00bb Africa&rsquo;s Muslim population is heavily concentrated in the northwest. Yet the region is often overlooked by US policymakers, who instead focus on the<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>Middle East<\/font><\/a> as the nexus of the tension between the US and the global Muslim population.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">It would be a mistake to leave these countries off the agenda for long. The University of Maryland and Zogby International&rsquo;s <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey<\/font><\/a> found that 57% of Moroccans had a very positive or somewhat positive view of Obama and the US before his speech in Cairo. That support is a positive sign, but such polling data is not widely available for the region. Clinton&rsquo;s visit to Africa is thus a chance to take the temperature of these key countries, while communicating Obama&rsquo;s message of engagement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">A stop in one of the Maghreb nations would also dovetail with the official purpose of Clinton&rsquo;s trip to the continent. The state department has billed the circuit as a confirmation of the administration&rsquo;s commitment to Africa and an opportunity to advocate for development, stability and growth. Far too many African nations have been devastated by destabilising violence, and the Maghreb is currently facing down a well-known disruptive force: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>al-Qaida<\/font><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb<\/font><\/a> (AQIM) grew out of Algeria&rsquo;s Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat and adopted the al-Qaida moniker with the blessing of Ayman al-Zawahiri in 2006. While it maintains a lower profile than the group&rsquo;s branches in Southwest Asia, Dennis Blair, the US director of national intelligence, noted earlier this year that AQIM \u00ab\u00a0represents a significant threat to US and western interests in the region\u00a0\u00bb. The group carried out a brutal attack in Algiers in December 2007, in which car bombs killed 41 people, and AQIM continues to claim responsibility for kidnappings and bombings throughout the region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Clinton&rsquo;s visit comes at a potentially critical time for the Maghreb states. While some US officials downplay the threat from AQIM, Nicholas Schmidle reported earlier this year in the New York Times that <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>the group&rsquo;s ranks may grow<\/font><\/a> as lower levels of violence in Iraq lead hardened jihadists to return home. Terrorism consultant <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>Evan Kohlmann<\/font><\/a> has estimated that up to 25% of foreigners who joined the insurgency in Iraq may have been of North African origin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">Finally, a visit to the Maghreb would aid Clinton&rsquo;s efforts to put the state department back into the business of statecraft after eight years of a military-dominated <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>US foreign policy<\/font><\/a>. Africom, the department of defence&rsquo;s new combatant command for the continent, launched in 2007 with the mission of integrating development, defence and diplomacy expertise. Yet the command has elicited criticism that it facilitates the militarisation of US foreign policy on the continent, and the defence department projected in mid-2008 that only 1% of Africom headquarters would be staffed by interagency personnel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN\">If Clinton were to visit the Maghreb \u2013 a region of the continent whose ongoing problems with AQIM would seem to suggest that the defence department will dominate US policy there \u2013 it would send a strong message to the world that diplomacy is as much a part of defeating terrorism as defence. This, combined with the opportunity to reach out to the region&rsquo;s significant Muslim population and reinforce US efforts to eliminate al-Qaida as a destabilising force, would add significant value to Clinton&rsquo;s Africa agenda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR\">(Source: \u00ab\u00a0guardian.co.uk\u00a0\u00bb le 11 ao\u00fbt 09)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"FR\">Lien: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/commentisfree\/cifamerica\/2009\/aug\/11\/hillary-clinton-africa-maghreb<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/b> \u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div align=\"center\"><strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">Rien ne va plus pour les Chinois d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie<\/font><\/h2>\n<p><\/strong><\/div>\n<hr\/>\n<div align=\"justify\">13\/08\/2009\u00a0 | La r\u00e9daction web de Jeune Afrique | Par : Lauranne Provenzano Les derniers affrontements entre Chinois expatri\u00e9s en Alg\u00e9rie et les habitants de ce pays r\u00e9v\u00e8lent un malaise entre les deux communaut\u00e9s. Celles-ci sont toutefois condamn\u00e9es \u00e0 coexister, au nom de la coop\u00e9ration \u00e9conomique instaur\u00e9e entre Alger et P\u00e9kin. La tension monte entre la communaut\u00e9 chinoise install\u00e9e en Alg\u00e9rie et les Alg\u00e9riens. A tel point que la discorde s\u2019est cristallis\u00e9e, la semaine pass\u00e9e, dans des affrontements qui ont profond\u00e9ment choqu\u00e9 la population du quartier de Bab Ezzouar, \u00e0 l&rsquo;est d\u2019Alger. Une querelle de voisinage a d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 en r\u00e8glement de comptes \u00e0 coups de couteau et de matraque, entre une cinquantaine d\u2019Alg\u00e9riens et autant d\u2019immigr\u00e9s chinois. La raison? Un Chinois avait gar\u00e9 sa camionnette devant l\u2019entr\u00e9e d\u2019une boutique appartenant \u00e0 un habitant du quartier et a refus\u00e9 de la d\u00e9placer, tout en prof\u00e9rant des insultes \u00e0 l\u2019encontre du commer\u00e7ant. Bab Ezzouar est surnomm\u00e9e Chinatown en raison de la forte concentration de ressortissants Chinois qui s\u2019y sont install\u00e9s pour commercer. Depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, ils cohabitent tant bien que mal avec la population du quartier. Celle-ci, majoritairement musulmane, reproche \u00e0 ceux qu\u2019ils avouent parfois consid\u00e9rer comme des intrus, de ne pas s\u2019int\u00e9grer et de faire fi des coutumes locales. \u00ab On ne peut pas vivre avec eux. Ils boivent de l&rsquo;alcool et ne respectent pas notre religion. Ils doivent s&rsquo;en aller \u00bb, r\u00e9clamait d\u2019ailleurs un commer\u00e7ant \u00e0 la suite des violences. Apr\u00e8s l\u2019incident, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e, et les boutiques chinoises ont rouvert apr\u00e8s quelques jours de fermeture. Mais les retomb\u00e9es diplomatiques ne se sont pas fait attendre. \u00ab L&rsquo;ambassade chinoise en Alg\u00e9rie a protest\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement local et de la police et appel\u00e9 l&rsquo;Alg\u00e9rie \u00e0 calmer la situation, \u00e0 punir les responsables selon la loi et \u00e0 \u00e9viter que de tels incidents ne se reproduisent \u00bb, a indiqu\u00e9 la porte-parole du minist\u00e8re des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res Jiang Yu. L\u2019eldorado alg\u00e9rien  Par ailleurs, l\u2019ambassadeur chinois s\u2019est rendu sur place et a appel\u00e9 ses compatriotes \u00e0 respecter les coutumes locales, insistant sur le fait que de telles \u00e9chauffour\u00e9es ne devaient pas faire oublier les liens qui unissent Alger \u00e0 P\u00e9kin. Et pour cause, puisque la seule et unique raison de la pr\u00e9sence de pr\u00e8s de 30.000 expatri\u00e9s en Alg\u00e9rie r\u00e9side dans l\u2019attrait \u00e9conomique incarn\u00e9 par l\u2019eldorado alg\u00e9rien. Le pays a engag\u00e9 d\u2019immenses travaux de construction, et, depuis cinq ans, fait de plus en plus appel \u00e0 la Chine pour prendre en main ces chantiers gigantesques de routes, de logements\u2026 Aujourd\u2019hui, c\u2019est pr\u00e8s de 80% du march\u00e9 alg\u00e9rien qui est d\u00e9tenu par P\u00e9kin, et ce n\u2019est pas pr\u00eat de s\u2019arr\u00eater. Les raisons de ce succ\u00e8s? Des prix les plus attractifs qui soient. Car quand la Chine d\u00e9barque en Alg\u00e9rie, c\u2019est avec ses ing\u00e9nieurs, ses mat\u00e9riaux de construction \u00e0 moindre co\u00fbt et surtout\u2026sa main d\u2019\u0153uvre tr\u00e8s bon march\u00e9 et docile, toute enti\u00e8re d\u00e9vou\u00e9e \u00e0 son travail, qui dort dans des \u00ab bases \u00bb accol\u00e9es aux chantiers et qui n\u2019en sort qu\u2019en bleu de travail. Concurrence et jalousies Sauf que, d\u2019ann\u00e9e en ann\u00e9e, la communaut\u00e9 sinophone s\u2019est enhardie et a pouss\u00e9 jusqu\u2019aux cit\u00e9s commer\u00e7antes, o\u00f9 certains chinois recycl\u00e9s en marchands font d\u00e9sormais concurrence aux boutiquiers alg\u00e9rois. C\u2019est le cas \u00e0 Bab Ezzouar. Car, sans parler du foss\u00e9 culturel qui existe entre les deux communaut\u00e9s, les Alg\u00e9riens ne voient pas d\u2019un tr\u00e8s bon \u0153il que les immigr\u00e9s chinois viennent marcher sur leurs plates-bandes. C\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs aussi le cas sur les chantiers de construction o\u00f9, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019obligation d\u2019embaucher environ 20% d\u2019ouvriers locaux, certains Alg\u00e9riens d\u00e9noncent la \u00ab vague \u00bb chinoise qui rafle les emplois. Pour les autorit\u00e9s, chinoises comme alg\u00e9riennes, il devient urgent de faire retomber la pression. D\u2019autant que dans le contexte de crise actuel, il est impensable de se priver d\u2019une telle coop\u00e9ration \u00e9conomique, surtout depuis la r\u00e9cente signature par les grandes compagnies p\u00e9troli\u00e8res comme Sinopec (China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation) de gros contrats d\u2019exploitation des hydrocarbures alg\u00e9riens. <strong><font>(Source: \u00ab\u00a0jeuneafrique.com\u00a0\u00bb (Bog de Jeune Afrique- France) le 13 ao\u00fbt 09) Lien: http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/Article\/ARTJAWEB20090812175902\/-petrole-Chine-commerce-cooperation-Rien-ne-va-plus-pour-les-Chinois-d?Algerie.html<\/font><\/strong> \u00a0<\/div>\n<hr\/>\n<div align=\"center\"> \u00a0 <\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\"><strong>\u00abEn Libye, il n\u2019y a pas de tradition rurale\u00bb<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"> 13\/08\/2009 Par CHRISTOPHE AYAD  Luis Martinez est directeur de recherche au Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes et de recherches internationales (CERI), rattach\u00e9 \u00e0 Science-Po Paris. Il est sp\u00e9cialiste du Maghreb contemporain et a travaill\u00e9 notamment sur la Libye. <strong>Que repr\u00e9sente la Grande rivi\u00e8re artificielle pour la Libye ?<\/strong> C\u2019est un projet fondateur, structurant, au m\u00eame sens que l\u2019industrie militaire sous Saddam Hussein ou le projet d\u2019industrie industrialisante dans l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie des ann\u00e9es 70. Les sommes engag\u00e9es sont tellement cons\u00e9quentes que si le r\u00e9gime arr\u00eatait tout, il s\u2019\u00e9croulerait. Pour Kadhafi, c\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9quivalent du barrage d\u2019Assouan de Nasser, en Egypte. Il a promis aux Libyens de boire et manger \u00e0 leur faim gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ce projet. Pour cela, il a fait le choix strat\u00e9gique des eaux du Sahara plut\u00f4t que du dessalement de l\u2019eau de mer, estimant que cette technologie le rendait trop d\u00e9pendant de l\u2019\u00e9tranger, d\u2019autant que le coup de production \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque du choix. <strong>Quels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les r\u00e9sultats agricoles ?<\/strong> A part quelques tomates, 80 % des produits agricoles consomm\u00e9s en Libye restent import\u00e9s. D\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 80, des surfaces agricoles exp\u00e9rimentales ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en culture dans les r\u00e9gions pr\u00e8s des puits de forage ainsi que dans le djebel Nafoussa. Un peu sur le mod\u00e8le des fermes saoudiennes, et aussi \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re, moins avou\u00e9e, des Isra\u00e9liens. Mais tr\u00e8s rapidement, cela a pos\u00e9 un probl\u00e8me de co\u00fbts de production. La Libye n\u2019a pas les moyens illimit\u00e9s de l\u2019Arabie Saoudite ; elle n\u2019a pas non plus le savoir-faire isra\u00e9lien. D\u2019autant qu\u2019en Isra\u00ebl, le pays est beaucoup plus petit, tout comme les surfaces, ce qui a permis de faire du quasi-jardinage. <strong>Quelle a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019attitude des Libyens vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019agriculture ?<\/strong> \u00c7a n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019engouement. L\u2019objectif du paysan, c\u2019est de gagner sa vie. Or, l\u2019Etat a commenc\u00e9 par fixer les prix auxquels les produits devaient \u00eatre vendus sur le march\u00e9. Ce genre de syst\u00e8me ne marche pas. Dans les ann\u00e9es 90, les autorit\u00e9s ont lanc\u00e9 une timide privatisation des terres et ont laiss\u00e9 les agriculteurs commercialiser aux prix qu\u2019ils voulaient. Puis l\u2019embargo est arriv\u00e9 et tout s\u2019est arr\u00eat\u00e9. En fait, l\u2019agriculture n\u2019a jamais vraiment pris en Libye. L\u2019Etat a beau avoir import\u00e9 des tracteurs et des machines agricoles, il est difficile de cr\u00e9er une agriculture de toutes pi\u00e8ces, dans un pays qui n\u2019a pas de tradition rurale. D\u2019autant qu\u2019en Libye, 80 % de la population active travaille pour l\u2019Etat. <strong>Quel sort va conna\u00eetre la Grande rivi\u00e8re artificielle ?<\/strong> Elle sert aux habitants des villes qui ont d\u00e9sormais acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable, ce qui n\u2019est pas n\u00e9gligeable. Le r\u00e9gime continue \u00e0 maintenir ses objectifs d\u2019autosuffisance alimentaire mais c\u2019est tr\u00e8s rh\u00e9torique. Tant que le r\u00e9gime re\u00e7oit 6 \u00e0 36 milliards de dollars de recettes p\u00e9troli\u00e8res par an, selon les cours du baril, il peut se permettre de faire tourner la machine. Mais sans le dire, il songe \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer le retraitement des eaux us\u00e9es, voire \u00e0 recourir au dessalement, ce qui est tabou car ce serait l\u2019aveu d\u2019un \u00e9chec. Car l\u2019exploitation des nappes fossiles a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019il y en avait pour trente-cinq ans tout au plus. Peut-\u00eatre moins si le tourisme, sur lequel le pays mise beaucoup en ce moment, continue de se d\u00e9velopper car c\u2019est une activit\u00e9 fortement consommatrice en eau. Enfin, qui dira un jour ce que ce projet a co\u00fbt\u00e9 en terme d\u2019environnement ? <strong><font>(Source: \u00ab\u00a0liberation.fr\u00a0\u00bb le 13 ao\u00fbt 09) Lien: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font>http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/monde\/0101585053-en-libye-il-n-y-a-pas-de-tradition-rurale<\/font><\/a><\/font><\/strong> <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div><font><font>\u00a0<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font size=\"3\"><strong>Condamnation de Mme Suu Kyi: la commissaire des droits de l&rsquo;homme \u00ab\u00a0troubl\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><em><u><strong>AFP, 12 ao\u00fbt 2009 \u00e0 15h14<\/strong><\/u><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><font><span lang=\"FR-CH\">GEN\u00c8VE, 12 ao\u00fbt 2009 (AFP) &#8211; La Haut commissaire de l&rsquo;ONU aux droits de l&rsquo;homme, Navathenem Pillay, s&rsquo;est dite mercredi \u00ab\u00a0s\u00e9rieusement troubl\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb par la condamnation de l&rsquo;opposante birmane Aung San Suu Kyi, appelant la junte militaire \u00e0 la lib\u00e9rer ainsi que tous les prisonniers politiques.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00ab\u00a0Je d\u00e9plore la pers\u00e9cution d&rsquo;un responsable \u00e9lu d\u00e9mocratiquement, Aung San Suu Kyi, qui dure depuis pr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un quart de si\u00e8cle\u00a0\u00bb, a expliqu\u00e9 Mme Pillay dans un communiqu\u00e9.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font><span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00ab\u00a0Je suis s\u00e9rieusement troubl\u00e9e par sa d\u00e9tention arbitraire et la base des charges retenues contre elle\u00a0\u00bb, alors que les faits s&rsquo;\u00e9taient de toute \u00e9vidence d\u00e9roul\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0en dehors de son contr\u00f4le\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-elle ajout\u00e9.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font><span lang=\"FR-CH\">L&rsquo;assignation \u00e0 r\u00e9sidence de Mme Suu Kyi a \u00e9t\u00e9 prorog\u00e9e de 18 mois suppl\u00e9mentaires mardi, les autorit\u00e9s birmanes estimant qu&rsquo;elle avait enfreint les r\u00e8gles de cette assignation en h\u00e9bergeant pendant deux jours, d\u00e9but mai, l&rsquo;Am\u00e9ricain John Yettaw qui \u00e9tait parvenu \u00e0 la nage jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 son domicile.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font><span lang=\"FR-CH\">La commissaire de l&rsquo;ONU a \u00e9galement r\u00e9clam\u00e9 la \u00ab\u00a0lib\u00e9ration de tous les prisonniers politiques d\u00e9tenus en Birmanie, et notamment ceux qui sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des jugements s\u00e9v\u00e8res pour avoir simplement us\u00e9 de leur libert\u00e9 d&rsquo;expression\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font><span lang=\"FR-CH\">Mme Pillay cite notamment deux candidats de la Ligue nationale pour la d\u00e9mocratie (LND), \u00e9lus au Parlement en 1990, et condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 15 ans de prison pour avoir envoy\u00e9 une lettre au secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l&rsquo;ONU.<\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font>AFP<\/font><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><strong><b><a href=\"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/\"><font face=\"Arial\"><span><font size=\"2\">Home<\/font><\/span><font size=\"2\"><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> &#8211; 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