{"id":17594,"date":"2009-12-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-12-21T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/21-decembre-2009\/"},"modified":"2009-12-21T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2009-12-21T00:00:00","slug":"21-decembre-2009","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/21-decembre-2009\/","title":{"rendered":"21 d\u00e9cembre 2009"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><html><head><meta content=\"text\/html\" description=\"Le journaliste Fahem Boukaddous, correspondant de la \n\t\t\t\tcha\u00eene El Hiwar compara\u00eetra lundi 21 d\u00e9cembre devant la Cour \n\t\t\t\td\u2019Appel de Gafsa, ayant interjet\u00e9 appel du jugement le \n\t\t\t\tcondamnant en premi\u00e8re instance \u00e0 six ans d\u2019emprisonnement pour \n\t\t\t\tparticipation au mouvement social de la r\u00e9gion du bassin minier \n\t\t\t\ten 2008.\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\"\/><\/head><body><body><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tunisnews.net\/\"><span>Home<\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> &#8211; Accuei<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"FR-CH\">l<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<div>\n<div align=\"left\"><strong><font size=\"2\">\u00a0<\/font> <\/p>\n<div>\n<div align=\"center\"><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"7\">TUNISNEWS <\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"><font><\/p>\n<div><font face=\"Arial\">9\u00a0\u00e8me ann\u00e9e, <span lang=\"FR\">N\u00b0\u00a03499 du 21.12.2009<\/span><\/font><\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><span><font face=\"Arial\"><font>\u00a0archives<\/font> : <\/font><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><font face=\"Arial\">www.tunisnews.net<\/font><\/a><\/span><font face=\"Arial\"><font>\u00a0<\/font>\u00a0<\/font><\/div>\n<p><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"3\"><span lang=\"FR\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>Libert\u00e9 et Equit\u00e9: Nouvelles des libert\u00e9s en Tunisie<\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div><font>Assabilonline: Lassaad Jouhri a pris la clandestinit\u00e9 par crainte d\u2019un meurtre<\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>Assabilonline: YASSINE FERCHICHI NOUS APPELLE A STOPPER SA LIVRAISON AUX AUTORITES TUNISIENNES<\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div><font>Le Matin: Surveillance d&rsquo;Internet au Maghreb: l&rsquo;affreux exemple Tunisien<\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>AFP: Tunisie\/Grippe H1N1: nouveaux cas mortels, quatorze d\u00e9c\u00e8s au total<\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div><font>Tourismag: Tunisie: quatorze d\u00e9c\u00e8s dus \u00e0 la grippe porcine pour pr\u00e8s de 3000 cas enregistr\u00e9s<\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>AFP: Le Su\u00e9dois Autoliv ferme des usines au Mexique, en Tunisie, Allemagne, France<\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div><font>The Guardian: When is a dictator not a dictator?<\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\">Libert\u00e9 pour le Docteur Sadok Chourou, le prisonnier des deux d\u00e9cennies Libert\u00e9 pour tous les prisonniers politiques <font>Libert\u00e9 et Equit\u00e9 <\/font>33 rue Mokhtar Atya, 1001, Tunis Tel\/fax : 711 340 860 Liberte.equite@gmail.com Tunis, le 20 d\u00e9cembre 2009 <\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">Nouvelles des libert\u00e9s en Tunisie<\/font><\/h2>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>1) Poursuite du proc\u00e8s de Fahem Boukaddous<\/font><\/h2>\n<p>Le journaliste Fahem Boukaddous, correspondant de la cha\u00eene El Hiwar compara\u00eetra lundi 21 d\u00e9cembre devant la Cour d\u2019Appel de Gafsa, ayant interjet\u00e9 appel du jugement le condamnant en premi\u00e8re instance \u00e0 six ans d\u2019emprisonnement pour participation au mouvement social de la r\u00e9gion du bassin minier en 2008. <\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>2) Le jeune Yassine Ferchichi risque d\u2019\u00eatre livr\u00e9<\/font><\/h2>\n<p> Le jeune Yassine Ferchichi, actuellement incarc\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 la prison de Fresnes en France, risque d\u2019\u00eatre livr\u00e9 \u00e0 la Tunisie \u00e0 l\u2019expiration de sa peine le 24 d\u00e9cembre 2009. Il est condamn\u00e9 en Tunisie dans plusieurs affaires et totalise trente deux ans et six mois d\u2019emprisonnement et une peine de contr\u00f4le administratif de quinze ans. Libert\u00e9 et Equit\u00e9 demande aux autorit\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises de ne pas livrer le jeune Yassine Ferchichi \u00e0 la Tunisie car il est \u00e0 craindre, en cas de renvoi, qu\u2019il ne soit soumis \u00e0 des mauvais traitements, comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas pour de nombreux Tunisiens renvoy\u00e9s dans le pass\u00e9. <\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>3) Sadok Chourou ne doit pas passer un autre A\u00efd derri\u00e8re les barreaux<\/font><\/h2>\n<p> [\u2026] Pour le Bureau ex\u00e9cutif de l\u2019Organisation Le Pr\u00e9sident <font>Ma\u00eetre Mohammed Nouri<\/font> <font>(traduction d\u2019extraits ni revue ni corrig\u00e9e par les auteurs de la version en arabe, LT)<\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><font><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">Lassaad Jouhri a pris la clandestinit\u00e9 par crainte d\u2019un meurtre<\/font><\/h2>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div> <font>Assabilonline, Tunis<\/font> De source priv\u00e9e on a appris que Lassaad Jouhri, militant des droits humains, fr\u00e8re du martyr Sohnoun Jouhri, et ex prisonnier politique, vivait dans la clandestinit\u00e9 par crainte d\u2019un meurtre sur sa personne, suite aux menaces de mort qui lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9es par la police ces derniers jours \u00e0 diverses occasions, apr\u00e8s qu\u2019il ait demand\u00e9 une enqu\u00eate sur la mort de son fr\u00e8re Sohnoun Jouhri et aussi \u00e0 cause de son int\u00e9r\u00eats pour les familles des ex-prisonniers politiques.  Jouhri a refus\u00e9 de r\u00e9pondre aux pressions de l\u2019appareil de la police politique visant \u00e0 le faire renoncer \u00e0 son militantisme pour les droits\u00a0 humains. Des forces de la police politique avait fait intrusion \u00e0 son domicile ces derniers jours apr\u00e8s en avoir forc\u00e9 la porte, et avaient pris un jeu de cl\u00e9s et les portables de sa fille Tasnim et de son fils Hassen. Lassaad Jouhri souffre de nombreuses pathologies, notamment cardiaques et gastriques, ainsi que de diab\u00e8te et d\u2019une infirmit\u00e9 due \u00e0 la torture subie lors de son arrestation au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es quatre vingt dix du si\u00e8cle pass\u00e9, l\u2019obligeant \u00e0 se d\u00e9placer avec une b\u00e9quille. En collaboration avec Brahim Nawwar, Suisse <font>(traduction ni revue ni corrig\u00e9e par les auteurs de la version en arabe, LT)<\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\">  Condamn\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut en Tunisie \u00e0 32 ans et 6 mois d\u2019emprisonnement et \u00e0 15 ann\u00e9es de contr\u00f4le administratif <\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>YASSINE FERCHICHI NOUS APPELLE A STOPPER SA LIVRAISON AUX AUTORITES TUNISIENNES<\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div> <font>Assabilonline, France,  <\/font>Yassine Ferchichi, d\u00e9tenu dans une maison d\u2019arr\u00eat fran\u00e7aise, a lanc\u00e9 un appel \u00e0 pour bloquer sa livraison aux autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes Ferchichi a \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9 par contumace en Tunisie \u00e0 32 ans et 6 mois d\u2019emprisonnement et \u00e0 une peine de contr\u00f4le administratif de 15 ans. Il est actuellement \u00e0 la maison d\u2019arr\u00eat de Fresnes (94) en France. Il sera lib\u00e9r\u00e9 le 24 d\u00e9cembre prochain et s\u2019attend \u00e0 \u00eatre livr\u00e9 aux autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes. C\u2019est ce qui l\u2019a pouss\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9crire, dans une lettre dat\u00e9e du 14 d\u00e9cembre 2009 en langue fran\u00e7aise r\u00e9dig\u00e9e depuis sa prison, qu\u2019il pr\u00e9f\u00e8re rester en prison que d\u2019\u00eatre livr\u00e9 \u00e0 un pouvoir qui ne respecte pas les moindres droits humains. Ferchichi dit qu\u2019il sera tortur\u00e9 s\u2019il venait \u00e0 \u00eatre livr\u00e9 en Tunisie et il se d\u00e9crit dans la lettre qu\u2019a publi\u00e9e Tunisnews du 18 d\u00e9cembre comme un jeune pratiquant \u00e0 qui il serait difficile de vivre en Tunisie du fait de l\u2019amalgame pratiqu\u00e9 par le r\u00e9gime du pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali entre la religiosit\u00e9, le terrorisme et le fondamentalisme. Ferchichi dit qu\u2019il respecte les lois et ne cherche pas \u00e0 imposer ses points de vue sur quiconque, ce qu\u2019il attend lui, c\u2019est qu\u2019on respecte ses convictions. Source : Assabilonline, 20 d\u00e9cembre 2009 <font>(traduction ni revue ni corrig\u00e9e par les auteurs de la version en arabe, LT) <\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div><font><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">Surveillance d&rsquo;Internet au Maghreb: l&rsquo;affreux exemple Tunisien<\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><font>le 21 D\u00e9cembre, 2009 |<\/font> <font>Blogs, r\u00e9seaux sociaux, forums de discussion&#8230; Dans les pays du Maghreb, ces outils de communication, qui ont surgi ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es dans le sillage d&rsquo;Internet et du t\u00e9l\u00e9phone mobile, inqui\u00e8tent les pouvoirs.  Synonymes \u00e0 leurs yeux d&rsquo;une menace diffuse, impalpable et donc difficile \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler, ils font figure de suspects. Ne sont-ils pas porteurs \u00e0 l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;une contestation radicale ? Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation quasi instantan\u00e9e de r\u00e9seaux informels, ne vont-ils pas prosp\u00e9rer et occuper la place des partis politiques traditionnels \u00e0 l&rsquo;agonie de Tunis \u00e0 Rabat en passant par Alger ? La riposte est \u00e0 la mesure de la perception de la menace. L\u2019Observatoire pour la Libert\u00e9 de presse, d\u2019\u00e9dition et de cr\u00e9ation (l\u2019OLPEC) en Tunisie a publi\u00e9 un rapport sur les pratiques des autorit\u00e9s pour surveiller le trafic, lire les mails et censur\u00e9 les sites qui ne leur conviennent pas. Un rapport \u00e9difiant. L\u2019Alg\u00e9rie prend exemple sur la Tunisie et a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 mettre en place \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 2009 les m\u00eames techniques.<\/font> <font>(Source: \u00ab\u00a0Le Matin\u00a0\u00bb (Quotidien &#8211; Algerie) le\u00a021 D\u00e9cembre, 2009) Lien:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lematindz.net\/news\/2900-surveillance-dinternet-au-maghreb-lexemple-tunisien.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lematindz.net\/news\/2900-surveillance-dinternet-au-maghreb-lexemple-tunisien.html<\/a> <\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><font><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h3 style=\"color: blue;\"><font size=\"3\">Tunisie\/Grippe H1N1: nouveaux cas mortels, quatorze d\u00e9c\u00e8s au total<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\">AFP: le 21\/12\/2009 \u00e0 16:10:17 Cinq personnes sont mortes de la grippe H1N1 en Tunisie, a indiqu\u00e9 lundi le minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9.  Parmi les cinq nouvelles victimes, une femme enceinte de 26 ans et deux jeunes handicap\u00e9s sont d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9s durant le week-end, a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;AFP Mongi Hamrouni, directeur des soins de sant\u00e9 de base.  \u00a0\u00a0 Avec l&rsquo;arriv\u00e9e du froid, le virus s&rsquo;est \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9pandu sur tout le territoire\u00a0\u00bb, o\u00f9 quelque 3.000 cas ont \u00e9t\u00e9 diagnostiqu\u00e9s, a-t-il ajout\u00e9.  \u00a0\u00a0 Soixante personnes sont actuellement hospitalis\u00e9es, dont une vingtaine en r\u00e9animation, a-t-il pr\u00e9cis\u00e9.  \u00a0\u00a0 A ce jour, seuls 100.000 Tunisiens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 vaccin\u00e9s contre la grippe H1N1, alors que les autorit\u00e9s sanitaires et les m\u00e9dias appelaient \u00e0 intensifier la campagne de vaccination commenc\u00e9e le 9 novembre dernier.<\/font><\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><font><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h3 style=\"color: blue;\"><font size=\"3\">Tunisie: quatorze d\u00e9c\u00e8s dus \u00e0 la grippe porcine pour pr\u00e8s de 3000 cas enregistr\u00e9s<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Trois nouveaux cas de d\u00e9c\u00e8s dus \u00e0 la grippe A (H1N1) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9s au cours de la deuxi\u00e8me semaine du mois de d\u00e9cembre, portant \u00e0 quatorze le nombre total de d\u00e9c\u00e8s enregistr\u00e9s en Tunisie depuis le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie. Les trois nouveaux cas de d\u00e9c\u00e8s, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9s vendredi \u00e0 Tunis, Sousse et Monastir. Les victimes sont une jeune femme enceinte, un enfant \u00e2g\u00e9 de 5 ans et un jeune handicap\u00e9. A l\u2019instar de la majorit\u00e9 des autres cas de d\u00e9c\u00e8s enregistr\u00e9s, les nouvelles victimes font,\u00a0 donc, partie de la cat\u00e9gorie des personnes \u00e0 risque qui englobe aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des femmes enceintes, les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les enfants et les personnes souffrant de maladies graves comme l\u2019h\u00e9patite C ou des pathologies cardiovasculaires. Parall\u00e8lement \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation des d\u00e9c\u00e8s, le nombre des personnes atteintes par l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie avoisine actuellement les 3000 cas, selon le Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 publique. Le nombre des personnes hospitalis\u00e9es a atteint 57, dont 25 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 admises dans les services de r\u00e9animation. Des chiffres qui montrent, selon les sp\u00e9cialistes, qu\u2019on est d\u00e9j\u00e0 entr\u00e9 dans la phase du pic de la maladie avec l\u2019arriv\u00e9e d\u2019une vague de froid qui constitue un terrain fertile pour une transmission plus active du virus. Cet \u00e9tat de fait constitue un argument de plus qui devrait inciter, Selon le Minist\u00e8re, les personnes \u00e0 risque \u00e0 aller se faire vacciner.  Tout en rappelant que la grippe porcine reste moins s\u00e9v\u00e8re que la grippe saisonni\u00e8re, qui fait bon an mal an plus de 4000 morts en Tunisie, le Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9\u00a0 \u0153uvre \u00e0 ranimer la\u00a0 campagne de vaccination contre le virus A H1 N1.\u00a0 D\u2019autant plus que la propagation du virus va durer tout l\u2019hiver, selon les sp\u00e9cialistes. L\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie devrait conna\u00eetre une d\u00e9crue au mois d\u2019avril. A ce moment-l\u00e0, ce ne sont pas tous les Tunisiens qui seront touch\u00e9s par le virus. Selon les pr\u00e9visions de l\u2019Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 (OMS), la virus devrait toucher entre 20 et 40% de la population. En effet, selon l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se la plus pessimiste, le taux devrait \u00eatre de 40%. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019au terme de la saison hivernale, nous devrions avoir \u00e0 peine 40% des Tunisiens qui auront contract\u00e9 le\u00a0 virus et acquis, ainsi, l\u2019immunit\u00e9 contre la maladie. Or, 60% de nos concitoyens resteront encore vuln\u00e9rables \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que le virus pourrait s\u2019endormir l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 prochain pour revenir plus tard.  A noter que le nombre de d\u00e9c\u00e8s dus \u00e0 la grippe porcine a atteint au moins 10.000\u00a0 cas dans plus de 210 pays et territoires, selon le dernier bilan de l&rsquo;OMS.  <font>(Source: Tourismag.com\u00a0 le 21 decembre 2009)<\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><font><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h3 style=\"color: blue;\"><font size=\"3\">Le Su\u00e9dois Autoliv ferme des usines au Mexique, en Tunisie, Allemagne, France<\/font><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"> STOCKHOLM, 21 d\u00e9c 2009 (AFP) &#8211; L&rsquo;\u00e9quipementier automobile su\u00e9dois Autoliv, num\u00e9ro un mondial des airbags et ceintures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, a annonc\u00e9 lundi qu&rsquo;il allait fermer quatre usines en France, Allemagne, Mexique et Tunisie, entra\u00eenant la suppression d&rsquo;au moins 820 emplois.  \u00ab\u00a0Afin d&rsquo;adapter ses capacit\u00e9s de production \u00e0 la demande, Autoliv a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de fermer des usines en France, en Allemagne, au Mexique et en Tunisie\u00a0\u00bb, indique le groupe dans un communiqu\u00e9. Autoliv a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que le plus lourd tribut social serait en Tunisie. La production de son usine d&rsquo;assemblage des ceintures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 implant\u00e9e dans ce pays sera transf\u00e9r\u00e9e en Turquie, ce qui se traduira par la perte de 650 postes. Autoliv, qui r\u00e9alise plus de 70% de son chiffre d&rsquo;affaires en Europe et en Am\u00e9rique du Nord, a d\u00e9j\u00e0 supprim\u00e9 des milliers d&#8217;emplois, cons\u00e9quence d&rsquo;une industrie sinistr\u00e9e par la crise \u00e9conomique. Fin septembre, l&rsquo;entreprise comptait 36.200 emplois, contre 41.300 un an plus t\u00f4t.<\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><font><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"color: blue;\"><font size=\"3\">When is a dictator not a dictator?<\/font><\/h3>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Bashar al-Assad leads an authoritarian regime, but the workings of power in a country such as Syria are surprisingly complex \u00a0 <font>Brian Whitaker<\/font>  Decision-making in authoritarian regimes can be a lot more complicated than it looks. The idea that dictators simply dictate is often wide of the mark: they may not care much about public opinion but they do have to juggle with conflicting demands inside their own power base, and sometimes they can&rsquo;t even be sure their instructions will be implemented. Syria is one country where the inner workings of the regime can seem baffling. A diplomat in Damascus once told me that although Bashar al-Assad&rsquo;s position as president seems secure, nobody knows how much power he really has. A report published by the International Crisis Group (ICG) earlier this week \u2013 mainly about Syrian foreign policy \u2013 sheds some light on this intriguing puzzle. In Syria, it says: Many decisions witness a contest between various lines of thought that coexist within the regime, each reflecting a slightly different worldview, diverging private interests or personal rivalries. Some decisions ultimately reflect a balance between diverse institutional power centres; others, a more decisive victory by a particular one &#8230; Further confusion arises from the fact that officials occasionally take initiatives or make pronouncements that are inconsistent with the authorised line \u2013 in an attempt to influence it; as a means of drawing attention to themselves; in order to express frustration; or, quite simply, out of ignorance. In theory at least, the president&rsquo;s decision is final but much of the time he sits back, waiting to see which way the wind will blow. One Syrian official told the ICG:  Overall objectives are set by the president with input from those around him. Then, it&rsquo;s up to others to suggest how to achieve them. For instance, if the minister of foreign affairs makes an interesting proposal, the president will give him some leeway \u2013 but only up to a point, because he still has to contend with other tendencies. Moreover, the leadership tends to maintain multiple, parallel channels on any given issue. But, in the end, the president always remains in a position to arbitrate and distribute roles. The balancing and real decision-making takes place at the top. No one else is even fully in the picture. Even the most loyal official, familiar with the workings of the system, can find this confusing. But then there are others who think they know what the policy is \u2013 and try to subvert it. In an opaque, compartmentalised and heavily bureaucratised system such as Syria&rsquo;s it&rsquo;s by no means certain that decisions, once made, will stick. \u00ab\u00a0Follow-through often is lacking, as the process creates considerable room for either active or passive obstructionism,\u00a0\u00bb the ICG says. \u00ab\u00a0Policies frequently are adjusted or rectified, even after apparently final decisions are made.\u00a0\u00bb One recent example was Syria&rsquo;s association agreement with the EU, which both parties spent years negotiating. Then, just as it was about to be signed, Syria unexpectedly put it on hold \u2013 possibly because of objections from local business interests. This chopping and changing happens at a national level too. A Damascus lawyer told the ICG: \u00ab\u00a0There are several centres of power. Much-needed legislation can be enacted and then, within a few months, is amended and amended again. The reason is that the legislation interferes with the interests of people influential enough to step in and have their way\u00a0\u00bb. Clearly, Syria is not a one-man dictatorship and a senior official quoted in the report sees this as a positive development, a \u00ab\u00a0sign of a dynamic debate\u00a0\u00bb. Dynamic it may be, but it&rsquo;s still a closed debate, conducted mainly in private, by those in the loop. The rest of the country is excluded. On the domestic front, this opacity is likely to slow down the pace of reforms or limit their extent. In order to succeed, such reforms will need buy-in from the public as well as the regime&rsquo;s insiders and the only way to achieve that is through open debate that helps ordinary Syrians to understand the rationale behind them. Internationally, the opacity makes Syria one of the most difficult countries for negotiators to deal with. Martin Indyk, an assistant secretary of state during the Clinton administration, told a congressional committee last year: Just about every leader that has attempted to deal with President Bashar al-Assad has come away frustrated. The list includes Colin Powell, Tony Blair, Nicolas Sarkozy, Hosni Mubarak and Saudi Arabia&rsquo;s King Abdullah. The cause of their frustration is the disconnect between Assad&rsquo;s reasonableness in personal meetings and his regime&rsquo;s inability or unwillingness to follow through on understandings reached there. It is unclear whether this is because of a lack of will or a lack of ability to control the levers of power.  This was echoed by a foreign official who has worked closely with the regime and is quoted in the ICG report as saying: In dealing with Syria we always need to ask ourselves, &lsquo;Are they reluctant to do this or simply can&rsquo;t they do it?&rsquo; \u2026 We should not take any promise as a given, if only because many are beyond their capacity. This is a systemic problem. Syria is an authoritarian system of a particular kind, in which the ruler isn&rsquo;t necessarily obeyed. Besides, the system is largely inefficient. People step on each other&rsquo;s toes; institutions lack capacity; and things are disorganised. And even when the president speaks, it&rsquo;s difficult to know whether he&rsquo;s telling people what he really thinks or what he thinks they want to hear. A Turkish official interviewed by the ICG said: \u00ab\u00a0Bashar has two lines of speech, one for the region and one for the west. 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