{"id":16918,"date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-10-31T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/31-octobre-2006\/"},"modified":"2006-10-31T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2006-10-31T00:00:00","slug":"31-octobre-2006","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tunisnews.net\/ar\/31-octobre-2006\/","title":{"rendered":"31 octobre 2006"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><html><head><meta content=\"text\/html\" description=\"    WHAT:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Press conference and rally to call attention to Tunisia's \n    ban of Tunisian women wearing the hijab in public. Human rights groups have \n    classified this aggressiveness against Tunisian women as a human rights \n    violation. The policy violated Tunisia's constitution, which guarantees \n    freedom of religion for its citizens. Additionally, the policy is \n    discriminatory and prevents many Tunisian women from access to basic \n    services such as healthcare, education, employment, and travel documents.\n    \" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\"\/><\/head><body><body><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tunisnews.net\/\"><span>Home<\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> &#8211; Accueil <\/span><span>&#8211; <\/span><span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<div> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\">\u00a0  <\/p>\n<div>\n<div> <font face=\"Arial\"> <\/p>\n<div>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"100%\">\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"#efefef\" width=\"100%\"> <span lang=\"AR-SA\"> <\/p>\n<div align=\"left\">  <\/div>\n<div> <span lang=\"FR\"> <\/p>\n<div align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"> <font face=\"Arial\"><font size=\"2\"> <span lang=\"SV\"> <strong>TUNISNEWS<\/strong><\/span> <\/font><\/font> <\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"> <strong><font face=\"Arial\"><font size=\"2\">                7\u00a0\u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, <span lang=\"FR\">N\u00b0\u00a02353 du 31.10.2006<\/span><\/font><\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" dir=\"ltr\"> <strong> <\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"> <b><span><blink> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\">\u00a0archives : <\/font> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tunisnews.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\" target=\"_blank\">                  www.tunisnews.net<\/font><\/a><\/blink><\/span><\/b><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"> <\/font> <\/div>\n<p> <\/strong><\/div>\n<p> <\/span><\/div>\n<div align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\"> <font> <span lang=\"FR\"> <font><span lang=\"FR\"> <font face=\"Arial\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\"> <\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font><\/span><\/font> <\/div>\n<div>\n<p><font> <\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><font> <\/p>\n<div align=\"left\"> <span lang=\"FR\"> <\/p>\n<p><font face=\"Arial\"> <\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div> <font> <\/p>\n<p><\/font><strong>MAS Freedom Foundation: Rally For                             Justice In Tunisia At Tunisian Embassy                             <font>Tunisie Verte: Communiqu\u00e9 de                             presse<\/font>                             Le Courrier: Ben Ali ne peut pas voir ses opposants,                             surtout sur Al-Jazira                             <font>Jeune Afrique: La la\u00efcit\u00e9 en                             question<\/font>                             Jeune Afrique: \u00c9pouses et concubines                             <font>Mouwaten Tounsi: Encore \u00ab\u00a0Mta3                             ettrabelsia\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/strong> <\/p>\n<p> <strong>MERIA Journal: Maghreb regime scenarios                             <font>AFP: Les Iraniennes ont pris                             le dessus sur les hommes \u00e0 l&rsquo;universit\u00e9<\/font>                             AFP: \u00ab\u00a0C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;heure du business\u00a0\u00bb pour l&rsquo;ancien chef                             de guerre afghan reconverti<\/strong><font><span lang=\"FR\"><\/span><\/font><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <\/font><\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/div>\n<p> <\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <\/font><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p> <\/font> <\/div>\n<p> <font> <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"> <font><b> <span lang=\"FR\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nawaat.org\/forums\/index.php?showtopic=11741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cliquez ici<\/a>     pour acc\u00e9der au reportage exceptionnel de l&rsquo;AISPP sur la catastrophe     humanitaire des prisonniers politiques Tunisiens<\/span><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"> <span lang=\"FR\">Voir \u00e9galement     les documents vid\u00e9o:<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><b> <span lang=\"FR\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nawaat.org\/forums\/index.php?showtopic=12171\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Le Cri De     D\u00e9tresse De La Famille Du Prisonnier Politique Fathi Issaoui<\/a>  \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><b> <span lang=\"FR\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nawaat.org\/forums\/index.php?showtopic=12381\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nouveau     t\u00e9moignage vid\u00e9o de l&rsquo;AISPP<\/a> sur les multiples condamnations pour les     m\u00eames faits en Tunisie.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>\u00a0(Source\u00a0:    <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nawaat.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span> <strong>www.nawaat.org<\/strong><\/span><\/a><strong> )<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/><\/div>\n<div>\n<p align=\"center\"><i> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">In the Name     of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><em><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">Contact:<\/span><\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><em><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Ayyub Hanif,\u00a0MAS Freedom, 202-496-1288<\/span><\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p> <font face=\"Arial\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">Rally For Justice     In Tunisia At Tunisian Embassy<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p> <\/font><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">WASHINGTON,     DC \u2013 Oct. 30, 2006 (MASNET) MAS Freedom Foundation is sponsoring a press     conference and rally in front of the Embassy of Tunisia in Washington, D.C.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    WHEN:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Wednesday, November 1st, 2006 at 12:00 PM EST<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">WHERE:     \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Embassy of Tunisia, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.,\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Washington, D.C.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    WHAT:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Press conference and rally to call attention to Tunisia&rsquo;s     ban of Tunisian women wearing the hijab in public. Human rights groups have     classified this aggressiveness against Tunisian women as a human rights     violation. The policy violated Tunisia&rsquo;s constitution, which guarantees     freedom of religion for its citizens. Additionally, the policy is     discriminatory and prevents many Tunisian women from access to basic     services such as healthcare, education, employment, and travel documents.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Transportation to and from the event will be provided at the Dar Al-Hijrah     Mosque, 3159 Row Street, Falls Church VA, 22044. Vans leave promptly at     10:45 am and will return at 1:00 pm. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">We need your     support, join us this coming Wednesday, November 1st at 12:00 noon in front     of the Embassy of Tunisia. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">If you would     like to assist with transportation, volunteer or make a contribution to this     project please contact us at (202) 496-1288.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    The Freedom Foundation is the public affairs arm of the Muslim American     Society (MAS), a national grassroots religious, social, and educational     organization. MAS is America&rsquo;s largest grassroots Muslim organization with     over 50 chapters nationwide. <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\">    Learn more at <a href=\"\">www.masnet.org<\/a> .<\/span><span lang=\"FR\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    MAS Freedom Foundation<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    1050 17th Street NW, Suite 600<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Washington, DC 20036<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Tel: (202) 496-1288<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Fax: (202) 463-0686<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    URL: <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"> <a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.masnet.org\/index_publicaffairs.asp<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR\">    Email: <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"> <a href=\"mailto:MAS4Freedom@aol.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MAS4Freedom@aol.com<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p> <span lang=\"FR-CH\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p align=\"center\"><strong> <font>\u00a0\u00ab Tunisie Verte \u00bb     <\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/font><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> <font face=\"Arial\"><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font><strong>COMMUNIQUE DE PRESSE :<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<p> \u00a0    <\/font><\/span><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\"> <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">      Tunis le 28 Octobre 2006       \u00a0       Les m\u00e9dias tunisiens nous ont inform\u00e9 du r\u00e9jouissement et de l\u2019enti\u00e8re       satisfaction du parti \u00ab vert fantoche \u00bb \u00e0 propos du projet relatif \u00e0       l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air que le gouvernement compte pr\u00e9senter       au parlement. Aucune explication technique n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 fournie \u00e0 propos de ce       projet de loi.       \u00a0       La pollution atmosph\u00e9rique constitue une atteinte permanente \u00e0       l\u2019environnement, car elle est ressentie par tous les tunisiens sans       exception.       Elle est due \u00e0 plusieurs facteurs :       Croissance de la consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie       D\u00e9veloppement des industries       Circulation routi\u00e8re       Circulation a\u00e9rienne       \u00a0       Les principaux gaz polluants sont le CO2 Dioxyde de Carbone avec 97% et le       SO2 Anhydrique Sulfurique qui est le plus dangereux car ce dernier gaz se       transforme rapidement dans l\u2019air en Acide Sulfurique (STEG-Goulette et       STIR)       \u00a0       Quelles sont les mesures propos\u00e9es par le nouveau d\u00e9cret qui va \u00eatre       pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au parlement ?Personne ne le sait \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que le gouvernement       tunisien refuse de nous reconna\u00eetre et nous emp\u00eache de donner notre point       de vue.       \u00a0       Quant au parti \u00ab vert fantoche \u00bb, dont les communiqu\u00e9s sont \u00e9tablis par       l\u2019administration -nous d\u00e9tenons les preuves- est incapable d\u2019intervenir       dans les probl\u00e8mes de fond, sauf si on lui propose une intervention.        \u00a0       Il s\u2019agit bel et bien d\u2019induire les tunisiens en erreur et de justifier le       Hold-up de l\u2019embl\u00e8me \u00ab vert \u00bb, vol\u00e9 aux militants de \u00ab Tunisie Verte \u00bb,       reconnu derni\u00e8rement par le congr\u00e8s de Gen\u00e8ve des verts europ\u00e9ens tenu du       13 au 15 Octobre 2006 (Parti vert Europ\u00e9en=32 partis verts et 8 membres       observateurs) comme \u00e9tant seul parti \u00e9cologique repr\u00e9sentant la Tunisie.       \u00a0       Aux nostalgiques des \u00e8res r\u00e9volues, nous leur disons que notre parti sera       reconnu par les autorit\u00e9s tunisiennes et nous interviendrons r\u00e9ellement       dans la politique environnementale pour am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de la vie du       tunisien de tous les jours.              \u00a0       Le coordinateur National de \u00ab Tunisie Verte \u00bb       <strong><font>Abdelkader Zitouni<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/font><\/div>\n<p> <span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"AR-SA\"> <\/p>\n<div> <strong><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/strong> <\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font>CORRECTION AU SUJET DU LIEN     FAMILIAL DE MR KAMEL MORJANE ET LE DICTATEUR ZABA<\/font><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0          <font>BONJOUR,     ATTENTION MR KAMEL MORJANE N EST PAS MARI\u00c9 A LA FILLE DE LA SOEUR DU     DICTATEUR ZINE EL ABIDINE BEN ALI, COMME \u00c9CRIT DANS\u00a0 L\u00b4ARTICLE DE VOTRE     \u00c9DITION D HIER.\u00a0 MAIS IL EST LE GENDRE DU\u00a0 HONORABLE ET RESPECTABLE\u00a0     MONSIEUR BOURAOUI BEN ALI ANCIEN COMMANDANT DE BORD DE TUNIS AIR A LA     RETRAITE ET COUSIN DU DICTATEUR, MAIS ON NE CHOISIT PAS SA FAMILLE.<\/font> <\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\"> <strong><font>Chokri YACOUB<\/font>\u00a0 <\/strong> <\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\"> <strong><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p><\/strong> <\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div align=\"center\">\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\"><strong>Ben Ali ne peut pas voir ses       opposants, surtout sur Al-Jazira<\/strong><\/font><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>      \u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong><font>SIMON PETITE,        <\/font> <\/strong><font>TUNISIE &#8211; Le r\u00e9gime tunisien ne d\u00e9col\u00e8re       pas apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;interview d&rsquo;un dissident sur la cha\u00eene arabe.               Satan\u00e9es antennes paraboliques! La presse et la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision tunisienne ont       beau \u00eatre aux ordres, les t\u00e9l\u00e9spectateurs peuvent toujours regarder la       cha\u00eene qatariote Al-Jazira. Les Tunisiens ont ainsi pu entendre l&rsquo;opposant       Moncef Marzouki appeler \u00e0 \u00abla d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile\u00bb contre le r\u00e9gime du       pr\u00e9sident Ben Ali. M. Marzouki est arriv\u00e9 en Tunisie samedi dernier,       esp\u00e9rant \u00aby rester d\u00e9finitivement\u00bb. C&rsquo;est peu dire que l&rsquo;interview du       c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dissident a d\u00e9plu en haut lieu. Mercredi, la Tunisie a ferm\u00e9 son       ambassade au Qatar. Une mani\u00e8re de faire pression sur l&rsquo;\u00e9mirat, principal       actionnaire de la cha\u00eene.        Tunis d\u00e9nonce une \u00abcampagne hostile\u00bb et accuse Al-Jazira de \u00abtourner le       dos \u00e0 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et \u00e0 l&rsquo;objectivit\u00e9 chaque fois qu&rsquo;elle aborde l&rsquo;actualit\u00e9       tunisienne\u00bb. Le gouvernement a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 irrit\u00e9 par des \u00e9missions       critiquant sa campagne contre le voile (notre \u00e9dition du 18 octobre). Dans       ce contexte, M. Marzouki s&rsquo;attendait \u00e0 un retour mouvement\u00e9. \u00abTout s&rsquo;est       bien pass\u00e9&#8230; jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 jeudi\u00bb, expose le politicien, joint par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone.       \u00abAvant-hier, des dizaines de voyous m&rsquo;ont poursuivi dans les rues de       Sousse en m&rsquo;insultant. Les policiers pr\u00e9sents ont laiss\u00e9 faire.       Heureusement, j&rsquo;ai pu mont\u00e9 dans la voiture d&rsquo;un ami.\u00bb Ce genre       d&rsquo;incidents constitue le lot des opposants politiques. Ce m\u00eame jeudi,       l&rsquo;\u00e9pouse de Me Abbou, un avocat emprisonn\u00e9 pour avoir d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 la torture,       a \u00e9t\u00e9 intimid\u00e9 par des hommes en armes, rapportent plusieurs ONG. M.       Marzouki constate \u00abune fuite en avant\u00bb du r\u00e9gime. \u00abIl s&rsquo;agit plut\u00f4t d&rsquo;une       fuite vers le bas, car ce n&rsquo;est m\u00eame plus la police qui fait le sale       boulot.\u00bb Dans ces conditions, il serait vain de mener une politique       d&rsquo;opposition. \u00abLa seule solution, c&rsquo;est la r\u00e9sistance civile par des       moyens pacifiques, juge M. Marzouki. Beaucoup de jeunes sont tent\u00e9s par la       lutte arm\u00e9e, mais le pouvoir n&rsquo;attend que cela.\u00bb<\/font> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>      \u00a0<\/div>\n<div> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><strong>(Source: le       courrier\u00a0le \u00a028 octobre 2006)<\/strong><\/font><\/div>\n<div> <strong><font>L&rsquo;URL :<\/font> <\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lecourrier.ch\/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=NewsPaper&amp;file=article&amp;sid=42419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <strong>      http:\/\/www.lecourrier.ch\/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=NewsPaper&amp;file=article&amp;sid=42419<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> <\/span> <\/p>\n<div>\n<hr\/><\/div>\n<div>    \u00a0    <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font size=\"3\">La     la\u00efcit\u00e9 en question<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    Par SAMY GHORBAL<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    L\u2019interdiction renouvel\u00e9e du voile islamique dans les lieux publics en     Tunisie suscite la pol\u00e9mique. Mais c\u2019est aussi l\u2019occasion d\u2019engager une     r\u00e9flexion de fond sur les rapports entre l\u2019\u00c9tat et la religion.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Le voile     est-il \u00e0 sa place dans l\u2019espace public ? La Tunisie s\u2019interroge. Apr\u00e8s des     ann\u00e9es d\u2019une relative tol\u00e9rance, les autorit\u00e9s ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019exhumer la     fameuse circulaire 108, qui interdit le port de \u00ab l\u2019habit sectaire \u00bb dans     les lieux publics : administration, h\u00f4pitaux et universit\u00e9s. Ce texte datant     de 1981 a \u00e9t\u00e9 rigoureusement appliqu\u00e9 jusqu\u2019au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1990, \u00e0     l\u2019\u00e9poque o\u00f9 l\u2019\u00c9tat combattait l\u2019islamisme politique et assimilait le voile \u00e0     une manifestation d\u2019islamisme passif. Par la suite, le voile ayant     pratiquement disparu, les responsables tunisiens ont estim\u00e9 que le     fondamentalisme religieux \u00e9tait en voie d\u2019\u00eatre d\u00e9finitivement endigu\u00e9.     L\u2019\u00c9tat avait fait preuve d\u2019habilet\u00e9. Il avait certes refus\u00e9 la l\u00e9galisation     d\u2019Ennahdha, le parti religieux, au motif que l\u2019islam, religion de tous, ne     saurait \u00eatre confisqu\u00e9 par une faction, mais il avait aussi trait\u00e9 le mal \u00e0     la racine en s\u2019attaquant avec volontarisme \u00e0 la pauvret\u00e9 et en lan\u00e7ant des     programmes d\u2019\u00e9ducation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Les pr\u00e9mices     du regain de la religiosit\u00e9 sont apparus \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990, puis ont     pris de l\u2018ampleur apr\u00e8s les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Recrudescence du     port du foulard &#8211; quels que soient ses avatars -, et, dans une moindre     mesure, de la barbe, augmentation de la fr\u00e9quentation des mosqu\u00e9es,     manifestations ostentatoires de pi\u00e9t\u00e9 dans les r\u00e9unions familiales, dans     l\u2019entreprise, \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 et enfin \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole : chacun a d\u2019abord sembl\u00e9     s\u2019accommoder du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne. Frappant toutes les couches de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, il     \u00e9tait largement d\u00e9connect\u00e9 de tout activisme politique et ne pouvait \u00eatre     imput\u00e9 au pros\u00e9lytisme d\u2019islamistes marginalis\u00e9s. En somme, c\u2019\u00e9tait de     l\u2019islamisme light, inoffensif, propag\u00e9, sinon suscit\u00e9 par les cha\u00eenes de     t\u00e9l\u00e9vision arabes par satellite.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Une semblable     r\u00e9surgence du sentiment religieux a eu lieu, \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, dans tous les     pays arabes. Elle peut \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e comme une r\u00e9action aux agressions     inflig\u00e9es \u00e0 la Oumma (communaut\u00e9 des croyants) en Palestine, en Afghanistan     et en Irak. Mais ce n\u2019est pas la seule explication. Le retour au sacr\u00e9 est     aussi une qu\u00eate identitaire, une r\u00e9ponse aux bouleversements     socio-\u00e9conomiques. Comme la famille, la religion est une valeur refuge et,     pour les nouvelles g\u00e9n\u00e9rations branch\u00e9es sur les cha\u00eenes arabes d\u2019\u00c9gypte, du     Liban et du Golfe, l\u2019antinomie entre une modernit\u00e9 assimil\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Occident et     une arabit\u00e9 qui se confond avec un ensemble fig\u00e9 de traditions surann\u00e9es     constitue un sch\u00e9ma d\u00e9pass\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Tendance     forte de ces derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, l\u2019orientalisation d\u2019une partie de la     soci\u00e9t\u00e9 tunisienne a \u00e9videmment facilit\u00e9 le processus de r\u00e9islamisation.     Elle trouve en partie son origine dans l\u2019arabisation et correspond \u00e0 un     changement du r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel politique. Les choses ne se sont pas faites toutes     seules. Sans aller jusqu\u2019\u00e0 tourner le dos aux acquis du bourguibisme, le     Rassemblement constitutionnel d\u00e9mocratique (RCD), le parti au pouvoir, a     consid\u00e9rablement infl\u00e9chi son discours depuis 1988, l\u2019a color\u00e9 d\u2019une teinte     davantage conservatrice, faisant la part belle \u00e0 l\u2019identit\u00e9 arabo-islamique     de la Tunisie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Les rapports     ambigus entre \u00c9tat, politique et religion ne datent pas d\u2019hier. Lui-m\u00eame     fort peu religieux, Habib Bourguiba ne s\u2019est pas priv\u00e9 de puiser dans le     r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel religieux lorsque les circonstances l\u2019exigeaient. Soucieux     d\u2019appara\u00eetre comme le d\u00e9fenseur de l\u2019identit\u00e9 tunisienne et des pr\u00e9ceptes de     l\u2019islam menac\u00e9s par la colonisation fran\u00e7aise, il s\u2019\u00e9tait, dans les ann\u00e9es     1930, prononc\u00e9\u2026 en faveur du voile ! Avant de le vouer aux g\u00e9monies     vingt-cinq ans plus tard, aux lendemains de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. Bourguiba a     aboli la polygamie en se glissant dans les habits du mojtahed, l\u2019interpr\u00e8te     autoris\u00e9 de la loi coranique. L\u2019inventeur de la \u00ab politique des \u00e9tapes \u00bb n\u2019a     pas voulu, lors de la r\u00e9daction de la Constitution promulgu\u00e9e en juin 1959,     trancher la question du caract\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9tat. L\u2019article 1 stipule en effet     que \u00ab la Tunisie est un \u00c9tat libre [\u2026], sa religion est l\u2019islam, sa langue     l\u2019arabe et son r\u00e9gime la R\u00e9publique \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">L\u2019ambivalence     s\u2019est perp\u00e9tu\u00e9e apr\u00e8s le changement du 7 novembre 1987 et l\u2019accession au     pouvoir de Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, qui a adopt\u00e9 une s\u00e9rie de mesures     symboliques destin\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9habiliter la place de l\u2019islam dans la cit\u00e9 : appel     \u00e0 la pri\u00e8re \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, r\u00e9habilitation de l\u2019universit\u00e9 religieuse de la     Zitouna, marginalis\u00e9e par Bourguiba, mise en place d\u2019un Haut Conseil     islamique destin\u00e9 \u00e0 fa\u00e7onner un islam officiel susceptible de rivaliser avec     celui des \u00ab barbus \u00bb, et, plus r\u00e9cemment, cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un prix pr\u00e9sidentiel de     r\u00e9citation du Coran. Ponctuant fr\u00e9quemment ses discours de sourates du Livre     saint, le chef de l\u2019\u00c9tat s\u2019est fait l\u2019ap\u00f4tre d\u2019un islam mod\u00e9r\u00e9 et \u00e9clair\u00e9,     dialoguant avec les autres grandes religions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">La Tunisie     est-elle aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 la veille d\u2019une \u00ab r\u00e9gression \u00bb, pour reprendre la     formule choc employ\u00e9e, d\u00e9but octobre, par H\u00e9di Mhenni, le secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral     du RCD ? Faut-il voir dans le voile \u00ab un slogan politique affich\u00e9 par un     groupuscule qui se dissimule derri\u00e8re la religion pour r\u00e9aliser des desseins     politiques \u00bb, comme l\u2019a expliqu\u00e9 Abdelwaheb Abdallah, le ministre des     Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res ? La r\u00e9surgence du voile a \u00e9t\u00e9 dans un premier temps     tol\u00e9r\u00e9e parce que le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e9tait apolitique &#8211; ou plut\u00f4t infrapolitique.     Or les choses n\u2019ont pas fondamentalement chang\u00e9 en quinze jours&#8230; Ce qui,     en revanche, ne fait aucun doute, c\u2019est que ce mouvement, s\u2019il n\u2019est pas     frein\u00e9, est lourd de menaces pour le futur. Car quid des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations qui     auront baign\u00e9, pendant toute leur \u00e9ducation, dans une ambiance de bigoterie     exacerb\u00e9e ? Conceptuellement d\u00e9sarm\u00e9s, ces esprits risquent de se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler     perm\u00e9ables aux id\u00e9ologies import\u00e9es &#8211; autrement dit \u00e0 un wahhabisme     totalement \u00e9tranger \u00e0 la tradition de tol\u00e9rance de la culture religieuse     tunisienne.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">La remise \u00e0     l\u2019honneur de la circulaire 108 par les autorit\u00e9s n\u2019est donc pas une mauvaise     chose. Mais, pour \u00eatre cr\u00e9dible et, surtout, efficace, cette posture doit     s\u2019accompagner d\u2019un vrai travail de p\u00e9dagogie politique. La Tunisie ne doit     pas faire l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019un grand d\u00e9bat national sur la place de la religion.     Car, au fond, que dit la fameuse circulaire ? Que l\u2019\u00ab espace public \u00bb doit     rester neutre. Que ni les fonctionnaires ni les usagers de l\u2019administration     et des services publics ne doivent afficher ostensiblement les signes d\u2019une     quelconque pratique religieuse. Que la religion ne concerne que l\u2019individu,     qu\u2019elle est une affaire strictement personnelle qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas     d\u2019imposer aux autres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Le non-dit     qui transpara\u00eet en filigrane, et qui p\u00e8se sur ce d\u00e9bat, c\u2019est \u00e9videmment le     probl\u00e8me du caract\u00e8re et de la nature de l\u2019\u00c9tat. Doit-il \u00eatre la\u00efc ? Oui,     car, dans le cas contraire, comment l\u00e9gitimer la prohibition des signes de     pratique religieuse dans l\u2019espace public ? Il faut \u00eatre coh\u00e9rent, sortir de     l\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9. Justifier un certain nombre de prohibitions ou de commandements     par une conception ouverte et \u00e9clair\u00e9e de l\u2019islam est tentant. Mais cela ne     sera jamais qu\u2019un pis-aller. Un islamiste convaincu pourra toujours     r\u00e9torquer qu\u2019il est aussi qualifi\u00e9 que n\u2019importe qui pour proc\u00e9der \u00e0     l\u2019ex\u00e9g\u00e8se du Texte sacr\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">On nous dira     qu\u2019il est trop t\u00f4t pour aborder une question aussi sensible que la     s\u00e9paration de l\u2019\u00c9tat et de la religion. Peut-\u00eatre. Mais si on ne le fait pas     maintenant, quand le fera-t-on ? Il faut oser r\u00e9clamer une stricte     s\u00e9paration de l\u2019\u00c9tat et de la religion, afin d\u2019ancrer irr\u00e9versiblement la     Tunisie dans la modernit\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    (Source\u00a0: Jeune Afrique, N\u00b0 2390 du 29 octobre au 4 novembre 2006)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p> <font face=\"Arial\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Scrutin serr\u00e9 \u00e0     l\u2019UIT<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p> <\/font><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    par ABDELAZIZ BARROUHI<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Six candidats     briguent la succession du Japonais Yoshio Utsumi au poste de secr\u00e9taire     g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019Union internationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (UIT). Il s\u2019agit de     la Jordanienne Muna Nijem, du Tunisien Montasser Ouaili (ministre des     Technologies de la communication dans son pays), du Malien Hamadoun Tour\u00e9     (directeur du bureau du d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 l\u2019UIT), du Br\u00e9silien Roberto Blois     Montes de Souza (secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral adjoint), de l\u2019Allemand Matthias Kurth     et du Suisse Marc Furrer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">L\u2019\u00e9lection     aura lieu &#8211; sans doute le 9 novembre &#8211; pendant la prochaine conf\u00e9rence de     l\u2019organisation onusienne \u00e0 Antalya, en Turquie. Au si\u00e8ge, \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, on     estime que le scrutin a toutes les chances d\u2019\u00eatre serr\u00e9 et qu\u2019il pourrait se     jouer entre Kurth, Ouaili et Blois. Sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 dans la nomination des     dirigeants d\u2019organisations internationales, le site Internet     http:\/\/topposts.blogspot.com, se montre plus pr\u00e9cis. \u00c0 l\u2019en croire, Ouaili     m\u00e8ne une excellente campagne et tiendrait la corde.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">L\u2019habilet\u00e9     que celui-ci a d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e lors de la phase finale du Somment mondial sur la     soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019information (SMSI), l\u2019an dernier \u00e0 Tunis, en vue de d\u00e9gager un     consensus international a par ailleurs favorablement impressionn\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Ouaili (46     ans) est \u00e0 la fois un politique, un manager et un technicien. Ing\u00e9nieur en     g\u00e9nie \u00e9lectrique et titulaire d\u2019un PhD en t\u00e9l\u00e9communications de l\u2019universit\u00e9     de Californie, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 chercheur \u00e0 la compagnie Bell Communication Research     et professeur d\u2019universit\u00e9 \u00e0 Tunis. En 1996, il est entr\u00e9 au gouvernement     comme secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat charg\u00e9 de l\u2019Informatique, puis de l\u2019Enseignement     sup\u00e9rieur. Nomm\u00e9 ministre des Technologies de la communication en 2004, il a     notamment men\u00e9 \u00e0 bien la privatisation de l\u2019op\u00e9rateur national des t\u00e9l\u00e9coms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    (Source\u00a0: Jeune Afrique, N\u00b0 2390 du 29 octobre au 4 novembre 2006)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"3\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00c9pouses et     concubines<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p> <\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    Par OLIVIA MARSAUD<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Trois femmes     trahies par le m\u00eame homme : leur mari. Notre collaboratrice Fawzia Zouari a     construit son r\u00e9cit autour des affres de la polygamie.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">En 2003, \u00e0     Paris, un avocat alg\u00e9rien est assassin\u00e9. L\u2019enqu\u00eate r\u00e9v\u00e8le qu\u2019il menait trois     vies parall\u00e8les et qu\u2019il entretenait plusieurs foyers avec femmes et     enfants. C\u2019est ce fait divers authentique qui a inspir\u00e9 la romanci\u00e8re     tunisienne Fawzia Zouari. Dans La Deuxi\u00e8me \u00c9pouse, elle donne vie \u00e0 Halima,     Rosa et Lila, \u00ab trois femmes, trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, trois vies prises au pi\u00e8ge     de l\u2019infid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \u00bb. Halima-Emma, la premi\u00e8re \u00e9pouse, s\u2019est mari\u00e9e avec cet     homme, son cousin, \u00ab comme on prend ses jambes \u00e0 son cou \u00bb, pour fuir le     bled et les existences \u00ab vides comme des bulles de chewing-gum \u00bb. Rosa, la     deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9pouse, est magistrate, fille de harki, et Sadek l\u2019a \u00e9pous\u00e9e comme     \u00ab on \u00e9pouse une fille sans dot \u00bb. D\u00e9couvrant que son mari entretient un     deuxi\u00e8me foyer, elle tente alors de se suicider et sombre dans le coma.     Lila, la troisi\u00e8me, est une jeune beurette \u00e9mancip\u00e9e qui \u00e9touffe dans sa     cit\u00e9, \u00e0 Creil, \u00ab devenue un morceau de T\u00e9h\u00e9ran \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">L\u2019\u00e9crivaine     d\u00e9crit l\u2019engrenage de la polygamie, ce \u00ab crime de sentiment \u00bb. Mais le     livre, m\u00eame s\u2019il tourne autour de la trahison, va bien au-del\u00e0. C\u2019est     presque un roman sociologique, diss\u00e9quant le statut de la femme en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral     et de la femme arabo-musulmane en particulier, en France et de l\u2019autre c\u00f4t\u00e9     de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. Asservissement, machisme, port du voile, int\u00e9gration ou     d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration, pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s, int\u00e9grisme\u2026 D\u00e9fendant une vision humaniste des     relations entre les cultures, l\u2019auteure n\u2019est pas tendre avec notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9     actuelle, et c\u2019est tant mieux. \u00c0 travers la \u00ab quatri\u00e8me \u00bb femme du livre, la     romanci\u00e8re, Fawzia Zouari croque aussi bien la vie des jeunes filles de     banlieue que celle des bourgeoises parisiennes. Avec le m\u00eame sens du d\u00e9tail,     le m\u00eame regard ac\u00e9r\u00e9 et tendre \u00e0 la fois et, souvent, le m\u00eame humour.     D\u2019ailleurs, la romanci\u00e8re, Farida, ressemble \u00e0 un double de l\u2019auteure de La     Deuxi\u00e8me \u00c9pouse. Tunisienne cultiv\u00e9e aux yeux de chat, p\u00e9trie de culture     arabe et musulmane, \u00e9clair\u00e9e et tol\u00e9rante, amoureuse des mots et de l\u2019amour\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Dans ce     quatri\u00e8me roman, la collaboratrice de Jeune Afrique, docteur en litt\u00e9rature     fran\u00e7aise compar\u00e9e \u00e0 la Sorbonne, fait preuve d\u2019une belle ma\u00eetrise     litt\u00e9raire. Ses personnages sont attachants et ce livre des concubines se     lit comme on d\u00e9guste un th\u00e9 \u00e0 la menthe br\u00fblant et sucr\u00e9. En plus de tr\u00e8s     beaux portraits de femmes, le roman permet aussi de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans l\u2019intimit\u00e9     d\u2019une \u00e9crivaine. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Farida dit :     \u00ab On n\u2019\u00e9crit qu\u2019avec soi. Son pass\u00e9 et son enfance. Avec ce qui fait \u00e9cho \u00e0     son \u00eatre profond. Ce qui nous touche et nous fait mal. \u00bb Lorsqu\u2019elle est     devant l\u2019ordinateur, elle retrouve la \u00ab conviction d\u2019avoir quitt\u00e9 l\u2019espace     r\u00e9el, ce plaisir que j\u2019avais, petite, de me rouler dans les champs, cette     vertigineuse libert\u00e9 de me laisser guider par les phrases, de d\u00e9couvrir les     personnages, embusqu\u00e9s, de couper et coller les destins. [\u2026] Il faut faire     confiance aux mots, glisser dans leur ronde \u00bb. Faites aussi confiance \u00e0     Fawzia Zouari, elle saura vous emmener tr\u00e8s loin. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">    (Source\u00a0: Jeune Afrique, N\u00b0 2390 du 29 octobre au 4 novembre 2006)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Fathi Kemicha     bient\u00f4t reconduit<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Sp\u00e9cialiste     en arbitrage international, l\u2019avocat tunisien Fathi Kemicha, 54 ans,     sollicite un deuxi\u00e8me mandat \u00e0 la Commission du droit international pour la     p\u00e9riode 2007-2011. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Avocat aux     barreaux de Paris et de Tunis, Kemicha est dipl\u00f4m\u00e9 de Sciences-Po (Paris) et     docteur en droit (Sorbonne). Le gouvernement tunisien lui a renouvel\u00e9 sa     confiance en proposant sa reconduction \u00e0 ce poste de haut niveau dans le     syst\u00e8me juridique mondial. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Cr\u00e9\u00e9e en     1947, la Commission a pour mission de promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement du droit     international public et priv\u00e9. Ses trente-quatre membres devront \u00eatre \u00e9lus     par l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies le 16 novembre.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\"> <strong>(Source\u00a0: Jeune Afrique, N\u00b0 2389 du 22 au 28 octobre 2006)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p> <font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\"><font size=\"3\">    Encore \u00ab\u00a0Mta3 ettrabelsia\u00a0\u00bb<\/font><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">On m&rsquo;en a     parl\u00e9 depuis l&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9. C&rsquo;est un grand parc, tr\u00e8s bien entretenu, avec un lac et     des aires de jeux pour les enfants, et une belle vue du haut de sa colline.     Pendant mes derni\u00e8res vacances j&rsquo;ai r\u00e9serv\u00e9 une fin d&rsquo;apr\u00e8s midi pour y     aller se promener en famille. Le parc est \u00e0 Sidi Bou Said. Il a vraiment les     qualit\u00e9s qu&rsquo;on m&rsquo;a d\u00e9crites. C&rsquo;\u00e9tait tr\u00e8s agr\u00e9able et j&rsquo;\u00e9tais ravi de     constater qu&rsquo;un site si exceptionnel soit consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat commun et     qu\u2019il \u00e9chappe \u00e0 la gourmandise des \u00ab investisseurs \u00bb (pour ne pas dire autre     chose). Merci Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident d&rsquo;avoir pris cette d\u00e9cision (il est le     seul \u00e0 pouvoir sauver un tel site) m\u00eame si vous \u00eates le premier \u00e0 en     profiter \u00e0 partir de votre ch\u00e2teau de Sidi Dhrif.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Apr\u00e8s notre     promenade et avant de rentrer nous sommes all\u00e9s boire un coup au caf\u00e9 situ\u00e9     en haut de la colline. Nous nous sommes install\u00e9s et la vue est vraiment     exceptionnelle au point de soup\u00e7onner que la g\u00e9rance d&rsquo;un caf\u00e9 si bien situ\u00e9     soit offerte \u00e0 un \u00ab\u00a0Ben Ali\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00e0 un \u00ab\u00a0Trabelsi\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab El 3ayla et melka \u00bb comme     on dit fi tounes). Quand on appel\u00e9 le serveur pour r\u00e9gler l&rsquo;addition je lui     ai pos\u00e9 la question :<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">&#8211; Brabbi mta3     chkoun el kahwa hedhi?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Il m&rsquo;a     regard\u00e9 dans les yeux en marquant quelques secondes de silence. Il a du se     dire \u00ab\u00a0chkounou za3ma hedha we chbih y&rsquo;sa9si?\u00a0\u00bb. J&rsquo;ai cru qu&rsquo;il allait ignorer     ma question mais il \u00e9tait plus courageux que je le pensais et il m&rsquo;a r\u00e9pondu     :<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">&#8211; Mta3     ettrabelsia<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">pour nourrir     davantage ma curiosit\u00e9, je lui ai demand\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">&#8211; Chkounou     menhom ?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">et l\u00e0 il a     marqu\u00e9 un temps de pose un peu plus long et il m\u2019a r\u00e9pondu<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">&#8211; Madame     Jalila<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">Je ne sais     pas qui est cette Jalila ?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">\u00c7a n\u2019\u00e9tait     pas une surprise pour moi. Mais vu que je me suis engag\u00e9 \u00e0 ne pas d\u00e9penser     mon argent pour le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de ces gens l\u00e0, j\u2019ai regrett\u00e9 de ne pas avoir     pos\u00e9 la question avant de m\u2019installer. M\u00eame si je ne suis pas sur que le     serveur m\u2019aurait r\u00e9pondu si j\u2019avais pos\u00e9 la question d\u00e8s mon arriv\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">J\u2019esp\u00e8re au     moins que \u00ab Madame Jalila \u00bb n\u2019a pas lou\u00e9 cet espace au dinar symbolique et     qu\u2019elle est entrain de payer les charges (eau et \u00e9lectricit\u00e9).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"> <span lang=\"FR-CH\">J&rsquo;en profite     pour inviter les lecteurs de ce post de ne plus faire b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier les     \u00ab\u00a0Trabelsi\u00a0\u00bb et les \u00ab\u00a0Ben Ali\u00a0\u00bb de leur argent. C&rsquo;est le minimum qu&rsquo;on puisse     faire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b>    (Source\u00a0: le blog \u00ab\u00a0Mouwaten Tounsi (Citoyen Tunisien)\u00a0\u00bb, le 31 octobre     2006)<\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b>Lien\u00a0:<\/b><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> <b><span> <a href=\"http:\/\/mouwatentounsi.blogspot.com\/2006\/10\/encore-mta3-ettrabelsia.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">    http:\/\/mouwatentounsi.blogspot.com\/2006\/10\/encore-mta3-ettrabelsia.html<\/a><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/font> <\/p>\n<hr\/>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p> <\/font><font face=\"Arial\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">MAGHREB REGIME SCENARIOS<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><\/font><\/font><font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"> <font face=\"Arial\" size=\"2\"><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Bruce Maddy-Weitzman<\/span><\/b><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">*<\/span> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This article     reviews three possible regime scenarios for the three principle Maghreb     countries of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The three scenarios include: the     Islamization of the political sphere, the continuation of the authoritarian     status quo, and accelerated evolution towards democracy.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Ever since the days of the Greek and     Roman Empires, northwest Africa has been a well-defined     region&#8211;geographically, demographically, culturally, and historically. The     Muslim conquest in the late seventh century A.D., followed by the region&rsquo;s     complete Islamization and partial Arabization, inextricably linked the area     to the East; but it did not erase its own particularity, even in the eyes of     their now-fellow Muslims.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[1]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Just as the \u00ab\u00a0Middle East\u00a0\u00bb is a concept that was formulated by Europeans     looking eastwards, the \u00ab\u00a0Maghreb\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab\u00a0West\u00a0\u00bb) was a concept formulated by     Muslims sitting at the center of the classical Islamic civilizations     determining a definable \u00ab\u00a0Other,\u00a0\u00bb albeit an Islamic one. The French-colonial     experience, which began in the 19th century, added an additional important     layer to the Maghreb&rsquo;s uniqueness. (Italy&rsquo;s occupation of modern-day Libya     is a separate story.) The Maghreb states, particularly the \u00ab\u00a0core\u00a0\u00bb countries     of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, currently face similar political,     socio-economic, and cultural challenges:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol type=\"1\">\n<ol type=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">How are they to best supply the         basic needs to their young and growing populations?<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">How can the regimes reinforce         their legitimacy after a half-century of independence; or, in the words         of long-time Maghreb observer, I. William Zartman, how can they best         achieve a \u00ab\u00a0re-contracting\u00a0\u00bb of the increasingly frayed social contract         with their societies?<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"FR\">[2]<\/span><\/a> <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">How should they approach their         respective Islamist opposition movements?<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">What is the best way of coping         with the many challenges posed by the myriad processes of globalization?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ol>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In seeking to address these question,     one can envision three different political scenarios during the next five     years in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia:<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[3]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     (1) the continuation of the authoritarian status quo, whose legitimacy     formula is based on a mix of state and Arab nationalism (the particular mix     is different in each of the three countries); (2) the Islamization of the     political sphere, with Islamist movements gaining increasingly central     roles; and (3) an evolution towards a more genuine democratic system, in     which the process of reform strengthens civil society and authentically     democratic forces. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The background for this analysis is     the United States&rsquo; Greater Middle East Initiative, a policy designed to     address the root causes of Middle Eastern instability, violence, and     anti-Western terrorism. Although the bulk of U.S. attention has been     directed towards the eastern Asian portion of the Greater Middle     East&#8211;Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq&#8211;the issues at stake are no less relevant     for Europe&rsquo;s immediate neighbors just across the Mediterranean Sea and the     Straits of Gibraltar. All of the dire circumstances confronting Middle     Eastern states and societies&#8211;entrenched authoritarian regimes lacking     popular legitimacy; strong Islamic opposition movements and smaller groups     that engage in bin Laden-style terrorism; economic systems that have lagged     far behind other regions in the increasingly globalized economy; large     youthful populations clamoring for jobs or visas to the West, resulting in     migration and social pressures on European countries&#8211;are present in varying     degrees in the Maghreb. At the same time, their civil societies contain the     potential for vibrancy, being shaped by numerous cross-cultural currents     emanating from Berber, Arab-Muslim, African, and European heritages, the     ever-expanding links with Europe, and, increasingly, with the rest of the     developed world. Indeed, Maghrebi political and social systems appear more     ripe than those in the Arab and Muslim East for the kind of partnership     initiatives envisaged by Western policy-makers, which they hope will be     transformative in nature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">To be sure, Maghreb states differ     widely from one another, both in their historical evolution and in their     current realities. Classifying them according to the degree of political     pluralism in each country finds that Morocco is at the top, Algeria a close     second, and Tunisia lagging far behind. A somewhat different order of     ranking results if one examines the degree of societal acceptance of regime     policies towards liberalization. In Morocco, there is a fair degree of     acceptance regarding the pace of liberalization, and disagreements are     expressed largely within a consensus over the rules of the political game.     Broad sections of Tunisian society appear to accept with understanding the     utter lack of progress towards greater political pluralism. In Algeria, on     the other hand, the differences between the regime and various sectors of     society (secular and Islamist opposition groups, and activists among the     Kabylian-Berber community) regarding the pace of liberalization are a     continuing source of tension. Practically speaking, the \u00ab\u00a0King&rsquo;s dilemma\u00a0\u00bb     first formulated 30 years ago by Samuel Huntington, in which autocratic     rulers may undermine their basis of power by adopting reforms, but may risk     the same result if they do not do so, remains in force in the Maghreb.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[4]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">MOROCCO<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In terms of self-definition, including     its institutional and cultural underpinnings, Morocco possesses many of the     attributes associated with states possessing a relatively high level of     cohesion. Such attributes include: a political and societal center within a     distinct geographical core stretching back more than 1,200 years; a ruling     dynasty possessing the sources of its own legitimacy pre-dating Western     penetration by hundreds of years; religious homogeneity; and a distinct     material and popular culture, religious practice, and linguistic     configuration, much of which stems from Morocco&rsquo;s Berber population. The     colonial experience also contributed heavily to the process of creating a     unified national state with a monarchical regime. The first two decades     after achieving independence in 1956 were often stormy, but ended with the     consolidation of the monarchy&rsquo;s unquestioned centrality, dominating all     other political and social forces. Nonetheless, by the 1990s, it was clear     that in order to maintain political stability, the regime would have to be     pro-active in its approach.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario I: Continuation of the     Authoritarian Status Quo<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The last years of the late King     Hassan&rsquo;s (1929-99) 38-year reign were marked by policies of what he liked to     call \u00ab\u00a0homeopathic democracy\u00a0\u00bb, i.e. controlled, measured steps at political     liberalization while the<i> makhzen<\/i> (the traditional term for Morocco&rsquo;s     ruling security-bureaucratic apparatus), headed by the monarch, continued to     maintain overweening control. As Crown Prince, his son Muhammad generated     hopes among liberal circles that he would engineer more far-reaching changes     in the direction of a Spanish-style constitutional monarchy, \u00e0 la King Juan     Carlos. Indeed, the pace of political and social liberalization, and     accompanying expansion of civil society quickened after Muhammad ascended to     the throne in a seamless succession.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[5]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     The regime&rsquo;s guiding mantra over the last seven years has been \u00ab\u00a0development     and <i>ijtihad<\/i>.\u00a0\u00bb This has meant the modernization of the economy,     promotion of social welfare, civil society, and incremental political     democratization&#8211;all this legitimized and expanded upon by independent,     reasoned judgment as permitted by Islamic law, as opposed to mere blind     imitation of past practice (<i>taqlid<\/i>). <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Nevertheless, the contemporary     Moroccan state is, at best, a neo-makhzen entity. Notwithstanding talk of     the need for de-centralization of power, the main levers of political and     economic power remain in the hands of the palace and its allies in the     bureaucracy, military, and economic sectors. Muhammad himself may be a king     who seeks to inspire hope and appreciation, rather than fear and     trepidation. Yet up until now, \u00ab\u00a0de-Hassanizing\u00a0\u00bb the society has not entailed     a substantive re-ordering of the political playing field. Indeed, Muhammad     has sought to establish new mechanisms to promote development and social     welfare schemes&#8211;foundations which are controlled directly by palace     loyalists, apart from the existing political-legal institutions.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[6]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Co-option of various societal groups and individuals, and balancing them off     against one another, has long been a key tool in insuring the monarchy&rsquo;s     ultimate authority as the supreme arbiter in Moroccan life, and Muhammad&rsquo;s     actions have been a variation on this theme. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Nowhere was this more evident than in     the 2002 parliamentary elections, which were heralded as a new stage in     Morocco&rsquo;s evolution towards a democratic state of law. Overall, the     elections were deemed to have been largely free of government interference.     However, the fragmented outcome, in which no party won more than 14 percent     of the vote, gave the King the opportunity to appoint a loyalist, non-party     bureaucrat, Driss Jettou, to the post of prime minister, instead of the head     of one of the political parties. Jettou&rsquo;s appointment marked a retreat from     the declared intent of conferring more power on elected officials and     contributed to the emasculation of Morocco&rsquo;s already anemic political     parties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">What is the likelihood that Morocco     will continue on the course of incremental liberalization measures aimed at     shoring up regime and personal legitimacy? This strategy is clearly the     preferred one. With the example of Algeria&rsquo;s chaotic political     liberalization and descent into violence in the 1990s paramount in its     thinking, the regime seeks to liberalize enough to satisfy pent-up demands     at home and the desires of its patrons abroad (the United States in     particular), while maintaining a firm hand on the levers of power. The     Casablanca May 2003 bombings served as a wakeup call regarding the dangers     of home-grown radical Islamic terrorism, generating harsh measures against     Islamic activists as well as steps to engage actively in the religious     field, through a reformed Higher <i>Ulema<\/i> Council that actively issues     legal rulings (<i>fatwas<\/i>). The authorities have also redoubled their     efforts to oversee the country&rsquo;s mosques, particularly its imams, and to     modernize their education, including the introduction of courses in the     humanities and the study of other religions.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[7]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     At the same time, it has tolerated the officially banned Justice and Charity     Movement (JCM) and sought to promote moderate, non-violent tendencies within     the Islamist current, giving space to a legal Islamist party, Justice and     Development (PJD). The PJD currently holds 45 seats in the 325-seat Moroccan     Chamber of Deputies, and is being spoken about as a possible leading     vote-getter in the upcoming 2007 elections. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Central to the regime&rsquo;s strategy is     the cultivation of constituency groups that can serve as a counter-weight to     the Islamist challenge. The propagation of a new family law in 2003-04 was a     major breakthrough in the promotion of women&rsquo;s status, and won the King much     credit among liberals and women. Berber (Amazigh) activists were heartened     by his establishment in 2001 of the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture (IRCAM)     and acknowledgement of Berber culture as a central component of the Moroccan     national patrimony and character, an important modification in the country&rsquo;s     legitimizing formula. (To be sure, the IRCAM can also be justifiably seen as     one more step in the strategy of co-opting, neutralizing, and dividing     various Moroccan social forces, and is controversial within the Berber     activist community.)<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[8]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The promotion of social and economic     development is both complementary and crucial to the regime&rsquo;s strategy. Not     a week goes by during which the king doesn&rsquo;t engage in some type of ceremony     inaugurating programs and institutions to benefit the weaker elements in     society or important infrastructure projects. The building of a new port     complex in the Tangier-Tetouan zone constitutes an unprecedented degree of     commitment by the state to the historically problematic northern region. Of     course, the fact that this region serves as the jumping off point for     illegal immigrants streaming northward from sub-Saharan Africa towards     Europe, and as the source for the bulk of Europe&rsquo;s illegal drugs, makes it     especially sensitive, for it impacts directly on Morocco&rsquo;s relations with     the EU countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Any number of things can be imagined     that might cause difficulties for the regime and cause it to fine-tune its     existing strategy. Given the country&rsquo;s failure in multiple facets of     society, it would be foolish to assume that the stability and incremental     change that has characterized Moroccan political and social life over the     last 15 years will continue unhindered during the next five. These failures     include the economy&rsquo;s inability to achieve sustained high growth rates, its     continued dependence on the vagaries of annual rainfall, the extremely high     rates of illiteracy among rural women, the widespread dissatisfaction with     what is perceived as all-pervasive corruption in public life, the high     levels of unemployment&#8211;particularly among the young&#8211;and the absence of     genuine political representation (notwithstanding the plethora of political     parties). Yet given the absence of a specific grievance that could mobilize     broad sectors of society to demand change, the generally favorable image of     the king, and the fear of the unknown, the maintenance of the regime&rsquo;s     current approach (maintaining an authoritarian regime while fine-tuning its     content in the direction of development and liberalization) appears likely     to continue on course. The fact that it is receiving strong support from its     patrons abroad (Washington sees Morocco as a model for the kind of long-term     processes it would like to see spread throughout the region) gives the     regime an additional safety net. The regime&rsquo;s understanding of the need to     update its legitimacy formula bodes well for its ability to absorb and     manage the inevitable shocks along the way.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario 2: The Islamization of the     Political Sphere <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Morocco has always been a pious     country. Yet few can fail to note the outward manifestations of a new     religiosity, expressed most overtly by the increased veiling of women,     including a fuller, Saudi-style veil among some.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[9]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Polling data also shows that a majority of the population support the     introduction of more religion in public life. Hence, it should come as no     surprise that organized Islamist movements have gained in strength in recent     years. One manifestation of this has been the success of the JCM in gaining     control of the Moroccan student union on most university campuses. Another     has been the electoral achievements of the PJD in both parliamentary and     local elections.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[10]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Both the JCM and the PJD have benefited from the government&rsquo;s calculated     liberalization policies over the last decade. They have taken advantage of     the expansion of civil space to promote their agendas, and this at a time     when Morocco&rsquo;s economic growth rates did not meet the expectations of its     international patrons and unemployment rates among urban youth continued to     be high. The long-held belief that Morocco was immune from modern-day     political Islam has proven to have been false. So it must be asked: Are the     traditional government policies of repressing, taming, and co-opting the     Islamist trend no longer effective? What is the likelihood that the     Islamists will come to dominate the public sphere? From a different angle,     should the Casablanca bombings of May 2003 be considered a one-time episode     involving small, isolated groups, or a harbinger of things to come? Has the     genie been let out of the bottle?<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The upcoming 2007 parliamentary     elections are already being discussed as a possible watershed in     regime-Islamist relations, with speculation that PJD head Saadeddine Uthmani     will ride the wave of electoral success into the government, and perhaps     even the prime ministership. Up until now, the PJD has been very careful to     avoid provoking a confrontation with the authorities, even agreeing not to     field candidates in a number of electoral districts. This time, they may be     more assertive. In turn, the authorities will be facing a dilemma regarding     their degree of involvement in the vote-counting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Would the inauguration of an Islamist     prime minister constitute a veritable revolution? Undoubtedly, the Islamists     will promote policies commensurate with their long-term agenda of     Islamicizing society. However, to reassure nervous Moroccans and their     allies in the West, the PJD speaks of itself as akin to the German Christian     Democrat Party. A more apt comparison, in the case of an electoral triumph,     would be Turkey&rsquo;s ruling AKP party. The latter has played by the rules,     accepting the principle of political pluralism and democratic contestation,     even while testing the limits of the security-bureaucratic apparatus charged     with acting as the guardian of the Ataturk legacy. To be sure, militants of     the JCM and beyond would be pushing for stronger measures, thus leaving the     PJD leadership on the horns of a dilemma. Yet even in the event of     significant electoral success, the PJD leadership knows full well that the     makhzen will not accept the transfer of real power into Islamist hands and     appears more likely to seek to avoid a confrontation instead of provoking     one.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">More broadly, the political, social,     and religious playing fields are ones of active contestation. Liberal     elements, concerned with the growing strength of the Islamists, are likely     to resist the imposition of an Islamist social agenda. In this, they will be     backed by the King, who himself possesses religious legitimacy as the <i>    amir al-mu&rsquo;minin<\/i> (Commander of the Faithful).<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[11]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     The particular blend of Moroccan Islam, mixing adherence to the Maliki     school with popular Sufi-style practices including the veneration of saints,     also places limitations on the Islamist movement&rsquo;s ability to challenge the     existing order. Its tame response to the Danish cartoon controversy appears     to indicate that Morocco is not on the verge of either an Islamist-dominated     publish sphere or a violent confrontation with the authorities. However, the     Islamist-makhzen relationship will undoubtedly be fraught with tension and     pose serious dilemmas to both sides.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario 3: Accelerated Evolution     towards Democracy<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The pace of liberalization of     political and social life with an accompanying expansion of civil society     has quickened considerably during Muhammad&rsquo;s seven-year reign. The impetus     has come from both above and from below. On the one hand, it has come from     the makhzen seeking to placate various social and political forces in order     to re-legitimize its rule and prevent the country&rsquo;s destabilization and     radicalization. On the other hand, the impetus has also come from the     various sectors harboring grievances and agendas&#8211;human rights groups and     ex-political prisoners, liberal intellectuals, young Western-oriented     technocrats, intrepid journalists and women&rsquo;s organizations, Berber identity     activists, and (as mentioned above) members of the Islamist current.     Highlights of this process in recent years include the promulgation of a     far-reaching change in Moroccan family law on behalf of women&rsquo;s status,<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[12]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     the high-profile Committee of Truth and Reconciliation that publicly exposed     some of the worst abuses of the Hassan years, the welcoming home of     long-time political exiles, and a considerable expansion of press freedom.     Hence, an ongoing dialectic between the regime and society continues to play     itself out, one which has brought, thus far, tangible benefits. However, the     transformation of Morocco into a true Western-style constitutional monarchy     with a democratic political system remains beyond the horizon. Existing     political party groupings, even the more venerable ones (<i>Istiqlal<\/i>,     USFP, <i>Mouvement Populaire<\/i>), have not been able to broaden their     existing constituencies or demonstrate real efficacy in policy matters. The     regime&rsquo;s long-held red lines&#8211;such as forbidding negative references to     either the person of the King or his family, or calling into question     Morocco&rsquo;s claim to the disputed Western Sahara territory&#8211;remain in force,     with the regime standing ready to punish violators. For example, the     authorities have continued to hound gadfly liberal journalist Ali Mrabet     through imprisonment, fines, and publishing bans for failure to observe     these rules. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">More recently, it has imposed     crippling fines on the independent weekly <i>Le Journal Hebdomadaire<\/i>.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[13]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     The privatization of the economy has not changed the essential fact that the     country&rsquo;s wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few score families, with     the Royal Family being the richest of them. The declared goal of     de-centralizing power for the benefit of local communities appears to be     more designed to strengthen the central government&rsquo;s links with the local     authorities than to devolve power. Endemic official corruption in government     institutions insure that making Morocco a \u00ab\u00a0state of law\u00a0\u00bb remains, at best, a     distant goal. However, given the alternatives, the Moroccan public, which     has long been depoliticized, appears unlikely to insist on more radical     democratizing measures and incapable, in any case, of engaging in sustained     political mobilization. The backing of Morocco&rsquo;s current approach by its     international patrons also insures that the pace of change will be gradual,     not revolutionary, without a significant alteration in the broad contours of     political life. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">ALGERIA<\/span><\/b><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[14]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Algeria stands as Morocco&rsquo;s polar     opposite in many respects. Lacking a historical core identity, the modern     Algerian state was forged in the crucible of harsh colonial rule and a     bloody war of independence. Its model of government was that of a     populist-authoritarian single party dominated by the military, with a     revolutionary socialist-Islamic ideology and funded largely by petroleum and     natural gas revenues. From the outset, it stood as a geo-political rival to     neighboring Morocco. From the mid-1970s until today, this rivalry and     competition has centered on the fate of the Western Sahara. In the late     1980s, Algeria experienced a brief explosion of democracy, followed by a     long night of violent conflict between opposition Islamist groups and the     regime. The regime&rsquo;s triumph, and survival, was assured by the late 1990s,     and it has been seeking to stabilize the country ever since. However, a     successful legitimacy formula has not yet been re-fashioned out of the     wreckage of the civil war, and the maintenance of the existing order is due     more to societal exhaustion, the defeat and splintering of the Islamists,     and the authorities&rsquo; overall ability to dominate society than to the forging     of broader genuine support from among the populace.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Meanwhile, the degree of alienation     felt by the Algerian people finds expression in an Algerian phrase&#8211;\u00ab\u00a0<i>la     hogra<\/i>,\u00a0\u00bb i.e. contempt for the authorities, contempt that derives from     the public&rsquo;s inability to hold the authorities accountable for their     actions, and anger of their open violations of human rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario I: Continuation of the     Authoritarian Status Quo<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The recent illness of Algeria&rsquo;s     President Abd al-Aziz Bouteflika casts a shadow over the specific contours     of Algeria&rsquo;s future political course, but not over the essentials. Backed by     the military, which was badly in need of the legitimacy provided by civilian     rule, Bouteflika registered much success in consolidating his position since     ascending to the presidency in 1999. The Islamist insurgency was finally     broken, although not entirely stamped out; Algeria&rsquo;s standing in the     international community, which had been damaged during the civil war,     improved considerably, and the Kabylian crisis of 2001 was weathered. He was     also able to establish some gradual distance, and even authority, over the     military establishment by pensioning off senior officials&#8211;including Gen.     Muhammad Lamari&#8211;and promoting younger officers and those more loyal     directly to him. His decisive defeat of his former associate and now bitter     rival, ex-prime minister Ali Benflis, in the 2004 general presidential     elections further strengthened his power base. Eighteen months later,     another successful step in his consolidation of power and prestige was the     overwhelming ratification of the \u00ab\u00a0Charter for Peace and National     Reconciliation,\u00a0\u00bb by 97 percent of the voters in a referendum. The charter     offered a broad amnesty for militants who had handed in their weapons&#8211;apart     from those who were guilty of murder, rape, and bombings of public     buildings&#8211;freeing the security services from any possible responsibility     for the disappearance of more than 6,000 Algerians. It also offered     compensation to the families of the dead and disappeared.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">One thing that Bouteflika did not do     was fundamentally alter the opaque nature of Algeria&rsquo;s authoritarian system.     The military <i>nomanklatura<\/i> (often referred to as \u00ab\u00a0mafia clans\u00a0\u00bb) had     come to control much of Algeria&rsquo;s economic enterprises, and although the     Algerian economy required major overhaul in order to cope with high     unemployment and poverty, and to make it competitive in the global market,     fundamental reforms would have threatened to undermine the edifice on which     the regime was built. So Bouteflika safeguarded the existing clientelist     system&#8211;with its enormous income&#8211;and the military&rsquo;s (and his own)     privileges in it. Limited economic liberalization measures were carried out     in ways that did not result in the breaking up of unofficial monopolies held     by various interest groups. Algeria is a <i>rentier <\/i>state par     excellence, deriving 95 percent of its revenues from the sale of natural gas     and oil. Its destabilization in the late 1980s was prompted by the     precipitous drop in oil prices. To Bouteflika&rsquo;s&#8211;and the     establishment&rsquo;s&#8211;good fortune, the spike in petroleum revenues during recent     years has provided the state with unprecedented revenues. Profits went from     $11 billion in 2000 to over $30 billion in 2004, and could reach $60 billion     in 2006. This increase in income creates a cushion enabling the regime to     avoid the necessity of adopting far-reaching measures to reform the economy.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Although opaque, Algeria&rsquo;s     authoritarian regime is also \u00ab\u00a0soft,\u00a0\u00bb in the sense that the     military-economic-political elites are large enough and diverse enough so as     to preclude the accumulation of absolute power in the hands of one     particular \u00ab\u00a0clan.\u00a0\u00bb Internal divisions are thus often reflected in a lively     press, which at times features sharp criticism of public figures. Yet     neither the pluralist press nor the other elements of secular civil society     are sufficiently strong to challenge fundamentally the dominance of the     existing order. The 2001 \u00ab\u00a0Black Spring\u00a0\u00bb in Kabylia had generated a massive     march to Algiers condemning the <i>pouvoir<\/i> (state authorities) and     demanding democracy and human rights, along with fundamental recognition of     the Berber language and culture, and seemed to be a possible harbinger for     more sustained political activity. However, that energy has largely     dissipated, in part due to the authorities&rsquo; employment of both carrots and     sticks, and the Kabylian Berber movement has, for now, sullenly turned     inwards. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The authorities have used similar     carrot and stick tactics with the Islamist current. They have made gestures     to placate traditional Islamic sensibilities in the legal realm. One such     example is implementation of only cosmetic reforms in the personal status     code. This is in contrast to recent far-reaching reforms in Morocco and to     Tunisia&rsquo;s avowedly secular code.\u00a0 Another example is the issuing of edicts     banning the production of alcohol and allowing space for Islamist political     parties.\u00a0 At the same time, the authorities have continued their pursuit of     Islamist armed groups and maintained the ban on a return to public life by     former FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) leaders. Notwithstanding its     revolutionary socialist image, Islam was always a central component of     Algerian nationalism, and the authorities appear determined not to abandon     the Islamic playing field to the opposition Islamist current. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">One additional and important     reinforcement of the current regime&rsquo;s position emanates from the West. The     considerable number of radical Muslim terrorists originating in North Africa     and the connections between die-hard Algerian jihadi groups and al-Qa`ida-related     networks has led Western governments to seek closer strategic cooperation     with the regime and to speak approvingly of the latter&rsquo;s struggle against     Islamist radicalism. For a regime long accused of at least partial     responsibility for the extent of the bloodshed in Algeria during the 1990s,     such an embrace is like manna from heaven. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Overall, therefore, the current     weakness of all political alternatives, the large cushion provided by the     oil and gas windfall, and Western backing seems to ensure that Algeria&rsquo;s     authoritarian order will not be seriously endangered in the coming five     years. The Algerian \u00ab\u00a0state\u00a0\u00bb is stronger than the society, and hopes for the     development of a strong democratic movement appear premature at best.     According to the French-Algerian analyst Fanny Colonna, even the leading     intellectuals in the Arabic, Tamazight, and French-speaking communities have     not been successful in developing a common Algerian vision.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[15]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Hence, it is likely that the patterns witnessed in the past will continue in     the future: an authoritarian-pluralist regime that from time to time must     cope with serious outbursts from various portions of society, and     particularly with the continuous tension between Kabylia and the central     authorities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Bouteflika&rsquo;s health appears to be the     main wild card in the deck. Yet whatever internal conflicts take place in     the jockeying for power, the underlying principles of power are likely to     remain dominant. In the best case, the professionalization of the army,     which Bouteflika touts, will continue apace, and the military will partially     step back into its role of guardian of the state (reminiscent, at least in     name, of Turkey). This would allow for greater civilian political activity,     albeit within strict limits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario 2: The Islamization of the     Political Sphere<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">During French colonial rule, Islam was     an integral part of the Algerian nationalist movement&rsquo;s core ideology and     constituted a central unifying component to the nation&rsquo;s identity. During     its heyday between 1989-91, the FIS trumpeted itself as the true <i>fils<\/i>     (\u00ab\u00a0son\u00a0\u00bb and heir) to the ruling FLN&rsquo;s revolutionary ideology. Yet the FIS was     never a tightly unified movement, and it splintered into various factions in     the face of the authorities&rsquo; ruthless crackdown and long years of violent     upheaval.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Towards the end of the 1990s, the     authorities promulgated a \u00ab\u00a0law on civil concord\u00a0\u00bb designed to give Islamist     militants judicial leniency in return for laying down their weapons; the     amnesty offered by the 2005 national reconciliation charter extended the     regime&rsquo;s efforts to piece the country back together again. The level of     violence receded during this period, but never entirely dissipated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">How potent is the Islamic current in     Algeria today? The legal Islamist parties are clearly in the authorities&rsquo;     pockets and do not have the potential for generating serious challenges to     the regime. To be sure, Abdallah Djaballah, former head of the <i>al-Nahda    <\/i>party and current head of the recently constituted National Reform     Movement (MRN), made some headway in the 2002 general elections, winning 7.7     percent of the total vote, and subsequently helped achieve parliament&rsquo;s     passage of laws forbidding the import of alcohol and voting inside military     garrisons. However, he only garnered a scant five percent of the vote in the     2004 presidential elections.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Still, the political and social     factors that led large sections of Algerian youth to embrace the Islamist     ideology have not disappeared. Widespread official corruption, economic     hardship, high rates of unemployment and profound alienation among youth,     and the absence of any alternative credible channel for political expression     still exist. In addition, the regime&rsquo;s opacity has sometimes resulted in the     past in secret negotiations and even agreements between the Islamist     opposition and elements of the regime. Kabylian Berber activists have     constantly feared the cobbling together of a \u00ab\u00a0grand deal\u00a0\u00bb between the <i>    pouvoir<\/i> and the Islamists, at their expense. However, this fear seems     exaggerated: The regime itself has no interest in giving radical Islamists     room to breathe. Hence, it has continuously refused to confer legal     recognition on the moderate Islamist Wafa party, headed by former senior     cabinet minister Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi. At the same time, it is conscious of     Islamic sensibilities in society, exemplified by the largely cosmetic     changes in the family law and the ban on the production of alcohol. <\/span> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">As for the FIS, its leadership never     acknowledged any responsibility for Algeria&rsquo;s violent decade and the     country&rsquo;s continued unsettled state, a fact not likely to find favor in the     eyes of a war-weary populace. Moreover, the connection between recalcitrant     jihadist groups at home and international Islamist terrorist networks     renders it easier for the authorities to justify keeping a firm hand on     Islamist activity. Hence, while Ali Belhadj&#8211;one of the fiery leaders of the     FIS in 1989-91&#8211;continues to issue defiant declarations and risk     re-incarceration, the movement&rsquo;s own fragmentation (and the authorities&rsquo;     determination not to repeat the mistakes of the late 1980s) seems to make     the possibility of an Islamist transformation of the Algerian polity     extremely unlikely during the coming few years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario 3: Accelerated Evolution     towards Democracy<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The regime took a number of steps in     2005 in the direction of strengthening the rule of law and improving the     human rights situation.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[16]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     However, these did not portend an imminent breakthrough towards democracy.     Rather, they were part of the authorities&rsquo; ongoing strategy of coping with     challenges within the existing authoritarian framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Kabylia, the heartland of 2\/3rds of     Algeria&rsquo;s Berber population, has long been Algeria&rsquo;s internal hot-spot,     often standing in stark opposition to the prevailing national consensus.     Berber Culture Movement activists demanding linguistic and cultural     recognition, and short-sighted repressive regime policies, have often     exacerbated tensions. Kabylian demands have also fallen within the framework     of a broader demand for democratization. Most recently, the \u00ab\u00a0Black Spring\u00a0\u00bb     of 2001&#8211;in which over 100 Kabylian youths were killed in the street by the     security forces&#8211;generated an unprecedented outpouring of collective anger     and solidarity. It also led to a period of open, albeit largely peaceful     rejection of many of the state&rsquo;s symbols and trappings. The subsequent     Kabylian-led march on Algiers demanding a true democratic regime for Algeria     as well as recognition of the Kabylian Berber language and culture as an     official part of the country&rsquo;s patrimony, briefly indicated that demands for     expanded civil society and the lessening of military influence were now very     much on the public agenda. A particular Kabylian twist to the story was the     creation of a new body, the <i>a`arsh<\/i> (literally \u00ab\u00a0tribes\u00a0\u00bb), outside of     the existing Kabylian political parties to negotiate with the government on     the community&rsquo;s demands.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[17]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Some of these demands were in fact subsequently met, after years of talks.     However, as of today, these bodies no longer function effectively, and     Kabylia too suffers from public exhaustion and political apathy. Still, the     Berber issue has shown itself to be a genie that can no longer returned to     the bottle, and sooner or later, its demands, spearheaded perhaps by a new     group of activists, are sure to be revived.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">These demands may well fit into the     agenda of enterprising (and sometimes persecuted) journalists,     intellectuals, women&rsquo;s groups, and more secular political activists, who     seek a more genuine democratic Algeria. If a reformist element within the     army arises, seeking perhaps to emulate genuinely the Turkish military, it     is possible that a democratic movement for change will grow in strength. Yet     right now, at any rate, that scenario appears to be beyond the horizon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">TUNISIA<\/span><\/b><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[18]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Tunisia poses a bit of a paradox among     Arab states. On the one hand, it has been consistently pro-Western since     achieving independence in 1956. It has a history of vibrant civil society     institutions, including labor movements, political parties, and women&rsquo;s     groups. Its secular ethos was highlighted by the fact that women&rsquo;s rights     have been enshrined in Tunisian law from the outset (e.g., it is the only     Arab state in which polygamy is officially outlawed).<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[19]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Likewise, populist-statist economic policies were abandoned in recent     decades in favor of liberalization and privatization&#8211;policies generally     deemed favorable for the development of political pluralism. It is a     relatively prosperous state, with a per capita GDP of $7,600, high rates of     literacy and education, and a significant middle class; and the state itself     possesses a high degree of social cohesiveness and historical specificity.     On the other hand, Tunisia is currently among the most authoritarian of Arab     states, having severely repressed all manifestations of political opposition     and independent civil society&#8211;whether secular-liberal or Islamic&#8211;in the     last fifteen years. This has been accompanied by the development of a     personality cult around President Zine Abidine Ben Ali.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario I: Continuation of the     Authoritarian Status Quo<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This is by far the most likely of the     three scenarios under consideration. After a brief initial period of     political liberalization, reconciliation with long-time political opponents,     and the extension of legal public space to the Islamist movement, Ben Ali     reinstituted a repressive single-party rule in the early 1990s. He then     undertook a series of measures to bolster and consolidate his preeminence,     while emasculating all sources of opposition. Moreover, to the surprise of     democratic transition theorists, policies of economic liberalization in the     1980s and 1990s did not result in the creation of power centers in     possession of a greater degree of autonomy and an increased will to     challenge the political status quo. Nor were the downtrodden rural     populations empowered by the privatization of the agricultural sector.     Rather, these new policies actually tended to strengthen corporatist     clientelist and neo-traditional patterns of social and political     organization, and the repression of existing civil society groups.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[20]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     The business sector and the security services constitute the pillars of the     regime, while legal political parties have scant financial resources or     public following and are dependent on the government&rsquo;s goodwill for their     continued existence. As a result, Tunisia remains one of the world&rsquo;s oldest     authoritarian one-party regimes, with a deadened public sphere, dismal human     rights record, and sham electoral process that has essentially made Ben Ali     \u00ab\u00a0President for Life.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[21]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The background for Ben Ali&rsquo;s     repressive regime is two-fold: the success of the Islamist <i>al-Nahda<\/i>     party in the relatively free parliamentary elections in 1989, and the     horrific violence in neighboring Algeria during the 1990s. Hence, the     Tunisian elites and middle class alike, fearful of the consequences of a     rising political Islam in a society noted for its relatively liberal and     secular ambience, essentially agreed to their indefinite political     emasculation in return for the regime&rsquo;s repression of the Islamist movement     and the maintenance of a liberal economy and the existing legal and social     frameworks. <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">To be sure, Tunisia has come under     harsh criticism by Western governments and NGOs for its human rights record     and repression of journalists.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[22]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     The Ben Ali regime&rsquo;s blunt rejection of even modest, incremental political     reform has also embarrassed Washington, for it directly clashes with its     proclaimed strategic goal of promoting democratization in the Middle East.     Yet for now, Tunisian society&rsquo;s quiescence testifies to the regime&rsquo;s     successful efforts against radical Islam. With more important fish to fry,     it is likely that Washington will occasionally continue to rap the regime on     the knuckles for failing to promote political reform while welcoming its     cooperation in the war on terror, maintaining stability at home, and     advancing women&rsquo;s rights. France, Tunisia&rsquo;s former colonial overlord and     main trading partner, is even less likely to be troubled by the continuation     of the status quo, so long as the regime remains stable and demonstrates     cooperation in fighting the tide of potential migrants seeking to enter     fortress Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario 2: The Islamization of the     Political Sphere<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">No organized Islamist opposition     operates above ground in Tunisia, although one can safely assume that the     Islamist current continues to attract sympathizers, particularly those from     the lower socio-economic stratum. The terrorist bombing of the Jerba     synagogue in 2002 demonstrated the recruiting abilities of jihadi Islam.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The <i>al-Nahda <\/i>movement was     severely repressed, and its main figures are either abroad or in jail.     Hence, its political potential appears extremely limited. Interestingly, the     movement has shown signs of evolution of its thinking towards the acceptance     of a multi-party political system that would include secular parties and     movements. To that end, it has begun to cooperate with secular opposition     forces in their common Parisian exile. Whether or not there has been a     strategic shift in <i>al-Nahda<\/i>&lsquo;s thinking, or whether its actions can be     best understood on the instrumental, tactical level, remains to be seen.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scenario 3: Accelerated Evolution     towards Democracy<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Western interest in seeing at least     the beginning of a process of political evolution in Tunisia may eventually     bear some fruit in the coming years. However, with the Tunisian secular     opposition as emasculated as the Islamists, there is neither no one     individual, nor any issue, that appears capable of galvanizing a process of     genuine democratic reform. Nonetheless, one can assume that the discourse of     reform, as voiced both in the West and within liberal circles in the Arab     world, is being heard in Tunisia as well.<\/span><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[23]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Apparently, the Ben Ali regime will have to either feel sufficiently     threatened by continued stagnation, or sufficiently confident in its ability     to control the pace of change before it allows such a process to get     underway. For the time being, neither appears to be on the horizon. In the     event of Ben Ali&rsquo;s incapacitation, one can envisage his successor initially     adopting liberalization measures similar to the ones he himself embraced     when he replaced Habib Bourguiba in 1987, in order to legitimize his rule.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">CONCLUSION<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Whereas the regime in Tunisia is still     not prepared to countenance significant measures of political     liberalization, the regimes in Morocco and Algeria are busy&#8211; each in its     own style&#8211;seeking policy modifications that will enable them to     style&#8211;seeking policy modifications that will enable them to successfully     cope with the various challenges posed by their societies. The axis of     confrontation between the Islamic movements and the political establishments     of each of the three countries grabs most of the attention of observers.     Nonetheless there exist other civil society forces, among them Berbers,     women, portions of the middle class, human rights organizations, and     segments of the younger generation who constitute significant pieces of the     North African mosaic. The processes of building modern civil societies are     exhausting, Sisyphean, and frustrating. The extent of the regimes&rsquo; abilities     to cope with the demands of these forces, and the wisdom they exercise in     doing so will help determine the course of political and social life in the     Maghreb in the coming years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">*<i>Bruce Maddy-Weitzman     is Senior Research Fellow at the Moshe<span> <\/span>Dayan<span> <\/span>Center for Middle     Eastern and African Studies.<\/i> <i>He is the author of <\/i>The     Crystallization of the Arab State System, 1945-1954<i> (1993); <\/i>    Palestinian and Israeli Intellectuals in the Shadow of Oslo and Intifadat     al-Aqsa<i> (2002); and articles on regional Arab politics and Maghreb     affairs. He is coeditor of <\/i>Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle     East<i> (1997); editor (1995-2000)\/co-editor (1994) of the annual <\/i>Middle     East Contemporary Survey<i>; co-editor of <\/i>The Camp David Summit &#8211; What     Went Wrong?<i> (2005); and is co-editor of <\/i>The Maghreb in the New     Century: Identity, Religion and Politics<i> (University Press of Florida ,     forthcoming, 2007).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<div> <span lang=\"FR\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\" size=\"3\"> <\/p>\n<hr align=\"justify\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\"\/><\/font><\/span> <\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">NOTES<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[1]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     L. Carl Brown, \u00ab\u00a0Maghrib Historiography: The Unit of Analysis Problem,\u00a0\u00bb in     Michel Le Gall and Kenneth Perkins (eds.), <i>The Maghrib in Question<\/i>     (Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press, 1997), pp. 4-16.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[2]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     I. William Zartman, \u00ab\u00a0Introduction: Rewriting the Future in the Maghrib,\u00a0\u00bb in     Azzedine Layachi (ed.), <i>Economic Crisis and Political Change in North    <span>Africa (Westport, CT and London: Praeger,     1998), pp. 1-5.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[3]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Morocco&rsquo;s and Algeria&rsquo;s combined population of over 60 million persons     constitutes 75 percent of the five-nation Arab Maghreb Union. Tunisia&rsquo;s     population adds an additional ten million persons to the figure. The Arab     Maghreb Union consists of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania.     Founded in 1989 with great fanfare, amidst expressed hopes for establishing     closer regional ties and a regional economic bloc, it has utterly foundered,     primarily on the shoals of continuing Algerian-Moroccan differences over the     future of the Western Sahara and on Algeria&rsquo;s implosion during the 1990s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[4]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Samuel P. Huntington, <i>Political Order in Changing Societies<\/i> (New     Haven, CT:\u00a0 Yale UP, 1968), pp. 177-91.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[5]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Daniel Zisenwine, \u00ab\u00a0From Hasan II to Muhammad VI-Plus \u00e7a change?,\u00a0\u00bb in Bruce     Maddy-Weitzman and Daniel Zisenwine (eds.), <i>The Maghreb in the New     Century: Identity, Religion and Politics<\/i> (Gainseville, FL:\u00a0 University     Press of Florida, 2007, forthcoming).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[6]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     \u00a0Daniel Zisenwine, \u00ab\u00a0Political Elites Amid a Changing Reality in Morocco,\u00a0\u00bb in    <i>The Middle East: The Impact of Generational Change<\/i> (Tel Aviv: The     Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 2005), pp.     163-74.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[7]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     \u00ab\u00a0Morocco: First 50 Women Imams to Start Preaching in April,\u00a0\u00bb     adnkronosinternational, March 13, 2006,     <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.adnki.com\/index_2Level_English.php?cat=Religion&amp;loid=8.0.275044856&amp;par=0<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.     For a fuller report in French, taken from the Moroccan daily <i>La Vie     Economique<\/i>, see \u00ab\u00a0Les femmes &lsquo;imams&rsquo; ou &lsquo;mourchidates&rsquo; seront     op\u00e9rationnelles en avril!,\u00a0\u00bb <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.casafree.com\/modules\/news\/article.php?storyid=5803<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">;     Helene Zuber, \u00ab\u00a0The Quiet Revolution,\u00a0\u00bb <i>Der Spiegel, <\/i>January 2-9, 2006,    <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/international\/spiegel\/0,1518,394869,00.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[8]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, \u00ab\u00a0Contested Identities: Berbers, &lsquo;Berberism,&rsquo; and the     State in North Africa,\u00a0\u00bb <i>The Journal of North African Studies<\/i>, Vol. 6,     No. 3 (Autumn 2001), pp. 23-47; Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, \u00ab\u00a0Ethno-Politics and     Globalization in North Africa: The Berber Culture Movement,\u00a0\u00bb <i>The Journal     of North African Studies<\/i>, Vol. 11, No. 1 (March 2006), pp. 71-83;     Mickael Bensadoun, \u00ab\u00a0The (Re)-Fashioning of Moroccan National Identity,\u00a0\u00bb in     Maddy-Weitzman and Zisenwine (eds.), <i>The Maghreb in the New Century:     Identity, Religion and Politics<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[9]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     To be sure, the reasons why a woman would don the veil in public vary from     piety, to familial and peer pressure, to the security it provides in crowded     public spheres from aggressive males, to the projection of a more dignified     image. <\/span><span lang=\"FR\">\u00ab\u00a0Voile, Que cache ce bout de tissue     multi-usage?,\u00a0\u00bb <i>Le Reporter, <\/i>February 9, 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[10]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     For an analysis of the PJD and also of the Islamist \u00ab\u00a0Justice and     Spirituality\u00a0\u00bb movement, see Michael Willis, \u00ab\u00a0Justice and Development or     Justice and Spirituality? The Challenge of Morocco&rsquo;s Non-Violent Islamist     Movements,\u00a0\u00bb in Maddy-Weitzman and Zisenwine (eds.), <i>The Maghreb in the     New Century<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[11]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Nadia Yassine, the daughter of JCM&rsquo;s spiritual guide Shaykh Abdelslam     Yassine, drew considerable attention to herself and the wrath of the     authorities by questioning Morocco&rsquo;s need for a king. It was, however, an     isolated episode.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[12]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, \u00ab\u00a0Women, Islam and the Moroccan State: The Struggle     over the Personal Status Law,\u00a0\u00bb <i>Middle East Journal<\/i>, Vol. 59, No. 3     (Summer 2005), pp. 393-410.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[13]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     For the regime&rsquo;s actions against Mrabet and other journalists as well, see     \u00ab\u00a0Morocco: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices &#8211; <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2005<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">,\u00a0\u00bb     Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor,     March 8, 2006, <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">http:\/\/www.state.gov\/g\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2005\/61695.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.     For the regime&rsquo;s most recent attempt to crush <i>Le Journal Hebdomadaire<\/i>,     see Rashid Khilnaini, \u00ab\u00a0How Morocco&rsquo;s Free Media is Silenced,\u00a0\u00bb April 19,     2006, <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/democracy-protest\/morocco_3460.jsp<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[14]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     This section draws, in part, on Gideon Gera, \u00ab\u00a0Reflections on the Aftermath     of Civil Strife in Algeria, 2005,\u00a0\u00bb and on Louisa A\u00eft-Hamadouche and Yahia H.     Zoubir, \u00ab\u00a0The Fate of Political Islam in Algeria, in Maddy-Weitzman and     Zisenwine (eds.), <i>The Maghrib in the New Centur<\/i>y<i>:\u00a0 Identity,     Religion and Politics<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[15]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Fanny Colonna, \u00ab\u00a0The Nation&rsquo;s &lsquo;Unknowing Other&rsquo;: Three Intellectuals and the     Culture(s) of Being Algerian, or the Impossibility of Subaltern Studies in     Algeria,\u00a0\u00bb <i>The Journal of North African Studies<\/i>, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Spring     2003), p. 155-70.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[16]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     \u00ab\u00a0Algeria Country Reports on Human Rights Practices &#8211; <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"> <a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2005<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">,     \u00a0\u00bb Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 8,     2006, <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.state.gov\/g\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2005\/61685.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[17]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     International Crisis Group (ICG), \u00ab\u00a0Algeria: Unrest and Impasse in Kabylia,\u00a0\u00bb    <i>Middle East \/ North Africa Report No. 15<\/i>, June 10, 2003, <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/home\/index.cfm?id=1415&amp;l=1<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">..<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[18]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     This section has benefited considerably from Michele Penner Angrist,     \u00ab\u00a0Whither the Ben Ali Regime in Tunisia,\u00a0\u00bb in Maddy-Weitzman and Zisenwine     (eds.), <i>The Maghreb in the New Century.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[19]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Laurie A. Brand, <i>Women, the State and Political Liberalization<\/i> (NY:     Columbia UP, 1998); Mounira M. Charrad, <i>States and Women&rsquo;s Rights<\/i>: <i>    The Making of Post-Colonial Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco<\/i> (Berkeley:     University of California Press, 2001).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[20]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Stephen J. King in <i>Liberalization against Democracy: The Local Politics     of Economic Reform in Tunisia<\/i> (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana     University Press, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[21]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Neila Charchour Hachicha: \u00ab\u00a0Tunisia&rsquo;s Election Was Undemocratic at All     Levels,\u00a0\u00bb <em>Middle East Quarterly<\/em> (Summer 2005), <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.meforum.org\/article\/732<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.    <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[22]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     \u00ab\u00a0Tunisia,\u00a0\u00bb Country Reports on Human Rights Practices &#8211; <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2005<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">,     Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 8, 2006,    <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/www.state.gov\/g\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2005\/61700.htm<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">;     \u00ab\u00a0IFJ Condemns Intimidation as Tunisian Journalists Plan National Union     Congress,\u00a0\u00bb August 24, 2005, <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">http:\/\/www.ifj.org\/default.asp?index=3328&amp;Language=EN<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">;     \u00ab\u00a0Tunisian Commitments Unfulfilled Following WSIS II,\u00a0\u00bb <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">International     Freedom of Expression Exchange Clearing House<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     (Toronto) PRESS RELEASE, April 26, 2006, Posted to the web April 27, 2006,    <\/span><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200604270343.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"\" title=\"\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[23]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\">     Barry Rubin, <i>The Long War for Freedom<\/i> (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp;     Sons, 2006), pp. 112-14.<\/span><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"> <span lang=\"FR\"><font face=\"Times New Roman\" size=\"3\"><\/p>\n<hr align=\"justify\"\/> <\/font><\/span> <\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">MERIA Journal Staff     <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">    Publisher and Editor: Prof. Barry Rubin     Assistant Editors: Cameron Brown, Keren Ribo, Yeru Aharoni     MERIA is a project of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA)     Center, Interdisciplinary University. <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\">Site: <a href=\"\">    http:\/\/meria.idc.ac.il<\/a>     Email: <a href=\"\">gloria@idc.ac.il<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Source\u00a0: <\/span> <span lang=\"FR\"><a href=\"\"> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">MERIA Journal , <\/span><\/a><\/span> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0Published by the GLORIA Center,     Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya \u2013 Israel. Volume 10, No. 3, Article 8\/10     &#8211; September 2006, Total Circulation 22,500)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b> <span lang=\"EN-GB\">Lien\u00a0:<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <a href=\"\"><span>    http:\/\/meria.idc.ac.il\/journal\/2006\/issue3\/jv10no3a8.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><\/font><\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/><\/div>\n<div>    \u00a0<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"> <strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">Les Iraniennes ont pris le dessus sur     les hommes \u00e0 l&rsquo;universit\u00e9<\/font><\/h2>\n<p><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Par Hiedeh FARMANI     AFP, le 31 octobre 2006 \u00e0 06h51<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         TEHERAN, 31 oct 2006 (AFP) &#8211; La route a \u00e9t\u00e9 longue pour Saeedeh Mahjoubi,     depuis sa petite ville de l&rsquo;ouest de l&rsquo;Iran jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la prestigieuse     universit\u00e9 de T\u00e9h\u00e9ran, o\u00f9 elle poursuit des \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur en chimie,     avec la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction de sa famille.     Plus de la moiti\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e8ves de sa classe de premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e sont des filles,     refl\u00e9tant le fait que 60% des jeunes \u00e9tudiants du pays sont de sexe f\u00e9minin.     Un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui marque l&rsquo;abandon par une majorit\u00e9 de familles du r\u00f4le     traditionnel accord\u00e9 \u00e0 la femme. \u00ab\u00a0Au fond de leur coeur, mes parents     auraient aim\u00e9 que je reste \u00e0 la maison et me marie, mais j&rsquo;\u00e9tais une des     meilleures \u00e9coli\u00e8res et ils m&rsquo;ont envoy\u00e9e ici pour que j&rsquo;accomplisse quelque     chose\u00a0\u00bb, explique cette jeune fille p\u00e9tillante de 19 ans, envelopp\u00e9e dans un     tchador noir, qui vise un emploi dans la p\u00e9trochimie.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         \u00ab\u00a0Les femmes sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 de nombreuses contraintes en Iran, mais     l&rsquo;\u00e9ducation est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un moyen acceptable de r\u00e9aliser son     potentiel et participer \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, dit Hamid Reza Jalaipour, professeur     de sociologie et journaliste r\u00e9formateur.     Selon lui, la r\u00e9volution islamique de 1979, qui a impos\u00e9 le port du voile au     femmes, a aussi encourag\u00e9 les familles religieuses \u00e0 envoyer leur     prog\u00e9niture dans des universit\u00e9s d\u00e9sormais \u00ab\u00a0islamis\u00e9es et non plus     consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des endroits peu s\u00fbrs et corrompus\u00a0\u00bb.     Le nombre d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants iraniens est pass\u00e9 de 150.000 en 1979 \u00e0 plus de 2,5     millions aujourd&rsquo;hui, r\u00e9partis dans des \u00e9tablissement d&rsquo;Etat et \u00e0     l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 islamique Azad, semi-priv\u00e9e, fond\u00e9e en 1980 pour absorber le     nombre croissant d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Pour la doctorante en anthropologie Mariam Ansari, les \u00e9tudes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 un     moyen de s&rsquo;extraire du domicile familial et de rencontrer des personnes du     sexe oppos\u00e9, \u00ab\u00a0car les jeunes ne peuvent pas se m\u00e9langer ailleurs\u00a0\u00bb.     Ces rencontres lui ont aussi \u00ab\u00a0appris \u00e0 se d\u00e9brouiller avec les hommes\u00a0\u00bb,     assure-t-elle. La loi iranienne place la femme dans une position de     subordination \u00e0 son mari, qui peut par exemple lui interdire de travailler.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         \u00ab\u00a0J&rsquo;ai appris \u00e0 penser par moi-m\u00eame et je ne me marierai pas avec un homme     qui pense de cette fa\u00e7on\u00a0\u00bb, assure Mariam Ansari, 23 ans.     Les difficult\u00e9s financi\u00e8res sont une des causes de l&rsquo;afflux des femmes vers     les universit\u00e9s, selon M. Jalaipour: \u00ab\u00a0peu de familles peuvent vivre avec un     seul revenu, c&rsquo;est pourquoi les femmes doivent travailler, et \u00e9tudier pour     trouver un travail mieux pay\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb.     Paradoxalement, l&rsquo;enthousiasme des hommes pour les \u00e9tudes a \u00e9t\u00e9 douch\u00e9 par     une \u00e9conomie fragile et un taux de ch\u00f4mage \u00e9lev\u00e9 n&rsquo;\u00e9pargnant pas les     dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s.     La baisse du nombre d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants masculins a pouss\u00e9 des d\u00e9put\u00e9s conservateurs     \u00e0 envisager un programme de discrimination positive pour compenser leur     recul, notamment en m\u00e9decine et dans les \u00e9tudes d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Pour Simin Ronaghi, assistante \u00e0 l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 et \u00e9tudiante en doctorat de     psychologie, la pouss\u00e9e des femmes dans les universit\u00e9s illustre le fait     qu&rsquo;elles \u00ab\u00a0sont moins pr\u00eates \u00e0 sacrifier leurs carri\u00e8res pour rester \u00e0 la     maison et \u00e9lever des enfants\u00a0\u00bb.     Ceci \u00e9tant, malgr\u00e9 leurs qualifications les femmes ne repr\u00e9sentent encore     que 15% de la force de travail en Iran. \u00ab\u00a0Beaucoup d&rsquo;entre elles souffrent de     discriminations au niveau des salaires et promotions\u00a0\u00bb, selon M. Jalaipour.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         \u00ab\u00a0Mais elles s&rsquo;accrochent pour \u00eatre ind\u00e9pendantes. Une femme qui ram\u00e8ne du     pain sur la table a moins de chance d&rsquo;\u00eatre intimid\u00e9e par son homme\u00a0\u00bb,     poursuit-il.     Les d\u00e9fenseurs des droits des femmes militent pour le changement des lois,     bas\u00e9es sur la charia, qui leur sont notamment d\u00e9favorables en cas de divorce,     de garde des enfants et d&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage, ou qui font par exemple qu&rsquo;en justice le     t\u00e9moignage d&rsquo;un homme vaut celui de deux femmes.     Avec l&rsquo;\u00e9lection l&rsquo;an dernier du pr\u00e9sident conservateur Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,     des voix se sont \u00e9lev\u00e9es pour que les femmes se cantonnent avant tout dans     leur r\u00f4le traditionnel d&rsquo;\u00e9pouse et de m\u00e8re.     Mais selon M. Jalaipour le mouvement d&rsquo;\u00e9mancipation des femmes est en marche,     et \u00ab\u00a0elles ne sont pas seules; les hommes se d\u00e9mocratisent et soutiennent une     am\u00e9lioration de la condition de la femme\u00a0\u00bb.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         AFP  \u00a0<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">\n<hr\/><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"> <strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: red;\"><font size=\"3\">\u00ab\u00a0C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;heure du business\u00a0\u00bb pour     l&rsquo;ancien chef de guerre afghan reconverti<\/font><\/h2>\n<p><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Par Sardar AHMAD     AFP, le 31 octobre 2006 \u00e0 06h56     KABOUL, 31 oct 2006 (AFP) &#8211; Barbe bien taill\u00e9e, veste occidentale sur le     traditionnel large pantalon afghan, Ezatullah Atef est un rare exemple d&rsquo;un     ancien chef de guerre reconverti avec succ\u00e8s dans les affaires.     Portant fi\u00e8rement sa quarantaine bedonnante, signe de succ\u00e8s, Ezatullah a     command\u00e9 une petite arm\u00e9e de 1.400 hommes qui combattait l&rsquo;occupation     sovi\u00e9tique dans les ann\u00e9es 80.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Sa milice a \u00e9galement particip\u00e9 ensuite \u00e0 la campagne am\u00e9ricaine qui a     renvers\u00e9 le r\u00e9gime des talibans fin 2001. Aujourd&rsquo;hui il reste le chef, mais     du bucolique lac Qargha \u00e0 la sortie ouest de Kaboul, le plus populaire des     rendez-vous des piqueniqueurs de la capitale afghane.     \u00ab\u00a0Apr\u00e8s la chute des talibans, je me suis dit que l&rsquo;\u00e9poque du fusil \u00e9tait     termin\u00e9e pour l&rsquo;Afghanistan\u00a0\u00bb, explique-t-il \u00e0 l&rsquo;AFP dans son jardin au bord     des eaux bleues du lac.     \u00ab\u00a0Alors, j&rsquo;ai rendu les armes et je me suis mis au business\u00a0\u00bb. Ezatullah a \u00e9t\u00e9     un des premiers commandants \u00e0 rendre ses armes dans le cadre des programmes     de d\u00e9sarmement mis en place par les autorit\u00e9s avec l&rsquo;aide des Nations unies.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Il affirme avoir remis plusieurs dizaines de mitrailleuses, six tanks et de     nombreuses pi\u00e8ces d&rsquo;artillerie en 2002. Le programme de d\u00e9sarmement (DDR) de     l&rsquo;Onu n&rsquo;a officiellement enregistr\u00e9 que 640 armes, mais il affirme avoir     d\u00e9sarm\u00e9 1.400 hommes qui \u00e9taient \u00e0 son service.     En juillet 2005, il a encore remis quatre camions remplis de munitions au     programme de d\u00e9sarmement des Nations unies, a confirm\u00e9 l&rsquo;ONU.     Il a quand m\u00eame conserv\u00e9 une garde rapproch\u00e9e. Comme beaucoup de     personnalit\u00e9s afghanes, il ne se d\u00e9place pas sans garde-du-corps en armes et     ses miliciens continuent d&rsquo;assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 autour du lac.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Lac de retenue construit dans les ann\u00e9es soixante et aliment\u00e9 par les neiges     de l&rsquo;Hindu Kush, Qargha est une petite oasis aux portes de la poussi\u00e9reuse     capitale afghane.     Aujourd&rsquo;hui, Ezatullah Atef a pris la concession du lac et du parc     environnant pour 20 ans et 2.500 dollars par mois. L&rsquo;entr\u00e9e est payante (40     afghanis, pr\u00e8s d&rsquo;un dollar) et \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur, tout se paye: le parking de la     voiture, l&#8217;emplacement du pique-nique, le bateau \u00e0 louer et m\u00eame un jet-ski.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         De petits bungalows color\u00e9s sont \u00e0 louer (80 \u00e0 200 dollars la nuit) pour les     familles qui voudraient passer le week-end. \u00ab\u00a0Je dois investir 800.000     dollars dans la reconstruction et je garde les revenus pendant 20 ans\u00a0\u00bb,     explique-t-il en soulignant qu&rsquo;il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9bours\u00e9 deux millions de dollars     dans l&rsquo;affaire. Il per\u00e7oit \u00e9galement la moiti\u00e9 des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des multiples     \u00e9choppes et petits restaurants qui sont install\u00e9s autour du lac.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         Dans les bons jours, cela peut atteindre 2.000 dollars. \u00ab\u00a0Certains disent que     le contrat avec le gouvernement c&rsquo;est de la corruption, mais il fait du bon     travail pour la reconstruction\u00a0\u00bb, affirme \u00e0 l&rsquo;AFP Sahpoor Zazai, un     fonctionnaire de Kaboul qui passeb presque tous ces week-ends \u00e0 Qargha.     \u00ab\u00a0Il vaut mieux avoir un homme d&rsquo;affaires corrompu qu&rsquo;un dangereux seigneur     de la guerre\u00a0\u00bb, conclut-il. \u00ab\u00a0Il reste environ 2.000 groupes (arm\u00e9s) qui     comptent un total de 180.000 personnes\u00a0\u00bb, a affirm\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;AFP la porte-parole     du programme de d\u00e9sarmement de l&rsquo;ONU, Ariane Quentier. La plupart de ces     milices sont impliqu\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0dans des activit\u00e9s ill\u00e9gales et emp\u00eachent     l&rsquo;\u00e9tablissement de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Etat et de la loi\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-elle ajout\u00e9.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">         De nombreux anciens commandants, dont certains si\u00e9gent \u00e0 l&rsquo;assembl\u00e9e     nationale, sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s par la population comme des criminels de guerre,     notamment pour leur r\u00f4le durant la guerre civile qui a fait quelque 80.000     morts \u00e0 Kaboul entre 1992 et 1996. \u00ab\u00a0Qui est un seigneur de la guerre et qui     ne l&rsquo;est pas, je laisse la r\u00e9ponse au jugement du peuple\u00a0\u00bb, affirme Ezatullah     Atef. \u00ab\u00a0Moi, je me suis battu pour la libert\u00e9 de mon pays, et j&rsquo;en suis fier\u00a0\u00bb.     AFP<\/div>\n<p> <\/font><\/div>\n<div>\n<hr\/>\n<\/div>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tunisnews.net\/\"><span>Home<\/span><span lang=\"FR-CH\"> &#8211; Accueil <\/span><span>&#8211; <\/span><span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<p><\/body><\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home &#8211; Accueil &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u00a0 TUNISNEWS 7\u00a0\u00e8me\u00a0ann\u00e9e, N\u00b0\u00a02353 du 31.10.2006 \u00a0archives : www.tunisnews.net MAS Freedom Foundation: Rally For Justice In Tunisia At Tunisian Embassy Tunisie Verte: Communiqu\u00e9 de presse Le Courrier: Ben Ali ne peut pas voir ses opposants, surtout sur Al-Jazira Jeune Afrique: La la\u00efcit\u00e9 en question Jeune Afrique: \u00c9pouses et concubines Mouwaten 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